Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard University, 1932. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Doctoral)--Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 1996. / Contains summaries in English and Dutch. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-154).

Vol. 1: the author's thesis. / Summary in Esperanto, English, and Dutch. Bibliography: v. 1, p. [130]-131.

<p>The levels of unemployment are unusually high compared to recent years, and the consequences are diligently debated in media. Swedish safety systems regarding people’s welfare have gone through changes lately which affected the situation negatively for many concerned citizens. This study aimed to illustrate individual’s situation of unemployment within their social context. We chose to focus on the respondent’s experiences, influences and managing skills pertaining to the situation of unemployment. Seven interviews with unemployed men and women, aged 21-64, where executed based on a qualitative approach. These interviews resulted in the empirical material which were compiled and analyzed. The theoretical standing point in this study was symbolic interactionism. The empirical material was also analyzed through the concepts of alienation, psychological illness, economical exposure and coping. The result of this study showed that all respondents experienced economical exposure according to their unemployment. This exposure lead to other quandary’s which contributed to development of coping strategies. Earlier research shows that unemployment is related to psychological illness which also was shown in this study. Alienation was nothing the respondents declared experience from according to that unemployment was common in their social contexts. On the contrary indirect alienation appeared in the empirical material based on individual situations.</p>

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Syftet med denna studie var att få en insikt i förskollärares syn på ärlighet och dess betydelse med koppling till kommunikation och samspel i förskolans verksamhet. Undersökningen har bidragit med en fördjupad förståelse av ärlighetens betydelse i kommunikation och samspel mellan olika individer i förskolan. Bidraget av den ökade förståelse och kunskapen om begreppen är till nytta för de människor i samhället som är intresserade av kommunikation, samspel och ärlighet i olika verksamheter, institutioner eller i privatliv.  Kunskapen har uppnåtts genom att intervjua sex förskollärare från två förskolor samt genom att ha analyserat och kritiskt granskat artiklar och annan vetenskaplig litteratur inom ämnet. Studiens frågeställningar var följande: Hur definierar förskollärare god kommunikation och ett gott samspel? Vad innebär ärlighet respektive oärlighet för förskollärare samt i vilka situationer kan dessa begrepp komma i konflikt med varandra? Och, hur hanterar förskollärare situationer där begreppen ärlighet och oärlighet tvingas tillämpas i praktiken? Kvalitativ intervjumetod, av den semistrukturerade typen, har använts vid insamling av empiri. Symbolisk interaktionism har används som teori och perspektiv i denna studie. Resultatet visade att förskollärarnas syn på ärlighet ansågs vara betydelsefull i kommunikation och samspel med barn och vuxna i förskolans verksamhet. Vita lögner visade sig vara accepterat i vissa situationer för att skydda sig själva eller för att skydda barnet. Respondenterna betraktade vuxna som förebilder och förväntas genom omsorg, fostran och lärande att lära barn att bli ärliga och goda samhällsmedborgare. God kommunikation och ett gott samspelsklimat handlade om att våga uttrycka tankar och åsikter samt att kunna stå för sina ord menade respondenterna. Ärligheten ansågs även vara betydelsefull för att erhålla en god kommunikation och ett gott samspelsklimat. / The purpose of this study was to gain an insight into the preschool teachers' views on honesty and its importance related to communication and interplay in preschool. The study has contributed to a deeper understanding of the importance of honesty in the communication and interaction between individuals in preschool. The contribution of the increased understanding and knowledge of the concepts for the benefit of the people in the community who are interested in communication, interaction or interplay and honesty in various businesses, institutions or in private life. Knowledge is achieved by interviewing six preschool teachers from two preshools, and by analyzing and critically reviewed articles and other scientific literature on the subject. The study's questions were: How does preschool teachers define good communication and good interplay? What does honesty or dishonesty mean to preschool teachers as well as the situations in which these concepts can come into conflict with each other? And, how do preschool situations where the concepts of honesty and dishonesty have to be applied in practice? Qualitative interview method, the semi-structured type, have been used in the collection of empirical data. Symbolic interactionism is used as theory and perspective in this study. The results showed that preschool teachers' views on honesty were considered significant in communication, interaction and interplay with children and adults in preschool. White Lies proved to be acceptable in some situations to protect themselves or to protect the child. Respondents considered adults as role models and is expected by the care, nurturing and learning to teach children to become honest and good citizenship. Good communication and good interplay climate was about to dare to express ideas and opinions and to meet its words meant respondents. Honesty was also considered important to obtain a good communication and good interplay climates.

Denna uppsats belyser oavsiktliga konsekvenser som kan uppstå när skolpersonal rekommenderar läsvänliga böcker som skildrar utanförskap. Uppsatsen ämnar söka svar på om skolans pedagogiska åtgärd att rekommendera läsvänliga böcker kan ses som en oavsiktlig symbolisk våldföring samt undersöka vilka etiska dilemman som kan uppstå på grund av att böckerna skildrar utanförskap. Pierre Bourdieu och Jean-Claude Passerons teori om symboliskt våld och Donald Broadys teori om ”Den dolda läroplanen” visar att det finns en maktutövning mellan elever och lärare. Robert K. Mertons teori om oavsiktliga konsekvenser visar vilka konsekvenser som kan uppstå till följd av målmedvetna sociala handlingar. Den tidigare forskning som presenteras i uppsatsen pekar bland annat på att ungdomar ser ett samband mellan skolmisslyckanden och socialt utanförskap. Efter textanalys av Kim Olins bokserie samt blogginlägg skrivna av lärare och skolbibliotekarier har resultaten visat att tillhandahållandet av denna typ av läsvänlig litteratur kan ses som en form av symbolisk våldföring samt att det finns ett etiskt dilemma i böckernas innehåll i relation till den tänkta läsaren. / The aim of this essay is to seek an answer to if a schools educational measures in their recommendation of reader-friendly books can be seen as an utterance of symbolic violence and to examine what kind of ethical dilemmas can arise from a book that portrays social exclusion. Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron’s theories of symbolic violence and Donald Broady’s theory of the hidden curriculum show that teachers wield and exercise a kind of power against and in relation to their students. Robert K. Merton’s theory about unintended consequences exemplifies the kinds of consequences that purposive social action can have. Previous research presented in this essay show that young people often see a correlation between academic failures and social exclusion. After a textual analysis of Kim Olin’s book series about Simon, and blog posts written by teachers and school librarians, our results show that a provision of this type of reader-friendly literature can be seen as an action of symbolic violence against the reciever, and that there is an ethical dilemma to be found in the books subject matter in relation to the intended reader.

An important premise for the study is the pedagogic importance of sports, that children and youth via sports and its leaders consciously and unconsciously incorporate and teach themselves skills, habits and knowledge as well as norms and values. Another premise is that sports leaders, like other teachers and leaders, work in a time where new conditions prevail for children’s upbringing and for the role as a leader. What should be conveyed to children today is not obvious but seems to be dependent on the individual fosterer’s idea on what the role should mean. This is truer for sports leaders, for example, than teachers since the sports movement does not have a prescribed curriculum. The perspective of the study is cultural-sociological and gender-theoretical. In the analyses, Pierre Bourdieu’s key concepts, habitus, capital and field, performed the functions of research tools. A descriptive purpose of the study was to increase the knowledge of who the children and youth leaders of the sports movement are and their views of and valuation of sports, the task and the children. Through studying what the sports leaders are bearers of in terms of personified and symbolic capital, the purpose of the study was also to analyse what was encouraged in the sports environment where many children and young people spend a great deal of their leisure. The analyses were based on an empirical material consisting of questionnaire replies from 525 sport leaders and in-depth interviews with 18 leaders. In addition, more than 1,600 future teachers and youth recreation leaders replied to a questionnaire form. Who the sport movement’s child and youth leaders are cannot be generally answered. It is partly dependent on which sport it is, partly which gender the leader has. The sport leaders’ attitudes to differing aspects of the children’s sports activity varied and various leader groups confronted each other. The leaders primarily appreciated the relations with the children. However, they did not appreciate the parental intervention, children and youths who did not behave themselves and the high demands which leadership signifies. Through sports the leaders primarily wanted to give the children physical and social upbringing. They wanted to educate children to be creative and independent individuals but emphasized at the same time a conscientious ideal. The study showed that differing types of symbolic capital dominate in children and youth’s sports activity and that different leader groups emphasize various values. What is understood as valuable seemed more to be related to the logic of different sports than to gender and the fact that the activities were for children. It is not possible to tell in general how children are fostered and influenced through sports. The results indicate, however, that seriousness dominated over playfulness and that success and achievement are highly valued.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000734174.pdf: 1301603 bytes, checksum: c022c2b4e049a701b1abb5a9e04fe8e9 (MD5) / Neste traboalho são apresentados alguns conceitos básicos da Teoria de Conjuntos Fuzzy como: operações comu conjunto fuzzy, Princípio de Extensão de Zadeh, números fuzzy e noçoes de lógica fuzzy. As relações são apresentadas com o objetivo de tratarmos de sistemas baseados em regras fuzzy e algumas aplicações / In this paper are presented some basic concepts of Fuzzy Sets Theory: operation with fuzzy sets, Zadeh extension principle, fuzzy numbers and fuzzy logic. The fuzzy relations are presented for the purpose of treating systems based on fuzzy rules and some application

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T15:02:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 915669 bytes, checksum: 2c5f5e913c0b54ee20f7360fe8cd36c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The understanding of the importance of both rites and school for humanity, something so unique, sparked this investigative work. As a contribution, thinking about these considerations that rites accompany men in all stages of life and in school spaces which are places of learning, this research was structured referring to the purpose of the rite at school, bringing a symbolic approach of the first day of class. In this sense, the goal of this dissertation was to analyze the symbolic value of the initiation rite, in the context of Luiz Vaz de Camões School, in João Pessoa, Paraíba. In this case, the research was based on the observations of the first day of class of the students that change from elementary I into II. At first, it was highlighted the importance of school and learning acquired in this space, then it was stressed the importance of the rite for humans and thus to society, and eventually, school and rite were associated; assigning the symbolic value that initiation rite has for students on their first day of class. As a methodological tool, a literature search was done, so this study sought to be guided by the thought of some authors who work these issues: rite and school, such as Amado Luiz Cervo and Pedro Alcino Bervian, showing the importance of literature; Aldo Natale Terrin and Maria Ângela Vilhena, speaking of the importance of the rite; Carlos Rodrigues Brandão and Nelson Piletti, treating about education and school; Claude Lévi Strauss, Bronislaw Malinowski, along with Franz Boas, sharing about culture, José Maria Mardones, Mircea Eliade and Ernest Cassirer, talking about the symbols and symbolic ones, among others that supported this dissertation becoming their theoretical references. / A compreensão que se tem da importância tanto do rito como da escola para a humanidade, algo tão singular, despertou esse trabalho investigativo. Como forma de contribuir, pensando-se nestas considerações em que os ritos acompanham o homem em todas as etapas da vida e nos espaços escolares que são espaços de aprendizagem, procurou-se estruturar essa pesquisa reportando-se à finalidade do rito no espaço escolar, trazendo uma abordagem simbólica do primeiro dia de aula. Neste sentido, o objetivo dessa dissertação consistiu em analisar o valor simbólico do rito de iniciação, presente no contexto da escola Luiz Vaz de Camões, no município de João Pessoa, na Paraíba. Neste caso, a pesquisa foi baseada nas observações do primeiro dia de aula dos alunos que mudam do fundamental I para o fundamental II. Buscou-se, primeiramente, destacar a importância da escola e o aprendizado adquirido nesse espaço; em seguida, ressaltou-se a importância do rito para o ser humano e, consequentemente, para a sociedade; e por fim, associou-se a escola e o rito, atribuindo o valor simbólico que tem o rito de iniciação para os alunos no primeiro dia de aula. Como instrumento metodológico, foi feita uma pesquisa bibliográfica, por isso, esse trabalho buscou guiar-se pelo pensamento de alguns autores que trabalham essas temáticas de rito e escola, tais como, Amando Luiz Cervo e Pedro Alcino Bervian, que mostram a importância da pesquisa bibliográfica; Aldo Natale Terrin e Maria Ângela Vilhena, falando da importância do rito; Carlos Rodrigues Bradão e Nelson Piletti, tratando sobre a educação e a escola; Claude Lévi Strauss, Bronislaw Malinowski, junto com Franz Boas, compartilhando sobre cultura; José Maria Mardones, Mircea Eliade e Ernest Cssirer, falando sobre o simbolos e simbólicos, entre outros que embasaram esta dissertação tornando-se seus referenciais teóricos.