This dissertation investigates Aristotle’s theory of phantasia as a cognitive ability, in terms of which mental content is available to the mind of rational beings. The focus is on Catherine Osborne’s extension of phantasia to nonhuman animals in order to allow for and explain non-human animal behaviour in terms of a rational paradigm, which de-emphasises, and does not rely on, linguistic ability. This paradigm for understanding animal behaviour as rational supports, and is supported by, modern theories of cognitive ethology, and argues for the ability of animals to share in conceptual thought. The recognition of rationality in animals by means of this paradigm bears ethical consequences for the treatment of animals. / Classics and Modern European Languages / M.A. (Classical Studies)

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a noção fregeana de pensamento e discutir o problema da dinâmica cognitiva. Para tal, serão seguidos os seguintes passos. Inicialmente, faremos uma análise da noção de pensamento tal como elaborada por Gottlob Frege. A teoria fregeana será contrastada com sua principal teoria alternativa, a saber, a explicação de Bertrand Russell dos pensamentos ou proposições. Em seguida, será discutido o problema da dinâmica cognitiva, a questão que diz respeito à preservação de crenças e conhecimento por um indivíduo diante das mudanças de contexto. Entende-se ser este um problema com o qual qualquer teoria do pensamento deve lidar. Nosso objetivo é avaliar as soluções para o problema desenvolvidas tanto pelos fregeanos quanto pelos neo-fregeanos, mostrando que elas têm méritos, mas também fraquezas. Questionar-se-á também a viabilidade das propostas de solução avaliadas e será apontada qual delas parece ser a mais plausível. Por fim, discutimos um tipo específico de pensamento que também concerne à questão da dinâmica cognitiva: tratam-se dos pensamentos na primeira pessoa, ou pensamentos de se, ou seja, pensamentos que têm como seu objeto o sujeito referido pelo pronome da primeira pessoa eu . Eles são um caso especial de pensamentos para os quais a questão da dinâmica cognitiva também vale, embora apresentem atributos típicos. Um desses atributos é a imunidade ao erro por má-identificação, já discutida na obra de Gareth Evans. Outras características dos pensamentos na primeira pessoa também serão discutidas, buscando-se apontar para aquela que parece ser a melhor forma de explicar sua natureza e a dinâmica cognitiva que eles envolvem. / [en] The aim of this essay is to analyze the fregean notion of thought and discuss the problem of cognitive dynamics. To this end, I shall take the following steps. To begin with, I analyze the very notion of thought as put forward by Gottlob Frege. Frege s theory is to be contrasted with its main alternative, that is, Russell s account of thoughts or propositions. I proceed, then, to discuss the issue of cognitive dynamics, which is the issue of how it is that the subject is able to maintain his beliefs through context changes. This is, I take it, a difficulty that any theory of thought has to face. My aim is to assess the solutions devised both by the Fregeans and the Neo-Fregeans, showing that they have merits as well as weaknesses. I also question the viability of the would-be solutions and tell which seems the soundest. Finally, I discuss a specific type of thought the issue of cognitive dynamics concerns too: the so-called I-thoughts, or de se thoughts, that is, thoughts that have as their object the very subject referred to by the first person pronoun I . They are a special case of thoughts for which the issue of cognitive dynamics holds too, although they present their own characteristic features. One of these features is the immunity to error through misidentification, already discussed in the work of Gareth Evans. Other characteristics of the I-thoughts will also be discussed, with a view to figure out what seems to be the best way to account for their nature and the cognitive dynamics they involve.

Submitted by AMANDA VELOSO GARCIA null (amanda.hipotenusa@gmail.com) on 2016-11-17T01:30:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Amanda Veloso Garcia.pdf: 2646623 bytes, checksum: 09ea31cf0f744670b1872d38cc36a77e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-23T12:44:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_av_me_mar.pdf: 2646623 bytes, checksum: 09ea31cf0f744670b1872d38cc36a77e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-23T12:44:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_av_me_mar.pdf: 2646623 bytes, checksum: 09ea31cf0f744670b1872d38cc36a77e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Nesta dissertação investigamos a relação entre a Filosofia e a prática de escrita de textos de maneira a tratar dos seguintes problemas: Existem formas alternativas de expressão e desenvolvimento da Filosofia além daquelas relacionadas aos recursos da linguagem verbal? Em caso afirmativo, através de que formas a Filosofia poderia se expressar? Como parece haver, na tradição filosófica Ocidental, uma vinculação necessária entre a Filosofia e a linguagem verbal, temos como objetivo repensar as práticas filosóficas dentro da universidade e analisar a potencialidade de pensamentos existente em diversos formatos de pensar. Inicialmente apresentamos as contribuições de uma abordagem inter/multidisciplinar para a Filosofia, de modo a apontar o paradigma da complexidade como um recurso apropriado para investigar problemas filosóficos da contemporaneidade. Entendemos que o paradigma da complexidade tem se delineado de forma a proporcionar uma virada na Filosofia que extrapola o domínio da linguagem verbal. Como um estudo de caso, discutimos características centrais da Filosofia brasileira no contexto da universidade pública. A partir da caracterização da Filosofia na universidade brasileira, analisamos os limites da linguagem verbal como forma de expressão de pensamentos. Por fim, discutimos o potencial de formas não verbais na reflexão filosófica, analisando suas contribuições e limites para o desenvolvimento de um filosofar genuíno. / This thesis investigates the relation between philosophy and the practice of writing texts, in order to examine the following issues: Are there alternative ways of expression and development in philosophy, beyond those related to the resources of verbal language? If so, through what forms could philosophy express itself? As there seems to be a necessary connection between philosophy and verbal language in the Western philosophical tradition, we aim to rethink philosophical practices within the university and to analyze the existing potential of various formats of thinking. Initially, we present the contributions of an inter/multidisciplinary approach to philosophy, pointing to the paradigm of complexity as an appropriate resource for investigating contemporary philosophical problems. We understand that the complexity paradigm has been designed to provide a shift in philosophy that takes it beyond the realm of verbal language. As a case study, we discuss the central features of Brazilian philosophy in the context of the public university. In this context, we analyze the limits of verbal language as an expression of thoughts. Finally, we discuss the potential of non-verbal forms in philosophical reflection, analyzing their contributions and limits for the development of genuine philosophizing.

No description available.

Cette thèse traite de l’étude du changement d’attitude dans un contexte de dissonance cognitive (Festinger, 1957), et plus précisément dans le cadre du paradigme de l’essai contre-attitudinal (Brehm & Cohen, 1962). L’objectif de ce travail est triple. Premièrement, nous opérons une remise en question de l’induction de choix des paradigmes de dissonance, en utilisant, au sein de nos expérimentations, la perception de choix des participants comme variable continue permettant de prédire le changement d’attitude. Notre second objectif est de mobiliser, dans le cadre de la dissonance, des variables issues du modèle des probabilités d’élaboration (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986) liées au changement d’attitude. Ces variables permettent notamment de recueillir les pensées positives et négatives (i.e., l’élaboration) que les participants produisent vis-à-vis d’un argumentaire. Nous émettons ainsi l’hypothèse que la rédaction d’un essai contre attitudinal sous perception élevée de choix entraînera conjointement de l’élaboration et du changement d’attitude chez les participants. Le dernier objectif de cette thèse est de tester l’impact de variables, autres que le choix perçu, permettant d’augmenter l’élaboration des participants. Nous nous sommes ainsi intéressés à la résistance de l’attitude initiale, ainsi qu’au délai de réflexion, afin d’étudier leurs effets sur le changement d’attitude. / This thesis covers the study of attitude change in the area of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957), and more precisely in the context of the counter-attitudinal advocacy paradigm (Brehm & Cohen, 1962). The aim of this work is triple. First, we challenge the induction of choice adopted within dissonance paradigms using, in our studies, perception of choice as a discrete variable suitable to predict attitude change. Our second goal is to borrow - for a use into dissonance paradigms - variables implied in attitude change within the elaboration likelihood model (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986) than can be used in order to gather the positive and negative thoughts (i.e., elaboration) that participants can produce regarding to an advocacy. We thus hypothesize that a counter-attitudinal advocacy will, under high perceived-choice, lead participants to produce elaboration and attitude change. Our last goal is to assess the impact of other variables than perceived choice that can have an impact on participants’ elaboration. Therefore, we took interest in attitude resistance and reflection delays in order to observe their effect on attitude change.

No description available.

Objective: The relationship between alcohol use and suicidal behaviors is well-accepted, but less is known about the contribution of its early initiation. This study was designed to test the association of early alcohol initiation versus later initiation with suicidal ideation and attempt in an ethnically diverse sample. Methods: The Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES), 2001-2003 (n = 20,013), database was used. A total of 13,867 participants were selected included 56.9% females and 43.1% males. Race and ethnicity were reported as 28.8% non-Hispanic White, 39.1% Black, 20.3% Latino, and 11.9% Asian. Logistic regression analyses tested the associations between early (< =14 years) and later (> =15) age alcohol initiation with suicide ideation and attempts. Alcohol initiation was indexed by self-report of the first time that any alcohol product was consumed. Potential confounders were controlled. Results: Early alcohol initiation was associated with higher odds (AOR = 3.64, 95% CI [2.51, 5.28]) of suicide ideation as compared with adults who had initiated > = age 15 (AOR = 2.11, 95% CI [1.46, 3.04]). Early age initiation was also associated with higher odds (AOR = 3.81, 95% CI [2.02, 7.18]) of lifetime suicide attempt versus later age initiators (AOR = 2.03, 95% CI [1.08, 3.79]). Significant differences were found between early and later age of initiation. Conclusion: Early age of alcohol initiation has profoundly increased odds of suicide ideation or attempt. It is critical that effective prevention programs for children and their caregivers be implemented to prevent or delay alcohol initiation and lessen the risk for future suicidal behaviors.

The thesis focuses on Kuhlthau's Information Search Process Model. Firstly, the author explains Kuhlthau's model of information retrieval and seeking meaning of information from user's perspective. Results of the model are the uncertainty principle and mediation - findings which change our view of library services. In the second part of the thesis, the author introduces other research texts and manuals about writing a scientific text. She pays special attention to Jadwiga Šanderová's comprehensive manual which is called How to read and write a scientific text in social sciences, and to stylistics research text by Světla Čmejrková et al. called How to write down a scientific text. Thirdly, the author evaluates the survey which verifies Kuhlthau's model in the environment of the Czech Republic. The survey has taken place among postgraduate students, teachers and scientists from chosen universities in the Czech Republic

Sjökaptensstudenterna på Sjöfartshögskolan i Kalmar genomgår praktik under sammanlagt 12 månader i form av fartygsförlagd utbildning indelad i tre olika perioder under deras fyraåriga utbildning. Praktiken ger studenterna möjligheten att lära sig yrket på ett praktisk sätt och inte bara från läroboken. Praktikfartyg tas fram med hjälp av institutet SUI (Sjöfartens utbildnings institut) och ger tillgång till en olika mängd av fartygstyper. Sjökaptensstudenterna får möjligheten att välja sina praktikplatser genom att önska sig ett fartyg som de vill utföra sin praktik på, detta ger däremot ingen garanti på att de kommer få just det fartyg de önskat då det finns många studenter och få fartyg. Studenterna får ett samtal av SUI när det är dags för dem att välja fartyg, detta sker slumpmässigt och utgår från de studenter som klargjort flest kurser. Processen för många anses vara stressig då de inte får mycket tid på sig att välja. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka faktorer sjökaptensstudenterna upplever väger in vid deras val av praktikplater för att öka chansen till en bra praktik, samt hur studenterna känner angående allt i efterhand. För att ta reda på detta genomfördes en kvalitativ intervjustudie där sex sjöbefälsstudenter på sitt sista studieår deltog. Resultatet på studien visar att det fanns många olika faktorer som vägde in i valen, som även bidrog till en överlag bra praktik med inslag av några negativa faktorer, som fokuseras på SUIs valprocess. / The shipping students at the Kalmar Maritime College are undergoing a total training course of 12 months in the form of vessel-proposed training divided into three different periods during their four-year education. The practice gives the students an opportunity to learn the profession in a practical way and not just from the textbook. Practical vessels are developed using the Institute of the SUI (Institute of Maritime Training) and provide access to a variety of types of vessels. The lake captain students are given the opportunity to choose their internship by wishing for a ship on which they want to carry out their practice, but this does not guarantee that they will receive the ship they wanted when there are many students and few ships. Students get a call from the SUI when it’s time for them to choose their ships, this is done at random and based on students that have clarified the most courses. The process for many people is considered stressful because they don’t have much time to choose. This study aims to examine the factors experienced by sea captain students in their choice of places and make a good practice, as well as how students know about everything afterwards. To find out, a qualitative interview study was conducted involving six sea command students who were in their senior year. The results of the study showed that there were many different factors that weighed in their choices as what contributed to a good practice that felt most positive but also some negative things, focused on the SUI electoral process.

El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar las primeras evidencias psicométricas del Inventario de Pensamientos Automáticos (IPA) de Ruiz y Lujan (1991). Participaron 556 jóvenes y adultos de universidades privadas de Lima Metropolitana; 215 varones y 341 mujeres entre 18 a 30 años (Media = 20,64; σ = 2,21); el diseño fue instrumental con muestreo no probabilístico de tipo intencional. Los resultados revelan que el IPA presenta ítems con contenido representativo y relevante; asimismo, la estructura interna obtenida a través del análisis factorial exploratorio reportó tres factores subyacentes (Catastrofismo, Externalidad, Egocentrismo). Su discrepancia con la versión original, señala la necesidad de renombrar los factores e ir hacia una nueva estructura interna del IPA, la misma que revela valores aceptables (.76 a .91). Se concluye que, el IPA debe ser interpretado de forma tridimensional; aunque es necesario un análisis factorial confirmatorio para corroborar estos resultados. / The objective of the research was to analyze the first psychometric evidences of the Inventory of Automatic Thoughts (IPA) de Ruiz & Lujan (1991). 556 young people and adults from private universities in Metropolitan Lima participated; 215 men and 341 women between 18 and 30 years old (Mean = 20.64; σ = 2.21); the design was instrumental with intentional non-probabilistic sampling. The results reveal that the IPA presents items with representative and relevant content; Likewise, the internal structure obtained through exploratory factor analysis reported three underlying factors (Catastrophism, Externality, Egocentrism). Its discrepancy with the original version points out the need to rename the factors and go towards a new internal structure of the IPA, the same one that reveals acceptable values ​​(.76 to .91). It is concluded that the IPA must be interpreted in a three-dimensional way; although a confirmatory factor analysis is necessary to corroborate these results. / Tesis