Opportunities for aggression occur frequently and unpredictably, but little research to our knowledge has investigated the impact of the mere presence of multiple opportunities on aggression over time. Two studies, one with a Canadian sample (163 participants) and one with an American sample (103 participants) were conducted to analyze the impact of the number of opportunities for aggression on justified and unjustified aggressive thoughts, behaviors, and motivations. Individually, these studies yielded the result that justified aggression remains stable over time, but that unjustified aggression decreases when an individual is given multiple opportunities. Combined, they indicated that justified aggression increased when participants had a second opportunity. Future research is proposed to understand the impact of moral licensing on aggression over time, and to understand why unjustified aggression occurs.

Syftet med denna essä är att undersöka facilitatorers handlande när ett skifte i en grupp äger rum. Med skifte avses en ny förståelse av ett innehåll som bearbetas. Facilitator är den som underlättar en grupps process att arbeta med någon typ av material eller fråga. Essäns frågeställning är vilka aspekter av praktisk kunskap utövar facilitatorn när hon erfar att en grupp skiftar sin förståelse. Studien är fenomenologisk och etnografisk då facilitatorers egna erfarenheter är i fokus. I essän ställs egen erfarenhet, intervjuer och samtal med fem facilitatorer i dialog med improvisationsteater och filosofer som skrivit om praktisk kunskap. Ur dessa samtal träder ett antal aspekter av praktisk kunskap fram. En aspekt är intuition som blir till i det relationella, kroppsliga och erkännande mötet med andra. När tanken inte förmår vägleda kan intuition infinna sig baserat på känslan som kommer ur intention och tidigare erfarenheter. Erfarenheter är en aspekt av praktisk kunskap och bildar mönster med andra erfarenheter. Intuition utgår från dessa erfarenheters mönsterbildning och vägleder vidare handling. En annan aspekt är samspelet mellan känsla, emotion, tanke och handling, både som kronologiskt och överlappande skeende. En ytterligare aspekt är kunnande-i-handling liksom reflektion-i-handling som akt av konstnärlighet och hantverkskunnande vilket leder vidare till betydelsen av att kunna improvisera. En facilitator har att vara i det skeende som pågår utan att ta över skeendet. Det är i unika skeenden som aspekter av den praktiska kunskapen yttrar sig som en helhet bestående av flertal samverkande aspekter. Det handlar om ett förhållningssätt att vara varande som facilitator. / The purpose of this essay is to investigate the actions of facilitators when a shift in a group takes place. Shift refers to a new understanding of a content being processed. Facilitator is the one who facilitates a group's process of working with any type of material or issue. The essays question is which aspects of practical knowledge the facilitator exercises when she experiences that a group is shifting its understanding. The study is phenomenological and ethnographic as the facilitators' own experiences are in focus. In the essay the own experience, interviews and conversations with five facilitators are put in dialogue with improvisation theatre and philosophers who have written about practical knowledge. From these conversations, a number of aspects of practical knowledge appear. One aspect is intuition formed in relational, bodily and recognition meetings with others. When the thought is not able to guide, intuition can emerge based on the feeling that comes from intention and previous experience. Experiences are an aspect of practical knowledge and form patterns with other experiences. Intuition is based on the pattern formation of these experiences and guides further action. Another aspect is the interaction between feeling, emotion, thought and action, both as a chronological and overlapping course of events. Further aspect is knowledge-in-action as well as reflection-in-action as the act of artistry and craftsmanship, which further leads to the importance of being able to improvise. A facilitator has to be in the course of events that goes on without taking over the event. It is in unique course of events that aspects of practical knowledge manifest themselves as a whole consisting of several interacting aspects. It is about an approach to be as a facilitator.

I föreliggande C-uppsats i Geografi söker jag ta mig an ett avgränsat ämnesområde i skolans värld genom att undersöka vad högstadieelever tänker och känner inför ämnet Geografi. Syftet med undersökningen är således att undersöka högstadieelevers tankar om och attityder till skolämnet Geografi. Undersökningens material och bakgrundsdata har inhämtats med hjälp av enkäter som elever i årskurs 7-9 vid en medelstor högstadieskola i staden Nybro i Småland har besvarat. Sammanlagt har ett sjuttiotal högstadieelever varit delaktiga i att delge sina tankar om skolämnet Geografi. Frågeställningarna som jag har utgått ifrån är följande: Vilka är elevernas tankar om, och attityder till, skolämnet Geografi? Vad har elevernas tidigare undervisning i Geografi omfattat? Hur uppfattar eleverna skolämnet Geografi – är ämnet viktigt, gillar eleverna Geografi? Vad anser eleverna vara det viktigaste att lära sig i Geografi? Att ha Geografi varje termin/läsår eller att ha Geografi varierande termin/läsår, vad anser eleverna fungerar bäst för dem? Hur rangordnar eleverna Geografi i förhållande till övriga SO-ämnen? Undersökningen ger vid handen att eleverna rankar ämnet Geografi högt. Resultaten visar dock att pojkar och flickor rangordnar SO-ämnena olika; pojkarna rankar bland annat Geografi högre än vad flickorna gör. För att med säkerhet kunna svara på varför det är just så, skulle förslagvis en longitudinell studie av elevernas attityder och tankar behöva utföras, vilket dessvärre inte ryms inom ramarna för denna undersökning, men som eventuellt skulle kunna komma att genomföras i framtiden.

Submitted by LEONILDO APARECIDO REIS MACHADO null (leonildo_machado@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-02-09T13:11:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEONILDO APARECIDO REIS MACHADO.pdf: 1980145 bytes, checksum: 2f781ffafaacb791e062a382238edbfd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-14T13:47:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 machado_lar_dr_fran.pdf: 1980145 bytes, checksum: 2f781ffafaacb791e062a382238edbfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-14T13:47:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 machado_lar_dr_fran.pdf: 1980145 bytes, checksum: 2f781ffafaacb791e062a382238edbfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / L’oggetto dello studio della presente Tesi perpassa l’analisi dell' “Ethos della Mobilità” del Servizio Sociale brasiliano” (“EMSS”) e la sua vicinanza con il pensiero di Antonio Gramsci. La tipologia della ricerca utilizzata si è spiegata nell'ambito bibliografico e documentale. Il metodo dialettico imbasato nel pensiero di Marx ha proporzionato investigare le determinazioni contenute nell'oggetto e conseguentemente l’esposizione delle sue appreenssioni. La metodologia, è partita, pertanto, dalla realtà concreta ancora sconosciuta e ha raggiunto, dopo alcune approssimazione investigative, il reale concreto prodotto. Gli oggettivi sono stati presentati sui propri capitoli del lavoro, suddivisi fra l’aspetto sociale e storico del EMSS, la materialità del riferito ethos e le sue relazioni con il pensiero Gramsciano e, per fine, lo stesso “modo d’essere" professionale e le sue vicinanze con la categoria democrazia, in Gramsci. In un primo momento, si è esposta sui concetti della morale, dell’etica, del valore e della libertà del EMSS. Di seguito, si è presentato il sorgimento di questo ethos per la categoria professionale attraverso il metodo BH e del suo sviluppo etico-politico presente nel III Congresso Brasiliano degli Assistenti Sociali, raggiungendosi così l’inizio della costituzione socio-storica dell presente “ethos” di questa professione. L’investigazione si è riversata sulla materialità del proggetto etico-politico e profissionale, per mezzo del EMSS, sviluppandosi una nuova prospettiva professionale appoggiata nella vertente intenzionanle di rottura, secondo Paulo Netto nel sul libro (Ditadura e Serviço social: uma análise do serviço social pós-64). Poi, si sono presentate le valutazioni delle categorie costitutive già riferite nel proggetto, ovverossia: dimensione teorica metodologica, etico-politica e tecnico-operativo confrontandole con le categorie gramsciane della Filosofia della praxis, delle scienze politiche e gli intelletuali. Lo studio raggiunge, ancora, la presentazione della categoria dell'egemonia, in Gramsci e le sue relazioni con le entità rappresentative del mestiere: Consiglio Federale del Servizio Sociale, Consiglio Regionale del servizio Sociale, Associazione Brasiliana d'Insegno e Ricerca in Servizio Sociale e Ente Nazionale del Servizio Sociale. Per fine, l’investigazione ha esposto il concetto di democrazia in Gramsci e le sue vicinanze con il EMSS, conducendoci alla percezione di che il processo democratico esige una coscienza di classe e la resistenza necessaria alla sua materialità, sia nell'ambito macro che nel micro degli spazi politici. / O objeto de estudo da presente Tese perpassou a análise do “Ethos da Mobilidade” do Serviço Social brasileiro (“EMSS”) e suas aproximações com o pensamento de Antonio Gramsci. A tipologia da pesquisa utilizada se moveu pelo âmbito bibliográfico e documental. O método dialético alicerçado no pensamento marxiano proporcionou investigar as determinações contidas no objeto e, consequentemente, a exposição de suas apreensões. A metodologia partiu, portanto, da realidade concreta ainda desconhecida e chegou, após aproximações investigativas, ao real concreto produzido. Os objetivos foram apresentados nos próprios capítulos do trabalho perfazendo o aspecto social e histórico do “EMSS”, a materialidade do referido “ethos” e suas relações com o pensamento gramsciano e, por fim, o mesmo “modo de ser” profissional e as aproximações com a categoria democracia, em Gramsci. No primeiro momento, expôs-se acerca das concepções de moral, de ética, de valor e de liberdade do “EMSS”. Posteriormente, apresentou-se o surgimento deste “ethos” na categoria profissional, por meio do Método BH e de seu desenvolvimento ético-político presente no III Congresso Brasileiro de Assistentes Sociais (Congresso da Virada), perfazendo o início da constituição sócio histórica do presente “ethos” na profissão. A investigação adentrou na materialidade do Projeto Ético-Político Profissional, por meio do “EMSS”, uma nova perspectiva profissional, respaldada na vertente de intenção de ruptura, segundo Paulo Netto em “Ditadura e Serviço Social: Uma análise do Serviço Social no Brasil pós-64”. A seguir, apresentaram-se as aproximações entre as categorias constitutivas do referido projeto, a saber: dimensão teórico-metodológica, ético-política e técnico-operativo e suas aproximações com as categorias gramscianas de filosofia da práxis, ciência política e intelectuais. A exposição perfez, ainda, a apresentação da categoria de hegemonia, em Gramsci, e sua relação com as entidades representativas da profissão: Conselho Federal de Serviço Social, Conselho Regional de Serviço Social, Associação Brasileira de Ensino e Pesquisa em Serviço Social e Executiva Nacional de Serviço Social. Por fim, a investigação expôs a concepção de democracia em Gramsci e suas aproximações com o “EMSS”, onde se percebeu que o processo democrático exige uma consciência de classe e a resistência necessária para sua materialidade, seja no âmbito macro ou micro dos espaços políticos. / The object of the study from the current thesis accomplished the analysis of “Ethos in the Mobility” in the Brazilian Social Work (“EMSS”) and its approaches to Antonio Gramsci thoughts. The typology research resulted from a bibliography and a documentary. The dialectic method in the Marxist thoughts afforded to investigate the determinations in the object and, consequently, the exposition of its seizures. The methodology began from the concrete reality still unknown and resulted after investigative approaches, taking everything into consideration accomplished. The aims were presented on their chapters and they go through the social and historical aspect from the “EMSS”, the existence of the “ethos”, and its relation to Gramsci’s thoughts and, finally, the same “way of being” professional and the approaches to democracy category, in Gramsci. First of all it was shown the conception of moral, ethic, value, and liberty in “EMSS”. Secondly, it was placed the “ethos” in the professional category, through the BH Method and its ethical political development presented in the III Brazilian Convention of Social Workers (Congresso da Virada), making the beginning of the social historic constitution in the current “ethos” in the profession. The investigation accomplished in the Ethical and Political Professional Project through the “EMSS” a new professional perspective, supported in the rupture intention, according Paulo Netto in “ Social Work and Dictatorship: An analysis of a Social work in Brazil after 1964”. Additionally it was presented the approaches among the constitutive category of the project: theoretical and methodological dimension, ethical and political, technical and operational and its approaches to Gramscians categories of the philosophy of praxis, political and intellectual sciences. The outcome made the presentation of the hegemony category in Gramsci and its relation to representatives entities of the profession: Federal council of Social Work, Regional Council of Social Work, the Teaching Brazilian Association of Research in Social Work and National Executive of Social Work. Finally, the investigation developed the conception of democracy in Gramsci and its approaches to the “EMSS”, where was noticed that the democratic process requires class-consciousness and the necessary resistance for its existence, being macro or micro in the political places.

<p>Stavning handlar ej enbart om att stava rätt! Att lära sig stava kan vara en hjälp i en individs läs- och skrivutveckling. Genom att lära sig stava kan det bli lättare att lära sig läsa, samtidigt som läsningen kan bidra till att lära sig stava. Genom att skriva kan en elev lära sig stava bättre samtidigt som goda stavningskunskaper kan skapa en känsla av trygghet och säkerhet i skriftspråket som gör att han/hon vill skriva. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på när, hur och varför lärare arbetar med stavning i de tidiga skolåren och att skapa en överblick över olika synsätt på stavning samt hur dessa kan påverka undervisningen. Studien tar upp stavning ur olika perspektiv, från det teoretiska till det praktiska samt hur elever uppfattar stavning. Studien har en tvärsnittsdesign med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa inslag. Datainsamlingsmetoder som använts har bestått av intervjuer, enkätförfrågningar samt dokumentstudier. Studien har visat att synen på stavning delvis har förändrats de senaste decennierna. Gemensamt för lärare och elever är att det är viktigt att kunna stava rätt. Skillnader mellan lärarna framkom genom att de har olika syn på hur den bästa vägen till korrekt stavning går. Trots dessa skillnader har eleverna väldigt lika uppfattningar i synen på stavning. Dessutom har studien visat ett samband mellan lärares arbetssätt, deras respektive lärarutbildning och styrdokumenten för grundskolan. Synen på stavning har förändrats både inom styrdokument samt lärarutbildning. Gemensamt för lärarna är att de verkar behålla grunden de får med sig från sin utbildning. Äldre lärare fick enligt vår studie lära sig mer om metoder för stavning medan detta uteblivit hos de yngre lärarna. I studien har också berörts vilka konsekvenser lärares olika syn på hur de bäst lär elever stava kan få för det praktiska arbetet och eleverna. Nyckelord stavning, stavningsutveckling, stavfel, stavningsundervisning, läs- och skrivutveckling, läsning, skrivning, styrdokument, lärarutbildning, elevers tankar</p><p>Spelling involves more than spelling correctly! Learning to spell could be useful for an individual’s reading and writing development. The ability to spell could facilitate learning to read, as well as reading could facilitate learning to spell. By writing children become better spellers, at the same time as good spelling ability can create a feeling of confidence in written language that impels children’s will to write. The purpose with our study is to investigate when, how and why teachers work with spelling in the early grades. Different views on spelling and how these can effect the teaching are also examined. Our study includes spelling in different perspectives, from the theoretical to the practical and also pupils’ thoughts on spelling. The study has a cross-sectional design with both qualitative and quantitative parts. The methods that have been used are interviews, questionnaire and document studies. The study has shown that the views on spelling have changed the last decades. The ability to spell correctly is considered to be important by both teachers and pupils. The teachers have different views on what the best way of learning correct spelling looks like. Despite these differences their pupils share common views. This study has also shown a connection between ways of teaching, different periods within the Swedish teachers’ education system and curriculum standards for compulsory grades. The views on spelling have changed both within curriculum standards and teachers education. The teachers seem to keep the foundation from their education. The older teachers learned, according to our study, more teaching methods in relation to spelling while this was not the case regarding the younger teachers. This study has also shown what consequences different views on spelling and teaching techniques may lead to when learning pupils to spell. Keywords spelling, spelling development, spelling mistakes, teaching spelling, reading and writing development, reading, writing, curriculum standards, teacher education, pupils’ thoughts</p>

Stavning handlar ej enbart om att stava rätt! Att lära sig stava kan vara en hjälp i en individs läs- och skrivutveckling. Genom att lära sig stava kan det bli lättare att lära sig läsa, samtidigt som läsningen kan bidra till att lära sig stava. Genom att skriva kan en elev lära sig stava bättre samtidigt som goda stavningskunskaper kan skapa en känsla av trygghet och säkerhet i skriftspråket som gör att han/hon vill skriva. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på när, hur och varför lärare arbetar med stavning i de tidiga skolåren och att skapa en överblick över olika synsätt på stavning samt hur dessa kan påverka undervisningen. Studien tar upp stavning ur olika perspektiv, från det teoretiska till det praktiska samt hur elever uppfattar stavning. Studien har en tvärsnittsdesign med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa inslag. Datainsamlingsmetoder som använts har bestått av intervjuer, enkätförfrågningar samt dokumentstudier. Studien har visat att synen på stavning delvis har förändrats de senaste decennierna. Gemensamt för lärare och elever är att det är viktigt att kunna stava rätt. Skillnader mellan lärarna framkom genom att de har olika syn på hur den bästa vägen till korrekt stavning går. Trots dessa skillnader har eleverna väldigt lika uppfattningar i synen på stavning. Dessutom har studien visat ett samband mellan lärares arbetssätt, deras respektive lärarutbildning och styrdokumenten för grundskolan. Synen på stavning har förändrats både inom styrdokument samt lärarutbildning. Gemensamt för lärarna är att de verkar behålla grunden de får med sig från sin utbildning. Äldre lärare fick enligt vår studie lära sig mer om metoder för stavning medan detta uteblivit hos de yngre lärarna. I studien har också berörts vilka konsekvenser lärares olika syn på hur de bäst lär elever stava kan få för det praktiska arbetet och eleverna. Nyckelord stavning, stavningsutveckling, stavfel, stavningsundervisning, läs- och skrivutveckling, läsning, skrivning, styrdokument, lärarutbildning, elevers tankar Spelling involves more than spelling correctly! Learning to spell could be useful for an individual’s reading and writing development. The ability to spell could facilitate learning to read, as well as reading could facilitate learning to spell. By writing children become better spellers, at the same time as good spelling ability can create a feeling of confidence in written language that impels children’s will to write. The purpose with our study is to investigate when, how and why teachers work with spelling in the early grades. Different views on spelling and how these can effect the teaching are also examined. Our study includes spelling in different perspectives, from the theoretical to the practical and also pupils’ thoughts on spelling. The study has a cross-sectional design with both qualitative and quantitative parts. The methods that have been used are interviews, questionnaire and document studies. The study has shown that the views on spelling have changed the last decades. The ability to spell correctly is considered to be important by both teachers and pupils. The teachers have different views on what the best way of learning correct spelling looks like. Despite these differences their pupils share common views. This study has also shown a connection between ways of teaching, different periods within the Swedish teachers’ education system and curriculum standards for compulsory grades. The views on spelling have changed both within curriculum standards and teachers education. The teachers seem to keep the foundation from their education. The older teachers learned, according to our study, more teaching methods in relation to spelling while this was not the case regarding the younger teachers. This study has also shown what consequences different views on spelling and teaching techniques may lead to when learning pupils to spell. Keywords spelling, spelling development, spelling mistakes, teaching spelling, reading and writing development, reading, writing, curriculum standards, teacher education, pupils’ thoughts

蔣中正和毛澤東，同為二十世紀中國的重要領導人物，其影響不僅是在政治上，更在軍事上。兩人都是偉大的戰略指導者和軍事理論家，或者至少他們的追隨者如此宣稱。在超越領袖崇拜的今天，這個形容仍是事實嗎？ 蔣、毛第一次在軍事上對決是在江西第三次圍剿。毛澤東已取得前兩次反圍剿的勝利，他發展出一個理論應付國軍的圍剿：集中兵力各個擊破國軍分散的各路。加上共產黨的動員力量，國軍的圍剿相當困難。蔣中正有鑑於此，做出了戰略上的轉向，新的戰略結合碉堡戰術、封鎖、「三分軍事七分政治」等方針。最終對贏得了第五次圍剿。毛澤東在長征中重新取回領導權，他馬上面對的是國軍在貴州的新一波圍剿。由於遠離蘇區戰鬥，因此只有很少的補給和援助。會戰展開也不順利，土城、魯班場之戰戰敗，而僅以慘勝贏得遵義之戰。但毛終究設法逃出蔣的包圍圈，並離開貴州與紅四方面軍會師。由於毛澤東和張國燾的戰略歧見，毛澤東獨自帶領紅軍北上抵達陝北與當地紅軍會合。紅軍東征入晉，宣稱要到華北抗日。但為蔣增援山西的中央軍所擊退。在紅四方面軍北上之後，為了在甘肅、寧夏打通蘇聯援助路線，紅軍渡過黃河。但為蔣中正命令下的國軍所切斷，這個行動最終導致了西路軍的潰滅。 在剿共戰爭當中，蔣中正和毛澤東各自研發出他們的理論與對中國戰爭的認知。他們的共識是中國的戰爭是不同於外國的戰爭的。此階段可以視為他們的軍事思想奠基時期。毛澤東所寫的「中國革命戰爭的戰略問題」成為以後他的軍事著作的先聲。另一方面，蔣中正對此的經驗則比較是方法上的，以軍官訓練團訓練軍官及幹部、親自編撰各式「手本」等戰術教材，這些方法的延續持續到抗戰之後，甚至到臺灣時期。 / Chiang Kai-Shek and Mao Ze-Dong, two great leader of 20th century China, not only politically but also militarily. Both man are, or so claim separately by their followers, are great stretegist and military theorist. Beyond the worship of both man, is that true? Chiang and Mao’s first military encounter was the third encirclement campaign of Jiang-Xi. Mao already won the first two, he develop a theory to counter Nationalists’ encirclement by concentrating strength and attack the enemy detachment separately. Along with the mobilizational power of Communists, Nationalists’ encirclement campaign turns out very difficult. Chiang realize that, and making a dramatic turn of strategy, combine with bunker tactics, blockade, and political mobilization of people. Chiang eventually won the fifth encirclement campaign over the Mao-absence Communists. Mao took back his command during the Long March. He soon faces the Nationalists’ encirclement again in Guizhou. This time he is not fighting on a soviet area, therefore gain little support and reinforcement. The battles are not quite well either, Lost two of them and won one costly. But he still manage to escape from Chiang’s encirclement, and leave Guizhou to rendezvous with other Red Army. Because of strategy difference between Mao and another Communist leader Zhang Guotao, Mao leads his troop go north to Shaanxi, rendezvous with local Red Army. Mao attacks Shanxi by claiming they want to fight Japanese evasion at North, driven back by Chiang’s reinforcement to local warlord Yan Xishan. To fulfill the strategy goal of reaching USSR to get supplies, Communists launch another campaign in Ningxia and Gansu and crossed Yellow River. But the Red Army been cut off by Chiang’s nationalist army, this later leads to the elimination of the west side detached Red Army. During the war, Chiang and Mao both develop their own theory and knowledge of War in China, which they both believe in common is different from foreign wars. The period of first Chinese civil war, can be seen as their military thought’s foundation. Mao wrote “Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War” to conclude this war, became the pioneer of his military works later on. Chiang, on other hand, took the experience most in method way: retrain officers in special facility, write tactic handbooks.These methods cotinuely used by Chiang on later wars against Japan, even in Taiwan in his late years.

Friedrich Gentz était un fonctionnaire prussien né en Silésie, un publiciste, un expert des finances publiques et de l'économie politique, un diplomate autrichien et un homme d'État. Après le congrès de Vienne en 1814-1815, il devient le "secrétaire de l'Europe" tout en restant un intellectuel indépendant, et un orientaliste à la tête de la politique ottomane de l'empire autrichien. Il fut aussi l'un des penseurs et acteurs de premier plan dans les réseaux antirévolutionnaires et antinapoléoniens et un européen convaincu. Après une partie biographique dans laquelle les correspondances et les sources inédites sont mises en valeur, la première partie de cette thèse porte sur l'étude de sa formation intellectuelle et sur la mise en perspective de sa pensée politique post-Lumières dans les réseaux d'opposition modérés à la Révolution Française. L'accent étant aussi porté sur les réseaux de diffusion de sa pensée politique. La deuxième partie est tournée sur l'analyse de sa pensée et de son action en faveur de l'ordre et de la stabilité pour la « République européenne ». Son rôle dans la théorisation et la création du Concert européen en tant qu'institution de maintien de la paix et de la sécurité en Europe est mis en exergue ainsi que la période plus conservatrice de sa pensée politique à travers les Décrets de Carlsbad et son interprétation restrictive de l'article 13 de la Confédération germanique. Enfin, sa position favorable aux mouvements révolutionnaires des années 1830 et le coeur de sa pensée politique, à savoir l'idée de réconciliation des extrêmes et de réformes progressives des régimes politiques et des constitutions, sont analysés à la fin de la thèse. / Friedrich Gentz was a publicist, an expert in public finance and political economy, an Austrian diplomat. After the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815, he became the "Secretary of Europe" whilst remaining an independent intellectual and an Orientalist, at the head of the Ottoman policy of the Austrian Empire. He was also one of the architects and leading players in the anti-Revolutionary and anti-Napoleonic networks and a convinced European. Beginning with a bibliographical section in which correspondence and unpublished sources are examined, this thesis, in its first part, will focus on the study of the intellectual formation of Friedrich Gentz, and will put into perspective his post-Enlightenment political views in the opposition networks moderately opposed to the French Revolution. Particular emphasis will be placed on the networks he used to convey his political views. The second part of this thesis will analyse his thoughts and actions with regard to the order and stability of the "European Republic". Two specific aspects will be highlighted, namely: that of his role in the theorising and creation of the Concert of Europe as an institution for the maintenance of peace and security; and that most conservative moment in his political thought, his role in the Carlsbad Decrees (1819) and the Conference of Vienna (1820) with its restrictive interpretation of Article 13 of the German Confederation. At the end, both his favourable position regarding the revolutionary movements of the 1830s and the kernel of his political thought, in other words, the idea of reconciliation of extremes and the progressive reform of political systems and constitutions will be considered.

In a study of psychological well-being, the researcher attempted to address the challenge of preventing mental illness and promoting mental health using an educational psychological perspective based on Unisa's Relations Theory. According to Relations Theory, humans are understood by the relationships they form. The intra-psychic interaction of the components of the intra-psychic structure (I/ego, self, identity and self-concept) is responsible for people's behaviour, with the essences (attachment of meaning, involvement, experience and self-actualising) and the prerequisites (the forming of relations , the life-world and climate) forming the basis of the structure. The researcher developed and administered a questionnaire on psychological well-being and conducted interviews, and on the basis of the findings reports that psychological well-being from an educational psychological perspective consists of a healthy and positive ego and self, clearly defined identities, positive thoughts and feelings, involvement in the life world, a positive and realistic self-concept and constructive self-talk, and self-realisation. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

Career decision-making is complex and dynamic. Cognitive factors that influence career choice are of interest to researchers. In particular, negative career thoughts and career self-efficacy have been found to influence career decidedness. Similarly, cognitive expectancy has been linked to career decidedness through the locus of control construct. Where locus of control has demonstrated salutogenic stress reducing properties in health literature it has also been widely used in career research. Other cognitive expectancies could contribute to the literature pertaining to career choice. In particular, sense of coherence has begun to make inroads to career psychology. Where career decision-making research has been universally conducted with student populations, little has been conducted with adults. Because of developmental factors, student based research may not readily generalize to non-student adult based populations. Researching the career indecision of non-student adults could broaden the literature. Establishing the relationship between career thinking (negative career thoughts & career decision-making self-efficacy) and salutogenic functioning (locus of control & sense of coherence) would provide initial research into the nature of career indecision in non-student adults. A survey design assessed the relationship between career thinking and salutogenic functioning in an adult, career decision-making milieu. Two hundred and twenty five unemployed career undecided adults were sampled from community based career exploration programs. Correlative and regression analysis were conducted on career thinking and salutogenic functioning measures. Data analysis indicated statistically significant findings between career thinking and salutogenic functioning. In particular, negative career thoughts, career decision making self-efficacy, locus of control and sense of coherence were all found to have significant correlations between each other. Career thinking and sense of coherence strongly correlated with level of education, while locus of control negatively correlated with age. Regression analysis indicated that sense of coherence demonstrated stronger relationships to career thoughts than locus of control. Further, sense of coherence significantly predicted negative career thoughts and career decision-making self-efficacy. Locus of control maintained a weak and non-significant predictive relationship with negative career thoughts or career self-efficacy. Results suggest that sense of coherence may contribute to further understanding of career decidedness in adults. Implications for Industrial/Organisational psychology are discussed. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil.(Industrial and Organisational Psychology)