Cochlear dead regions (DRs) are areas in the cochlea where inner hair cells and/or neurones are functioning so poorly that a sound that causes peak basilar membrane motion in that region is more efficiently detected via off-frequency listening. The Threshold Equalising Noise (TEN) test is a clinical test procedure for detecting DRs. Psychophysical Tuning Curves (PTCs) can be used to identify the boundary frequency of the DR although the clinical importance of doing this has yet to be determined. Some studies have suggested that the reduction of amplification well inside the DR may be beneficial; however, other studies have been unable to replicate these findings in a more typical clinical population. Three studies were completed in order to:1. determine the prevalence of DRs in a clinical sample of the UK adult population,2. investigate repeatability, agreement and clinical feasibility of the TEN-test and fast PTCs in a clinical setting, and 3. determine the benefit of high-frequency amplification in ears with and without DRs, when listening to nonsense syllable speech material in quiet and babble. In the first study, 343 hearing-impaired adults were tested for DRs using the TEN-test. In total, 36% (95% confidence interval 31-41) of these adults had a DR in at least one ear, but frequently at 4 kHz only. Only 3% (1-5) of participants had a DR spanning more than three consecutive frequencies. These findings suggest that DRs usually only span 1 or 2 clinically-relevant frequencies. In the second study, the TEN-test was completed on 70 ears at frequencies between 0.5 and 4 kHz. Fast PTCs were measured on 20 ears at ≥ 2 frequencies. The TEN-test and fast PTCs were highly repeatable on retest (97% and 100%, respectively). There was 87% agreement between the two procedures in terms of the presence of off-frequency listening, with the TEN-test less likely to detect a DR than fast PTCs. Compared to the TEN-test, fast PTCs had a 10% lower ‘conclusive finding’ rate and the test duration was typically 40 minutes longer. Therefore, the TEN-test is more clinically acceptable, but it may underestimate the extent of a DR because of its inability to precisely identify the boundary frequency. In the third study, 18 ears with a high-frequency DR and 18 matched ears without a DR were tested. Vowel-Consonant-Vowel (VCV) stimuli were presented in quiet and babble when listening with an unfiltered and three low-pass filtered hearing aid settings. Best performance was obtained in the unfiltered condition; however the DR group performed significantly poorer than the controls in babble. There was no evidence to support reducing amplification in ears with a DR. However, participants with DRs may benefit from counseling about the limitations of listening in noise. In summary, DRs are relatively prevalent in hearing-impaired adults and can be diagnosed most efficiently in a clinical setting using the TEN-test. However, DRs are often restricted to a narrow frequency range and, in the typical adult clinical population, there is no evidence to support deviating from prescription targets.

Aggressive behavior of young children has always existed. In kindergarten, teachers and children will encounter the consequences frequently. However, not all teachers have enough experience and knowledge to deal with children’s aggressive behavior. Children’s aggressive behavior will not only affect the teacher’s curriculum, the relationship between teachers and children, but also the relationship between children. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to provide teachers with interventions that can help young children reduce aggressive behavior while improving peer interaction. ERIC and PsycINFO were used to search peer-reviewed articles since these two databases have articles related to my topic, and data collecting and analyzing were conducted in March and April 2020. By including five relevant articles and summarizing and analyzing the contents of these five articles, it is concluded that there are two types of interventions in kindergartens to reduce children's aggressive behavior while improving their peer interaction. One type includes a method for the social story, which is a short, simple story written from a child’s perspective to provide guidance for appropriate social behavior for children with autism. The other intervention type teaches social skills. The advantage of this systematic review is that it is very practical for teachers because four of the five articles have an effect on aggressive behavior and/or peer interaction This paper analyzes relationships of children's aggressive behavior and does not include other elements such as children's language ability. In conclusion, teachers need to choose appropriate interventions, because some interventions cannot achieve the effect of reducing aggressive behavior and increasing peer interaction at the same time. / 幼儿的攻击行为一直都存在。在幼儿园时，由于教室里有不止一个的幼儿，教师更是会频繁的遇见这一情况，然而并不是所有的教师都有足够的经验和知识来应对幼儿的这一行为。幼儿的攻击行为不仅会影响教师的课程，教师与幼儿的关系，还会影响幼儿之间的关系。因此本文献综述的目的是给教师提供能帮助幼儿降低攻击行为的同时提高同伴互动的干预计划。ERIC和PsycINFO用于搜索同行评审的文章因包含最多与本篇论文主题相关的文献，并在3月和4月进行了数据收集和分析。通过纳入五篇相关文献并对这五篇文献内容的总结与分析得出教师在幼儿园中有不同的方法来减少儿童的攻击行为，促进他们的同伴互动。其中，干预分为两大类，一种是包括了社交故事的干预，另一种是教导学生社交技巧的干预，并且，社交故事的使用频率较高。但是，教师需要选择合适的干预，因为有些干预不能达到减少攻击性行为的同时增加同伴互动的效果。本片文献综述的优点是对于教师来说十分实用，而主要的不足点是只分析了幼儿的攻击行为与幼儿间的关系，并没有分析幼儿的语言能力等能够影响幼儿攻击行为的要素。

The spatiality of a viewer. A comparative exhibition analysis of Hilma af Klint's work The ten largestthrough two different spatialities.I have studied a viewer’s encounter with Hilma af Klint’s work The ten largest through two differentspatialities, the exhibition room at Moderna Museet Malmö and Moderna Museet Malmös Instagramaccount. With my research, I have wanted to get an insight into how a digital room such as an Instagramaccount can function as an exhibition room for art in a time when more and more is digitalized, whichescalated during the year when physical experiences were limited due to a global pandemic. Through acomparative exhibition analysis of the two different spaces and with the help of phenomenological theoryprimarily based on Maurice Merleau-Ponty further developed by Bia Mankell and phenomenologicaltheory in the digital based on Emmanuel Alloa, the Instagram account has been set in relation to theexhibition room at the museum. This comparative analysis showed that the two spatialities as exhibitionroom for the same work is both two separated exhibitions with characteristics influenced by space theyare shown through but also as two inevitably intertwined exhibitions and spaces influenced by each otherand each other's characteristics. / Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattningI den här uppsatsen har jag undersökt en betraktares möte med Hilma af Klints verk De tio största genomtvå olika rumsligheter, visningsrummet på Moderna Museet Malmö samt Moderna Museet Malmösinstagramkonto. Jag har med min undersökning velat få en inblick i hur ett digitalt rum så som ettinstagramkonto kan fungera så ett visningsrum för konst i en tid då mer och mer digitaliseras, vilket underåret eskalerat då fysiska upplevelser begränsats på grund av en global pandemi. Genom en komparativutställningsanalys av de två olika rumsligheterna och med hjälp av fenomenologisk teori framföralltutifrån Maurice Merleau-Ponty vidareutvecklad av Bia Mankell och fenomenologisk teori i det digitalautifrån Emmanuel Alloa har instagramkontot satts i relation till visningsrummet på museet. Dennakomparativa analys ledde fram till en syn på de två rumsligheterna för samma verk både som två separatautställningar med egenskaper påverkade av det rum de visas genom men även som två oundvikligensammanflätade utställningar och rum påverkade av varandra och varandras egenskaper.

Syftet med studien är att utifrån personlighetsdrag och olika typer av prosocialt beteende identifiera samband mellan vilka som arbetar ideellt och motiven bakom engagemanget. Bakgrunden till intresset grundar sig i en önskan att få en djupare förståelse för indivders ideella engagemang.  Inom den teoretiska referensramen redogörs för ideellt arbete som begrepp samt konceptet i helhet. Här diskuteras de olika punkterna om vad volontärarbete är, vem som volontärarbetar, var volontärarbete finns samt varför människor volontärarbetar. Därefter beskrivs de olika personlighetsdragen samt typer av prosocialt beteende som kommer användas i denna studie. Metoden som valdes var en kvantitativ ansats i form av en enkätstudie och urvalet utgjordes av en kombination av ett bekvämlighetsurval och ett snöbollsurval.  I undersökningen deltog 108 respondenter där frågor om deras ideella arbete besvarades. Tillsammans med detta besvarades ett personlighetstest, Ten Item Personality Inventory, som utvärderade nivåerna av fem personlighetsdrag samt ett test för att mäta nivåer av sex typer av prosocialt beteende, Prosocial Tendency Measure. För att analysera materialet redovisas resultaten i frekvens- och korstabeller.  Resultatet av studien visade att altruism är det främsta motivet till varför individer engagerar sig ideellt. Dock kan detta anses skilja sig mellan olika individer baserat på vad de har för huvudsaklig sysselsättning samt vilket område de engagerar sig inom. Människor som har höga nivåer av personlighetsdragen öppenhet samt tillmötesgående anses mer benägna att engagera sig ideellt. Detta kan till stor del bero på att dessa personlighetsdrag främjar höga altruistiska och ödesdigra prosociala tendenser, vilket medför en önskan att hjälpa andra i olika situationer.

Detta arbete undersöker hur tio målningar från 1907 fungerar som bärare av ett andligt budskap. Verket, som är en del av ett större, heter De tio största och är utfört genom Hilma af Klint på uppdrag av Högre väsen som hon sa sig vara i kontakt med. Hilma af Klint var en svensk konstnär som levde 1862–1944.      I undersökningen har en grupp på tio personer i åldrarna 19 till 24 år, en åldersgrupp som kallas generation Z eller zoomers, reflekterat över dessa element och verkets helhet.  Analysen visar att gruppen får en gemensam upplevelse av budskap som kan kopplas till det konstnären formulerat i sina anteckningar och att det framkommer ytterligare ett resultat som matchar det syfte som återfinns i anteckningar från seanser 2 år innan verket påbörjas.  Svaren från de tio informanterna är analyserade genom en fenomenologisk-hermeneutisk tolkningsmetod där den fenomenologiska delen samverkar med hermeneutiken för att fånga informanternas upplevelse av Hilma af Klints verk. Genom fenomenologins fokus på hur en grupp uppfattar och upplever och sedan drar slutsatser från detta ges en djupare inblick i något som tillsynes kan tyckas vara dolt.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13222号 / 論医博第2169号 / 新制||医||1033(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 健夫, 教授 松村 由美, 教授 森田 智視 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Many studies have been carried out throughout the world on how street-connected children relate to the streets, but not enough of these studies are seen through a gender perspective. Hence, the general conception of street-connected children is in some manner still mainstreamed, which casts an image claiming all children in the same category. This demonstrates that there is currently a missing gap of knowledge. This study covers whether the role of gender could affect the lives of the children that live and work on the streets, through a qualitative research in the field with 28 interviewees. These interviews were largely conducted in Brikama, Serekunda, Topkunda, Farafenni, Madina Salaam and Bakau in The Gambia, where the majority of the Gambian NGOs and street-connected children is located. The results from analysing these interviews pointed towards the same pattern: that there were a few similarities in the livelihoods of the street-connected boys and girls. However, the differences concerning their livelihoods on the streets were greater since the findings demonstrated that their challenges and opportunities of achieving the Ten Central Human Capabilities were different. Street-connected boys and street-connected girls were both exposed to child labour. The main difference was, street-connected boys, who lived in groups, worked in car garages, fish industries and for shop owners, while the few girls who permanently lived on the streets, were alone and sexual exploited. This research is thus not merely a contribution to the studies of street-connected children, but how gender is relating to the streets. Furthermore, a contribution to improve these vulnerable children’s livelihoods and also increase the awareness through the perspective of humanities, which might be crucial in future policy recommendations and research.