The aim of this study was to examine how women and men are presented in the public service entertainment journalism, and more exact how they are presented in the Swedish-Norwegian television talk show Skavlan and what roles they are assigned to in Skavlan. The main question for this study was “What roles are assigned to women and men in Skavlan?” With roles, I mean roles that are connected to the aspect of power between women and men that can be found in gender-theory. To answer the main question and the purpose of the study I analyzed four interviews from the latest season of Skavlan where both men and women are being interviewed, using critical discourse analysis according to Fairclough.  The result of the study shows that women and men are assigned to different kind of roles in Skavlan and the roles are gender stereotyped. Men are assigned to roles such as authoritarian and knowing and women are assigned to roles such as responsible and high-performance. Men are also presented as superior to the woman and in the majority of the interviews men are using verbal suppression techniques against each other and against women. Sometimes it can also be perceived as if women are using verbal suppression techniques, even if it’s more obvious that men are using it.

This essay aims to describe and problematize gender roles and master suppression techniques in Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight Saga. This is done in order to enable me, in my future profession as a teacher, to start an emancipatory discussion in class where pupils can become conscious of different ways of reading the love story. I will use the following two research questions to fulfil the purpose: 1) investigate which gender roles that appears in the book’s main characters Bella and Edward and 2) which master suppression techniques that colours their relationship. To answer the questions gender theory and ideology-critics are used. Gender theory is first and foremost used to analyse gender roles whereas ideology-critics is a method of reading that highlights the importance of taking the society and thereto connected values in to account. Applying these two theories on the book it becomes clear that the main characters follows traditional gender roles for what is seen as typical feminine and masculine behaviour; Bella is caring, passive, sexually loyal, and addicted and Edward is aggressive, physically strong and fast, stubborn, dominant and protective. Further more, it is also evident that these roles are accompanied by a number of master suppression techniques used by Edward, such as: make Bella invisible and silly, keep information from her, and use of violence and threats. By using the knowledge in a pedagogical fashion pupils can be energized to start critically reflecting about these stereotypical roles and thereby emancipate from them. They will realize that Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight Saga is a re-production of patriarchal gender structure through an emotional love story.

Syftet med den här studien är att identifiera och undersöka olika beteenden i samtalen mellan män och kvinnor i Morgonpasset i P3 för att avgöra hur de manliga och kvinnliga programledarna samt gästerna talar till varandra utifrån ett maskulinitets- och maktperspektiv. Främst undersöks beteenden bestående av maktutövanden, i form av härskartekniker, samt maskulinitet. Analysen sker genom en kritisk diskursanalys, CDA, med hjälp av analysverktyget lexikala val. För att placera analysen i en teoretisk kontext presenteras relevant forskning kring jämställdhet, makt och radio. Det teoretiska ramverket består bland annat av teorier kring CDA, härskartekniker, maskulinitet, mediepåverkan och genus. Materialet för analysen består av delar ur fem valda avsnitt av Morgonpasset i P3. Detta material är hämtat från Sveriges Radios hemsida och radiosändes vecka 44 år 2018.   Resultatet av analysen visar att det utifrån ett maktperspektiv finns skillnader i hur män och kvinnor talar till varandra i Morgonpasset i P3, men att denna skillnad främst beror på individens personlighet och inte på könstillhörighet. Ur ett maskulinitetsperspektiv visar studien att det främst är männen som visar upp maskulina sidor eller gör maskulina yttringar i Morgonpasset i P3. / The purpose of this study is to identify and investigate different behaviors in the conversations between men and women in Morgonpasset i P3. This to determine how the male and female hosts and the guests are speaking to each other in the perspective of masculinity and power. Primarily, behaviors are investigated consisting of power exercises, in the form of master suppression techniques, and masculinity. The analysis is done through a critical discourse analysis, CDA, using lexical choices as an analytical tool. To place the analysis in a theoretical context, relevant research on gender equality, power and radio are presented. The theoretical framework consists of, among others, theories concerning CDA, master suppression techniques, masculinity, media influence and gender. The material for the analysis consists of parts from five selected sections of the Morgonpasset i P3. This material is received from the Swedish Radio website and was broadcasted week 44 in 2018. The result of the analysis shows that, from a perspective of power, there are differences in how men and women speak to each other in Morgonpasset i P3, but the difference mainly depends on the individual's personality and not on gender. From a masculinity perspective, the study shows that it is primarily the men who showcase masculine sides or do masculine manifestations i Morgonpasset i P3.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka kvinnors erfarenheter av konkurrens och avund kvinnor emellan inom Försvarsmakten. Tidigare forskning redovisar att friktioner mellan kvinnor skapas på grund av samhällets genusordning, att kvinnor är det underordnande könet vars prestationer inte värderas samma som männens.  Det visar sig också att kvinnors behov av bekräftelse och identifikation genom andra kvinnor skapar slitningar. En enkätundersökning ifylld av kadetter på alla Försvarsmaktens skolor visar att avund och konkurrens är ett tämligen vanligt förekommande fenomen. De kvinnliga kadetterna upplever att männen bidrar till att skapa avund och konkurrens kvinnor emellan. De uppger även att de i högre grad känner konkurrens gentemot männen på grund av att Försvarsmakten är en organisation gjord av män för män och en frustration bland kvinnorna är uppenbara på grund av kvinnors och mäns olika förutsättningar i Försvarsmakten. / The purpose of this study is to examine women's experiences of competition and envy between women in the Swedish Armed Forces.Previous research shows that the friction between the women is created because of society's gender policy; women are the subordinate sex whose achievements are not valued the same as men. It also turns out that woman’s needs for confirmation and identification by other women, creates tension.A questionnaire completed by cadets from all the Armed Forces schools shows that envy and competition is not an everyday phenomenon, however, the majority of the female cadets feel that the men, creates competition because the Swedish Armed Forces is an organization made ​​by men for men and a frustration among the women is obvious because of women's and men's different conditions.

Titel: Att härska genom internkommunikation – En observationsstudie om kvinnliga ledare Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Rama Malki och Malin Frisell Handledare: Monika Wallmon och Svante Brunåker Datum: 2020 - juni Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för hur kvinnliga ledare använder och utsätts för härskartekniker, med fokus på internkommunikation. Metod: Denna studie är kvalitativ och utgår från en deduktiv ansats. Den empiriska insamlingen av data har genomförts med hjälp av fem ostrukturerade observationer som sedan har tolkats och analyserats. Analys & slutsats: Kvinnliga ledare använder och utsätts framförallt för härskartekniker som är av snällare art eller spelar på känslor, dessutom finns det indikationer på att både biologiskt kön och kommunikationsstil kan påverka vilka tekniker som används. Flera olika härskartekniker används av kvinnliga ledare, och det finns en risk att teknikerna försämrar effektiviteten i kommunikationen. Vi kan därför dra slutsatsen att de kvinnliga ledare vi har observerat bör fortsätta utveckla sin kommunikation genom ökad medvetenhet om härskartekniker, för att den ska bli mer framgångsrik. Examensarbetets bidrag: Härskarteknikerna som har observerats har synliggjorts genom verbal och icke-verbal kommunikation, men även via skämt och seriösare tonläge. Studien har indikerat att kvinnliga ledare som har en mer relationsorienterad kommunikation tenderar att använda sig av härskartekniker som är av snällare art.Studien har även indikerat att de kvinnor som använder sig av en mer manlig kommunikationsstil kan riskera att misstas för att använda härskartekniker. Förslag till vidare studier: Jämförelser mellan män och kvinnor inom olika branscher, och genom större studier, för att kunna dra slutsatser om huruvida det går att generalisera användningen av härskartekniker till biologiskt kön och kommunikationsstil. Ytterligare ett förslag på vidare studier är att studera vilken påverkan stereotyphot har på härskartekniker. Nyckelord: Härskartekniker, internkommunikation, kvinnliga ledare, ledarskap, stereotyper. / Title: To rule through internal communication – An observational study about female leaders Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Rama Malki and Malin Frisell Supervisor: Monika Wallmon and Svante Brunåker Date: 2020 - June Aim: The aim of this study is to increase the understanding of how female leaders uses and are exposed to master suppression techniques, focusing on internal communication. Method: This study is qualitative with a deductive approach. The empirical material has been conducted and implemented through five unstructured observations and has later been interpreted and analyzed. Analysis & conclusions: Women use and are exposed to master suppression techniques that are more kind or utilizes feelings, and that there are indications that both biological gender and communication styles can affect which techniques that are used. Various master suppression techniques are used by female leaders and risk to impair the effectivity of the communication. Therefore, we can draw the conclusion that the female leaders we have observed should continue to improve their communication by increasing awareness about master suppression techniques, in order to communicate more successfully. Contribution of the thesis: The master suppression techniques have been observed through nonverbal and verbal communication, but also through jokes and a more serious tone. This study has indicated that female leaders have more of a relationship-oriented communication, tend to use master suppression techniques of a kinder nature. The study has also indicated that those women using a masculine communication style, risk to be misunderstood for using master suppression techniques. Suggestions for future research: Comparisons between men and women, in various branch of industries and through larger studies to draw conclusions whether it is possible to generalize master suppression techniques to biological gender and communication style. Furthermore, the effects that stereotypical threats have on master suppression techniques could be researched. Key words: Master suppression techniques, internal communication, female leaders, leadership, stereotypes.

Syftet med studien var att utifrån ett medarbetarperspektiv undersöka sambandet mellan arbetstillfredsställelse och ledares utövande av härskartekniker. Dessutom studerades vilka härskartekniker som av medarbetare upplevdes mest förekommande från ledare. Genom en enkätundersökning studerades arbetstillfredsställelse i förhållande till härskarteknikerna osynliggörande, förlöjligande, undanhållande av information, dubbelbestraffning och påförande av skuld och skam. Resultatet visade en negativ korrelation mellan härskartekniker och arbetstillfredsställelse. En multipel regressionsanalys visade att förlöjligande starkast predicerade arbetstillfredsställelse. En ANOVA följt av ett post-hoc testvisade att osynliggörande upplevdes mest frekvent. Slutsatsen var att ledares användande av härskartekniker primärt har en negativ effekt på medarbetarens arbetstillfredsställelse, och att det därmed bör finnas ett organisatoriskt intresse i att uppmärksamma och arbeta förebyggande med härskartekniker. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and leaders’ practices of master suppression techniques from an employee perspective. Further, the master suppression techniques most frequently experienced were studied. A survey was conducted to investigate job satisfaction in relation to following master suppression techniques; making invisible, ridicule, withhold information, double bind andheap blame/put to shame. Results showed that there was a negative correlation between job satisfaction and master suppression techniques. A multiple regression showed that the strongest predictor for job satisfaction was “ridicule”. Furthermore, an ANOVA followed by a post-hoc test showed that the master suppression technique “making invisible” was used most by leaders based on employees’ experience. In conclusion, master suppression techniques overall have a negative effect on employees’ job satisfaction. Therefore, there should be an organizational interest in noticing and working preventively with master suppression techniques.

<p>The purpose of the essay is to examine Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual person’s experiences of the Social Services treatment. Our question is: How do Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual person’s experience the treatment in a relief seeking situation at Social Services? We have a social constructive point of view. Our theoretical foundation is heteronormativity, heterosexism, homophobia, coming out/disclosure, intersectionality, master suppression techniques and we discuss Social Services as a system. We used a qualitative research method and have done five semi-structured interviews, with three men and two women aged 17- 31 years. The empirical material has been analysed by using IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis) model, where we used the interviewees own words through which we composed three major themes; Starting point in the meeting with Social Services, Sexual orientation and the treatment of the Social Service. What kind of contact our interviewees had with the Social Services and how they perceive their sexual orientation and their experiences of how it is to be gay, lesbian or bisexual is of relevance in their contact with the Social Services. It will affect their ability to act and to what extent they will feel able to be open about their sexuality. Our interviewees tell of a treatment by the Social Services which in various ways makes their sexual orientation invisible, ridicules or puts blame and shame on them. We also have a few examples of neutral treatment from the Social Services concerning sexual orientation. In the essay we have divided the care relationship into a systematic level and a personal level. Our interpretation is that Social Services on a systematic level have a heteronormative culture in the organization. This leads to a heterosexistic treatment. The personal level gives the individual social worker a certain amount of flexibility and sometimes it leads to a homophobic treatment but it can also lead to a treatment that makes it possible to break with the heteronorm. We seek a Social Services that actively works towards breaking down the heteronormativity inside the organization.</p>

The purpose of the essay is to examine Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual person’s experiences of the Social Services treatment. Our question is: How do Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual person’s experience the treatment in a relief seeking situation at Social Services? We have a social constructive point of view. Our theoretical foundation is heteronormativity, heterosexism, homophobia, coming out/disclosure, intersectionality, master suppression techniques and we discuss Social Services as a system. We used a qualitative research method and have done five semi-structured interviews, with three men and two women aged 17- 31 years. The empirical material has been analysed by using IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis) model, where we used the interviewees own words through which we composed three major themes; Starting point in the meeting with Social Services, Sexual orientation and the treatment of the Social Service. What kind of contact our interviewees had with the Social Services and how they perceive their sexual orientation and their experiences of how it is to be gay, lesbian or bisexual is of relevance in their contact with the Social Services. It will affect their ability to act and to what extent they will feel able to be open about their sexuality. Our interviewees tell of a treatment by the Social Services which in various ways makes their sexual orientation invisible, ridicules or puts blame and shame on them. We also have a few examples of neutral treatment from the Social Services concerning sexual orientation. In the essay we have divided the care relationship into a systematic level and a personal level. Our interpretation is that Social Services on a systematic level have a heteronormative culture in the organization. This leads to a heterosexistic treatment. The personal level gives the individual social worker a certain amount of flexibility and sometimes it leads to a homophobic treatment but it can also lead to a treatment that makes it possible to break with the heteronorm. We seek a Social Services that actively works towards breaking down the heteronormativity inside the organization.

Power distribution network (PDN) design was a non-existent entity during the early days of microprocessors due to the low frequency of operation. Once the switching frequencies of the microprocessors started moving towards and beyond MHz regions, the parasitic inductance of the PCB tracks and planes started playing an important role in determining the maximum voltage on a PDN. Voltage regulator module (VRM) sup-plies only the DC power for microprocessors. When the MOSFETs inside a processor switches, it consumes currents during transition time. If this current is not provided, the voltage on the supply rails can go below the specifications of the processor. For lower MHz processors few ceramic-capacitors known as ‘decoupling capacitors’ were connected between power and ground to provide this transient current demand. When the processor frequency increased beyond MHz, the number of capacitors also increased from few numbers to hundreds of them. Nowadays, the PDN is said to be comprising all components from VRM till the die location. It includes VRM, bulk capacitors, PCB power planes, capacitor mounting pads and vias, mount for the electronic package, package capacitors, die mount and internal die capacitance. So, the PDN has evolved into a very complex system over the years. A PDN should provide three distinct roles; 1) provide transient current required by the processor 2) act as a stable reference voltage for processor 3) filter out the noise currents injected by the processor. The first two are required for the correct operation of the processor. Third one is a requirement from analog or other sensitive circuits connected to the same PDN. If the noise exits the printed circuit board (PCB), it can result in conducted and radiated EMI, which can in turn result in failure of a product in EMC testing. Every PDN design starts with the calculation of a target impedance which is given as the ratio of maximum allowed ripple voltage to the maximum transient current required by the processor. The transient current is usually taken as half the average input current. The definition of target impedance assumes that the PDN is flat over the entire frequency of operation, which is true only for a resistive network. This is seldom true for a practical PDN, since it contains inductances and capacitances. Because of this, a practical PDN has an uneven impedance versus frequency envelope. Whenever two capacitors with different self resonant frequencies are connected in parallel, their equivalent impedance produces a pole between the self resonant frequencies known as antiresonance peaks. Because of this, a PDN will have phase angles associated with them. Also, these antiresonance peaks are energy reservoirs which will be excited during the normal operation of a processor by the varying currents. The transient current of a microprocessor is modeled as a gamma function, but for practical cases it can be approximated as triangular waveforms during the transition time which is normally 10% of the time period. Depending upon the micro-operations running inside the processor, the peak value of this waveform varies. This is filtered by the on-chip capacitors, package inductance and package capacitors. Due to power gating, clock gating, IO operations, matrix multiplications and magnetic memory readings the waveforms at the board will be like pulse type, and their widths are determined by these operations. In literatures, these two types of waveforms are used for PDN analysis, depending upon at which point the study is conducted. Chapter 1 introduces the need for PDN design and the main roles of a PDN. The issue of antiresonance is introduced from a PDN perspective. Different types of capacitors used on a PDN are discussed with their strengths and limitations. The general nature of the switching noise injected by a microprocessor is also discussed. This chapter discusses the thesis contributions, and the existing work related to the field. Chapter 2 introduces a new method to calculate the target impedance (Zt ) by including the phase angles of a PDN which is based on a maximum voltage calculation. This new Zt equals to conventional Zt for symmetrical triangular switching current waveforms. The value of new Zt is less than the conventional Zt for trapezoidal excitation patterns. By adding the resonance effects into this, a maximum voltage value is obtained in this chapter. The new method includes the maximum voltage produced on a PDN when multiple antiresonance peaks are present. Example simulations are provided for triangular and pulse type excitations. A measured input current wave-form for PIC16F677 microcontroller driving eight IO ports is provided to prove the assumption of pulse type waveforms. For triangular excitation waveform, the maximum voltage predicted based on the expression was ¡0.6153 V, and the simulated maximum voltage was found to be at ¡0.5412 V which is less than the predicted value. But the predicted value based on Zt method was 1.9845 V. This shows that the conventional as well as the new target impedance method leads to over estimating the maximum voltage in certain cases. This is because most of the harmonics are falling on the minimum impedance values on a PDN. If the PDN envelope is changed by temperature and component tolerances, the maximum voltage can vary. So the best option is to design with the target impedance method. When pulse current excitation was studied for a particular PDN, the maximum voltage produced was -139.39 mV. The target impedance method produced a value of -100.24 mV. The maximum voltage predicted by the equation was -237 mV. So this shows that some times the conventional target impedance method leads to under estimating the PDN voltage. From the studies, it is shown that the time domain analysis is as important as frequency domain analysis. Another important observation is that the antiresonance peaks on a PDN should be damped both in number and peak value. Chapter 3 studies the antiresonance peak suppression methods for general cases. As discussed earlier, the antiresonance peaks are produced when two capacitors with different self resonant frequencies are connected in parallel. This chapter studies the effect of magnetic coupling between the mounting loops of two capacitors in parallel. The mounting loop area contribute to the parasitic inductance of a capacitor, and it is the major contributing factor to it. Other contributing factors are equivalent series inductance (ESL) and plane spreading inductance. The ESL depends on the size and on how the internal plates of the capacitors are formed. The spreading inductance is the inductance contributed by the parts of the planes connecting the capacitor connector vias to the die connections or to other capacitor vias. If the power and ground planes are closer, the spreading inductance is lower. On one/two layer boards dedicated power/ground planes are absent. So the spreading inductance is replaced by PCB track inductances. The inductance contributed by the mounted area of the capacitor is known as mounting inductance. On one/two layer boards dedicated power/ground planes are absent. So the spreading inductance is replaced by PCB track inductances. The dependencies of various circuit parameters on antiresonance peak are studied using circuit theory. A general condition for damping the antiresonance is formulated. The antiresonance peak reduces with Q factor. The conventional critical condition for antiresonance peak damping needs modification when magnetic coupling is present between the mounting loops of two parallel unequal value capacitors. By varying the connection geometry it is possible to obtain negative and positive coupling coefficients. The connection geometries to obtain these two are shown. An example is shown for positive and negative coupling coefficient cases with simulation and experimental results. For the example discussed, RC Æ 32 - for k Æ Å0.6 and RC Æ 64 - for k Æ ¡0.6, where RC is the critical damping value and k is the magnetic coupling coefficient between the two mounting loops. The reason for this is that, the antiresonance peak impedance value is higher for negative coupling coefficient case than that for positive coupling coefficient case. Above the self resonant frequencies of both the capacitors, the equivalent impedance of the parallel capacitors become inductive. This case is studied with two equal value capacitors in parallel. It is shown that the equivalent inductance is lower for negative coupling coefficient case as compared to positive coupling coefficient case. An example is provided with simulation and experimental results. In the experimental results, parasitic inductance is observed to be 2.6 times lower for negative coupling coefficient case than that for positive coupling coefficient case. When equal value capacitors are connected in parallel, it is advantageous to use a negative coupling geometry due to this. Chapter 4 introduces a new method to damp the antiresonance peak using a magnet-ically coupled resistive loop. Reducing the Q factor is an option to suppress the peak. In this new method, the Q factor reduction is achieved by introducing losses by mag-netically coupling a resistive loop. The proposed circuit is analyzed with circuit-theory, and governing equations are obtained. The optimum value of resistance for achieving maximum damping is obtained through analysis. Simulation and experimental results are shown to validate the theory. From the experimental results approximately 247 times reduction in antiresonance peak is observed with the proposed method. Effectiveness of the new method is limited by the magnetic coupling coefficient between the two mounting loops of capacitors. The method can be further improved if the coupling coefficient can be increased at the antiresonance frequency. Chapter 5 focuses on the third objective of a PDN, that is to reduce the noise injected by the microprocessor. A new method is proposed to reduce the conducted noise from a microprocessor with switched super capacitors. The conventional switched capacitor filters are based on the concept that the flying capacitor switching at high frequency looks like a resistor at low frequency. So for using at audio frequencies the flying capacitors were switching at MHz frequencies. In this chapter the opposite of this scenario is studied; the flying capacitors are the energy storage elements of a switched capacitor converter and they switch at lower frequencies as compared to the noise frequencies. Two basic circuits (1:1 voltage conversion ratio) providing noise isolation were discussed. They have distinct steady state input current waveforms and are explained with PSPICE simulations. The inrush current through switches are capable of destroying them in a practical implementation. A practical solution was proposed using PMOS-PNP pair. The self introduced switching noise of the converter is lower when switching frequency is low and turn ON-OFF time is higher. If power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET)s are used, the turn ON and turn OFF are slow. The switching frequency can be lowered based on the voltage drop power loss. The governing equations were formulated and simulated. It is found that the switching frequency can be lowered by increasing the capacitance value without affecting the voltage drop and power loss. From the equations, it is found that the design parameters have a cyclic dependency. Noise can short through the parasitic capacitance of the switches. Two circuits were proposed to improve the noise isolation: 1) T switch 2) ¦ switch. Of these, the ¦ switch has the higher measured transfer impedance. Experimental results showed a noise reduction of (40-20) dB for the conducted frequency range of 150 kHz - 30 MHz with the proposed 1:1 switched capacitor converter. One possible improvement of this method is to combine the noise isolation with an existing switched capacitor converter (SCC) topology. The discussed example had a switching frequency of 700 Hz, and it is shown that this can isolate the switching noise in kHz and MHz regions. In a PDN there are antiresonance peaks in kHz regions. If the proposed circuit is kept close to a microprocessor, it can reduce the excitation currents of these low frequency antiresonance peaks. Chapter 6 concludes the thesis by stating the major contributions and applications of the concepts introduced in the thesis. This chapter also discusses the future scope of these concepts.

The construction business is currently one of the most male-dominated industries in Sweden. The purpose of this thesis is to explore what requirement, expectations and opportunities women are experiencing in a construction company that is located in a big city and how can we understand it? I have interviewed six women on different positions in a company. By doing this I used the qualitative approach which has enabled me to generate an understanding for what kind of requirement, expectations and opportunities the women are experiencing in the company. The theories used in this thesis are mainly about gender systems, suppression techniques and glass roof. The study has shown that the women in the company must have a strong character and personality to be able to cope with the construction industry. A number of women testify on how they need to show that they are worthy of the position they possess. As a woman you must integrate into the current gender system that exists within the company and at the workplace, while it is not expected to take anything seriously when men discriminate and harass a woman. However, opportunities have been developed for women in the industry. Previously women had the administrative tasks assigned to them, now women are awarded new advanced jobs. This indicates that the industry has evolved where new work for women is available.