This study aimed to investigate how teachers work methodically in subjects such as social studies and mathematics in high school, with the educational task of educating students to become good democratic citizens. According to the National Agency for Education's curriculum, the educational task of educating students to become adequate democratic citizens should permeate all subjects in school. In addition, the study aimed to investigate how these teachers worked to implement fundamental value issues in their teaching. The results of the survey indicate that there are no major differences between the subjects in how teachers work with various assignments in education and values. It rather reflects the personal values, personality, and interests among teachers. Therefore, clearer guidelines for teachers would have been preferable when it comes to the upbringing assignment and fundamental value issues in order to gain an increased understanding and meaning of the assignments themselves, both for students and teachers.

This dissertation consists of three articles about colorism and its relevance to public administration (PA), with specific focus on local policing. The overarching arguments are: 1) our lack of focus on the nuanced factors related to race have hindered our ability to adequately respond to biased criminal justice (CJ) outcomes; and 2) there are hidden patterns of biased behaviors that originate at the street-level, and these patterns have the propensity to impact every aspect of CJ. Colorism could serve as a more comprehensive approach to addressing racial bias. Colorism is a system of disadvantage and privilege based on skin color, with a bias for lighter skin. Article I introduces colorism to the field of PA, and it uses data on workplace colorism complaints to illustrate how colorism currently intersects with PA. In addition, the article uses scenarios to demonstrate the potential impact colorism might have at the street-level. Article II builds upon the descriptions of colorism provided in Article I by simulating a conceptual model of colorism and local policing. The major finding of this study is that, counter to the expectations of the experiment, those in the middle of the skin color spectrum experienced higher rates of incarceration when aggressive steps were taken to counter colorism. The major contributions from this project include a conceptual model that describes the relationship between the distinct levels of colorism�"individual, interactive and institutional. In Article III, I explore two conceptual models of interactive colorism in a local policing context. In the first model, bias behaviors are less likely to receive a challenge. In the second model, biased behaviors are likely to be challenged by counter-behaviors (e.g., fair policing). Subject-matter experts and non-subject-matter experts were used to select the model that most accurately depicts the phenomenon. I used online focus groups and phone interviews with police officers, theorists (e.g., sociologists, psychologists), and non-subject-matter experts to gather feedback. Majority of the informants recommended that future research on interactive colorism be framed as a bidirectional phenomenon. The informants provided additional considerations for future research, such as the variation in police culture across police departments. / PHD

The overall purpose of this essay was to provide a better understanding of the importance of discretion for social workers in direct social services. To answer the purpose three questions were formulated: (1) How do social workers define and describe their discretion and their ability to independently accomplish their work? (2) How do social workers experience that workplace organization, policies and economic conditions interact with their discretion and (3) How do social workers experience that the interaction with the client can affect how they use their discretion in the individual case? The method used was qualitative interviews. The theoretical framework was Michael Lipskys (1980) Street-level bureaucracy and the four themes organization, professional role, skills and interaction. The results showed that the respondents, although they did not consider themselves to be affected by the economy still adapted to budget restrictions when they said that they were cost conscious in their work. This adjustment to budget framework could possibly be what made them not feel limited in their work. The organization around the direct social work varied, in spite of this showed the result a broad consensus in the experiences of discretion in direct social work.

Bc. Matěj Zahradník 2016 School Psychology at Elementary Schools in the Czech Republic from the Perspective of Public Policy Master's Thesis Abstract This diploma thesis focuses on school psychology as a part of the educational system in the Czech Republic, specifically part of primary schools. The beginning of the thesis presents an overview of relevant policy documents, which focus on school psychology, as well as an overview of development programs designed to support it. These overviews give the reader objective information on the current state of school psychology in the Czech Republic. Using the aforementioned documents, an online questionnaire, and most importantly twelve expert interviews (with school psychologists, representatives from the Ministry of Education, National Institute for Education, Charles University), this thesis analyzes benefits of school psychology, such as personal presence and knowledge of the school, preventive character of such services, mediation and others, its possible drawbacks and obstacles, like issues with consolidating the profession in the system, its financing, or the lack of supervision and intervision. Moreover, this thesis presents policy goals of school psychology, with possible indicators to measure their fulfillment. The crucial part of this thesis focuses on...

In this essay the aim is to analyse the Social orientation course as a part of the Establishment program of newly arrived immigrants in Sweden. The questions I intend to answer through qualitative interviews and analysis of policy documents are: What factors limit the local work with refugees and immigrants within the framework of the Social orientation course as an establishment effort? How is the Social orientation course as a part of the Establishment Reform implemented in Växjö Municipality? And, how can the result of the Social orientation course in the local context be explained by the theory of street-level bureaucracy? In the light of Michael Lipsky’s theory about street-level bureaucracies the study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that limit the work with Social orientation as an establishment effort. The result shows that the local work with newly arrived immigrants in Sweden is much influenced and limited by the features of street-level bureaucracies: the resources are inadequate to the task, goal expectations are vague and conflicting, goal achievement is difficult to measure, and the clients do not serve as bureaucratic reference groups. The limitations result in an introduction program which is an inadequate basis for successful integration of immigrants. This knowledge of the outcomes of the Establishment Reform is of great importance for the newly arrived immigrants in Sweden to whom the reform is directed, as well as for the policy makers.

Today the Swedish education system faces major challenges. This research deals with school segregation and the differences in and among Swedish municipalities, more specifically between Kalmar and Karlskrona. There are well-established national goals with the aim to reduce and counteract school segregation, however we tend to find huge differences in the system and performance of schools. All schools have different grounds, conditions and needs and it forces the local government, principals and teachers to act according to factors as resources, priorities, goals and expected behavior within institutions. Deficiencies create the prerequisites for conducting, completing and maintaining the business to the extent that it can be based on the design of the requirements on national level. That brings a great decentralized responsibility and gives room for maneuver and freedom of action for street-level bureaucrats, that may not maintain national standards. The purpose of this research is to analyse how enforcement of national goals in each municipality, at local schools,  that either are segregated or may become and then compare them to see the difference. In conclusion the analysis show that national goals are used as guidelines in municipalities, but all municipalities establish their own goals according to the conditions and needs of the school. The difference that exist between schools depends on local circumstances.

Instauré en 1991, le droit à la privatisation gratuite de son logement a favorisé l'accession des anciens locataires soviétiques au statut de propriétaire, transformant du même coup les immeubles collectifs en copropriétés. Sur la base d'une enquête ethnographique, cette thèse étudie la mise en œuvre du nouveau Code du logement (2005) à Moscou, qui réorganise la gestion publique de l'habitat collectif autour de l'assemblée générale des copropriétaires. Contribution à l'analyse du changement social postcommuniste, cette recherche examine comment la copropriété passe du statut de texte abstrait au statut de pratiques sociales situées. Combinant les apports de la sociologie de l'État, de la sociologie des mobilisations et de l'étude des rapports ordinaires au droit, ce travail se focalise sur trois groupes d'acteurs : les agents subalternes de l'administration de Moscou ayant recours à des pratiques illégales pour mettre en œuvre localement la nouvelle législation ; des acteurs politiques tournés vers la vulgarisation et le conseil juridique dans la perspective de défendre les droits des habitants et, enfin, certains habitants particulièrement engagés dans les affaires de leur immeuble. En s'appuyant sur une approche wébérienne des usages sociaux du droit, cette recherche montre que infractions légales, batailles d'interprétation de la législation, ainsi qu'appropriations profanes du droit sont autant de mécanismes à travers lesquels le régime copropriétaire acquiert une véritable existence sociale. L'analyse de ces rapports et concurrences donne à voir la fabrique de nouvelles pratiques habitantes et subjectivités postcommunistes, reconfigurant les rapports ordinaires à l'État et au marché. / Introduced in 1991, the right to free privatization of own’s own housing favored a double transformation: of tenants into owners, and of collective housing into condominium buildings. Based on an ethnographic investigation in Moscow, this dissertation examines the implementation of the new Housing Code (2005). This legal shift led to a renewed governance of collective housing, now centered around the general meeting of owners. A contribution to post-communist social change, this research is also an investigation into the sociology of law. Based on a Weberian approach to the social practices of the law, it examines how the legal regime of joint ownership went from being abstract text to the status of social practices located. Drawing upon the sociology of the State, the study of mobilizations and researches on legal consciousness, the dissertations focuses on three groups of actors central to the construction of the new legal system. The first one consist of the lower-level agents of the Moscow administration, who resort to illegal practices in an attempt to locally implement the new legislation. The second includes local politicians, geared towards the dissemination of legal knowledge and literacy in an attempt to defend the rights of the inhabitants. The third one encompasses inhabitants particularly involved in the organization of their buildings’ administration. The dissertation focuses on three mechanisms through which the new legal system came into being: legal offenses, controversies around the interpretation of the legislation, and layperson’s appropriation of the law. The analysis sheds lights onto the making of these new was of inhabiting the space, as well as on the crafting of postcommunist subjectivities that reconfigure the relationships between the State and the market.

This theses, called "Chances and restrains in social worker's profession in Ústí region" is dealing with social worker's profession in self-government context. It's setting off social workers from non-profit organizations. During beginning it's talking about theoretical basis, inevitably bound with social work's field, with focusing on social worker as part of assisting profession. It is, in particular, about opportunities or on the contrary about restrains/limits/barriers, which affects this field of specific self- governing area - Štětí city. Concretely it is about participants, which have here influence on life of local people/potential clients. All under surveillance of superior agency - higher self-government area - social work's methodologists of Ústí region. Research part of this thesis is based on semi-structured interview of previously mentioned participants, which gives overlook how each and every one of them sees limitations in practical social work's overlooks. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This diploma thesis concerns the topic of inclusive education in the Czech Republic with a focus on school counseling staff as the main representatives of street-level bureaucracy in the process of inclusive education. The general aim of this study is to examine the situation after the implementation of the Amendment No. 82/2015 Coll. of the Education Act from the point of view of school counseling staff. Moreover, the study also examines whether the current position of street-level bureaucracy in the inclusive education process is well-set and whether the current system settings meet the needs of the recipients of service. The objectives are fulfilled via qualitative research, particularly eight semi- structured interviews with school counseling staff and two semi-structured interviews with NGO representatives, and analysis of relevant public policy documents. Based on the qualitative research among these respondents, it concludes that the work concluded that there is scope for improvement in many ways in the current form of inclusive education in the Czech Republic, especially in staffing, financial support and mutual communication and cooperation among the actors involved.

Denna kvalitativa studie undersökte handlingsutrymme hos socialarbetare inom socialtjänsten enligt Lipskys (2010) teori om gräsrotsbyråkrater inom en kommun som inte arbetar utefter bostad först-modellen för att motverka hemlöshet. Fyra handläggare som regelbundet hanterar ärenden där klienter är eller riskerar att bli hemlösa intervjuades, två som arbetar inom biståndsenheten och två som arbetar inom utredningsenheten boende. Inhämtad empiri tyder på ett märkbart handlingsutrymme hos respondenterna, och författarna av denna studie tolkar standardisering som en av de mer begränsande faktorerna i detta handlingsutrymme. Vidare tolkar studiens författare resultaten från intervjuerna att en begränsning av tillgängliga insatser handläggarna kan erbjuda klienter påverkar deras upplevda handlingsutrymme. / This qualitative study aimed to research discretion among social workers in the social services according to Lipsky’s (2010) theory of street-level bureaucracy within a municipality which does not utilize housing first as a solution against homelessness. Four case workers who regularly administrate cases involving homelessness or risk of homelessness among clients were interviewed, two working in the assistance unit (biståndsenheten) and two working in the housing investigation unit (utredningsenheten boende). Findings indicate noticeable levels of discretion among the interviewees, and the authors of this study interpret standardization as one of the more limiting factors in their discretion. In addition, the study’s authors interpret results from the interviews as an indicator that the amount of interventions the case workers can provide their clients limits their discretion.