Problem statement: Accurate and reliable forecasts of trends in the housing market can be useful information for market participants as well as policy makers. This information may be useful to minimize risk related to market uncertainty. Since the burst of the housing bubble in the early 1990s the price level of single-family houses has risen sharply in Sweden. The Swedish housing market has experienced an unusually long period of high growth rates in transaction prices which has opened up for discussions about the risk of another housing bubble. Business and property cycles have shown to contain asymmetries, which linear models are unable to pick up and therefore inappropriate to analyze cycles. Approach: Therefore, this study uses non-linear models which are able to pick up the asymmetries. The estimated models are variations of the Markov-switching regression model, i.e. the Markov-switching autoregressive (MS-AR) model and the Markov-switching dynamic regression (MS-DR) model. Results: Our ndings show that the MS-AR(4) model allowing for varying variance across regimes estimated using the growth rate of FASTPI produce superior forecasts over other MSAR models as well as variations of the MS-DR model. The average expected duration to remain in a positive growth regime is between 6.3 and 7.3 years and the average expected duration to remain in a negative growth regime is between 1.2 to 2.5 years. Conclusion: The next regime shift in the Swedish housing market is projected to occur between 2018 and 2019, counting the contraction period in 2012 as the most recent negative regime. Our ndings support other studies ndings which indicate that the longer the market has remained in one state, the greater is the risk for a regime shift. / Problemformulering: Noggranna och tillforlitliga prognoser om utvecklingen pa bostadsmarknaden kan vara anvandbar information for marknadsaktorer samt beslutsfattare. Denna information kan vara anvandbar for att minimera risken relaterad till osakerheten pa marknaden. Sen bostadsbubblan sprack i borjan av 1990-talet har prisnivan for smahus okat kraftigt i Sverige. Den svenska bostadsmarknaden har upplevt en ovanligt lang period av hog tillvaxt i transaktionspriser som har oppnat upp for diskussioner om risken for en ny bostadsbubbla. Konjunkturoch fastighetscykler har visat sig innehalla asymmetrier som linjara modeller inte kan uppfanga och darfor visat sig vara olampliga for att analysera cykler. Tillvagagangssatt: Darfor anvander den har studien icke-linjara modeller som kan uppfanga dessa asymmetrier. De skattade modellerna ar variationer av Hamiltons Markov-switchingmodell, dvs. en autoregressiv Markov-switchingmodell (MS-AR) och en dynamisk Markov-switchingmodell (MS-DR). Resultat: Resultatet visar att MS-AR(4)-modellen som tar hansyn till varierande varians over regimerna estimerad med tillvaxten av FASTPI producerar overlagsna prognoser jamfort med andra MS-AR-modeller samt variationer av MS-DR-modellen. Den genomsnittliga forvantade varaktigheten att benna sig i en positiv regim ar mellan 6,3 och 7,3 ar och den  genomsnittliga forvantade varaktigheten att benna sig i en negativ regim ar mellan 1,2 till 2,5 ar. Slutsats: Nasta regimskifte pa den svenska bostadsmarknaden beraknas ske mellan 2018 och 2019, antaget att nedgangen under 2012 ar den senaste negativa regimen. Resultatet stodjer tidigare studier, som tyder pa att ju langre marknaden har varit i ett tillstand, desto storre ar risken for ett regimskifte.

Denna studie undersöker vilka upplevelser och erfarenheter som påverkat individer när de tagit beslutet att lämna en kriminell livsstil; och vilka faktorer som varit avgörande i förändringsprocessen till ett liv utan kriminalitet. Kvalitativa intervjuer har använts som metod för att besvara frågeställningarna. Fem personer med koppling till organisationen KRIS har intervjuats och resultatet har analyserats utifrån en teoretisk referensram bestående av Laub och Sampsons (2006) definition av begreppet turning points; Paternoster och Bushways (2009) identitetsteori om avhopp från kriminalitet; och Emirbayer och Mishes (1998) teoretiska beskrivning av begreppet human agency. Resultatet visar att alla intervjupersonerna påverkats av crystalization of discontent och drivkraften att undvika the feared possible self (Paternoster & Bushway, 2009) när de beslutat att lämna kriminaliteten. Den egna viljan beskrivs av intervjupersonerna som den mest avgörande faktorn i förändringsprocessen. Andra faktorer som varit betydande är socialt stöd och att hålla fast vid nya rutiner kopplade till livet utan kriminalitet. Slutsatserna i uppsatsen är att det sällan räcker med enskilda faktorer, ofta är det ett samspel mellan flera faktorer som leder till förändring. / The purpose of the present study is to identify events and experiences that influences individuals to make the decision to desist from a criminal life style; and to identify crucial and important factors in the process of desisting from a criminal life style. The used method is qualitative interviews. Five persons connected to KRIS (an organization with the aim to help desisters) were interviewed and the results were analyzed through a theoretic framework consisting Laub and Sampson ́s (2006) definition of the concept of turning points; Paternoster and Bushway ́s (2009) identity theory of desistance from crime; and Emirbayer and Mishe ́s theoretical definition of the concept of human agency. The result shows that all interviewees were affected by crystalization of discontent and the motive to avoid feared possible self (Paternoster & Bushway, 2009) when they decided to desist from criminality. The own will was identified as the most crucial factor in the process of criminal desistance. Social support and the importance of hanging on to new routines were mentioned as other important factors in the process. The conclusion of the study is that it is seldom enough with single factors as solutions to the problems of this study. A successful desistance process is often a result of an interplay between several factors.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Fitted operator finite difference methods (FOFDMs) for singularly perturbed problems have been explored for the last three decades. The construction of these numerical schemes is based on introducing a fitting factor along with the diffusion coefficient or by using principles of the non-standard finite difference methods. The FOFDMs based on the latter idea, are easy to construct and they are extendible to solve partial differential equations (PDEs) and their systems. Noting this flexible feature of the FOFDMs, this thesis deals with extension of these methods to solve interior layer problems, something that was still outstanding. The idea is then extended to solve singularly perturbed time-dependent PDEs whose solutions possess interior layers. The second aspect of this work is to improve accuracy of these approximation methods via methods like Richardson extrapolation. Having met these three objectives, we then extended our approach to solve singularly perturbed two-point boundary value problems with variable diffusion coefficients and analogous time-dependent PDEs. Careful analyses followed by extensive numerical simulations supporting theoretical findings are presented where necessary.

This thesis solves design of intrchange R 46 and II/428 near Vyškov, more exactly specified in the village Drysice. In the existing situation is not resolved connecting lanes and turning lanes at the interchange. This causes reduced road safety, which leads to a significant number of traffic accidents in this section. The thesis solves design respectively modification substandard connecting and turning lanes on all parts of flyover crossroads with associated modifications of two bridges. Integral part of the proposed modification is the elimination of existing noise load in the village, by using of noise barriers.

High strength aluminum alloys have for a long time been a popular material utilized in the automotive and aerospace sector due to coveted mechanical properties in terms of weight, strength, fatigue, and corrosion. However, tribological mechanisms such as tribo-film formation and material transfer during the metal cutting manufacturing process of aluminum impose significant reduction of machining and tool-life performance. Additionally, environmental aspects associated with metal cutting manufacturing has got more interest and pushed cutting tool development in new directions to meet increased customer demands. One possible way of achieving this, is the implementation and utilization of diamond based cutting tools which has been shown to perform well in machining of high strength aluminum. However, in depth knowledge regarding the tribological properties of diamond based cutting tools is currently lacking. Thus, the aim of this master thesis has been to investigate the refined tribological characteristics and properties of WC-Co cemented carbide cutting tools coated with synthetically grown CVD diamond. Tribological testing methods, such as frictional scratch/sliding, pin-turning, contact-zone temperature measuring, and longitudinal turning have been conducted to acquire extensive amount of research material in the form of test samples and data information. Furthermore, pin-turning tests were performed using a newly developed Tribojan pin-turning equipment and the performance of this was evaluated as a subgoal task. Specimen sample analysis have primarily been performed through LOM and SEM/EDS microscopy techniques. The results acquired from testing, microscopy analysis and data set evaluation have showed promising results in terms of frictional characteristic and material transfer properties regarding CVD diamond coated surfaces. The average CoF of CVD diamond sliding against an Alumec 89 aluminum alloy surface were somewhat lower as compared with similar sliding of a conventional uncoated WC-Co cemented carbide material. Furthermore, the frictional behavior and characteristic of CVD diamond appears to be more consistent and regular over longer sliding distances. The contact interaction between the CVD diamond coated surface and Alumec 89 appears to have a more abrasive nature due to the rough surface structure and material properties of the coating. The corresponding tribo-pair contact interaction with WC-Co cemented carbide shows more adhesive tendencies. Additionally, the contact-zone temperature development during pin-turning is shown to be somewhat lower during CVD diamond/Alumec 89 surface interactions. Regarding material transfer properties, CVD diamond are shown to perform well when interacting with high-strength aluminum. The amount of material adherence is significantly reduced on CVD diamond coated surfaces. During longitudinal turning using CVD diamond coated cutting tools, no significant wear was observed. On the other hand, evidence of both adhesive and abrasive wear was observed during turning using conventional uncoated WC-Co cemented carbide tools. Finally, tribological mechanisms acting during Tribojan pin-turning tests was shown to be relatively comparable with an actual machining operation, which indicate that the testing method perform well as compliment to standard frictional sliding and machining testing. / Höghållfasta aluminiumlegeringar har länge varit ett populärt material inom bil- och flygindustrin på grund av deras eftertraktade mekaniska egenskaper när det gäller vikt, styrka, utmattning och korrosion. Däremot medför tribologiska fenomen, så som tribofilmbildning och materialöverföring under metallskärande tillverkningsprocesser för aluminium, en betydande minskning av prestanda hos utrustning och skärverktygens livslängd. Dessutom har miljöaspekterna i samband med metallskärande tillverkning fått ökat intresse och därmed drivit utvecklingen av skärverktyg i nya riktningar för att uppfylla kundernas ökade krav. Ett möjligt sätt att uppnå detta är att införa och använda diamantbelagda skärverktyg, vilka har visat sig fungera bra vid bearbetning av höghållfast aluminium. Dock saknas det för närvarande djupgående kunskaper om de tribologiska egenskaperna hos dessa diamantbaserade skärverktyg. Syftet med detta examensarbete har därför varit att undersöka de förfinade tribologiska egenskaperna hos WC-Co skärverktyg av hårdmetall belagda med syntetiskt odlad CVD-diamant. Tribologiska testmetoder, så som friktionsskrapning/glidning, pinnsvarvning, temperaturmätning i kontaktzonen samt longitudinell svarvning, har genomförts för att samla in analysmaterial i form av prover och datainformation. Dessutom utfördes pinnsvarvningstesterna med hjälp av en nyutvecklad så kallad Tribojan-utrustning, vars prestanda har utvärderats som ett delmål i projektet. Analyser av provexemplar har huvudsakligen utförts med hjälp av mikroskopitekniker så som LOM och SEM/EDS. Resultaten från provning, mikroskopianalys och utvärdering av data har visat lovande resultat när det gäller friktions och materialöverföringsegenskaper för CVD-diamantbelagda ytor. Den genomsnittliga CoF för CVD-diamant som glider mot en yta av aluminiumlegeringen Alumec 89 var något lägre jämfört med motsvarande glidning av konventionellt WC-Co hårdmetallmaterial. Dessutom verkar friktionsbeteendet hos CVD-diamant vara mer konsekvent och regelbunden över längre glidsträckor. Kontaktinteraktionen mellan ytor av CVD-diamant och Alumec 89 verkar också ha en mer abrasiv karaktär på grund av diamantbeläggningens grova ytstruktur och materialegenskaper. Motsvarande kontaktinteraktion mellan Alumec 89 och obelagd WC-Co hårdmetall visar däremot mer adhesiva tendenser. Dessutom tenderar temperaturutvecklingen i kontaktzonen under pinnsvarvning vara något lägre vid ytinteraktioner mellan CVD-diamant och Alumec 89. När det gäller materialöverföringsegenskaperna visar sig CVD-diamant fungera bra vid interaktion med höghållfast aluminium. Materialets vidhäftning minskar betydligt på diamantbelagda ytor. Vid kontinuerlig longitudinell svarvning med diamantbelagda skärverktyg observerades inget betydande slitage. Å andra sidan hittades tecken på både adhesivt och abrasivt slitage under svarvning med konventionella obelagda WC-Co hårdmetallverktyg. Slutligen visade det sig att de tribologiska mekanismerna som verkade under Tribojan-pinnsvarvning vara relativt jämförbara med faktisk bearbetning, vilket tyder på att testmetoden fungerar bra som komplement till friktions och svarvtester.

Den första tiden efter frigivning beskrivs som kritisk gällande återfall i brott då det innebär hinder och svårigheter i att anpassa sig till en konform livsstil. När det gäller dessa hinder kan frivilligorganisationer bidra till att minska återfall i brott. Följande studie syftar till att bidra till kunskap om att förebygga återfall i brott efter avslutad fängelseverkställighet. Studien avser att undersöka KRIS (Kriminellas Revansch I Samhället) återfallsförebyggande arbete för individer med en bakgrund av kriminalitet och/eller beroendeproblematik. Vidare att undersöka hur KRIS samarbete med Kriminalvården fungerar och kan utvecklas. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och baseras på sju semistrukturerade intervjuer, vilka har analyserats tematiskt. Studiens fynd visade på att stöd från likasinnade personer som delar liknande erfarenheter av kriminalitet och/eller beroendeproblematik var en central del i vad som ansågs vara viktigt i KRIS arbete. Vidare ansågs KRIS hjälp med personlig utveckling vara betydelsefull när det kommer till motivation och bibehållande av en konform livsstil. KRIS samarbete med Kriminalvården fungerade väl enligt Förening Två, men Förening Ett hade inte ett pågående samarbete på grund av coronapandemin och en omorganisation. Däremot betonades en efterfrågan kring Kriminalvårdens bemötande av individer som avslutat en fängelseverkställighet och deras behov av socialt och instrumentellt stöd. / The first period after release from prison is described as critical regarding recidivism. There are obstacles and difficulties in returning to a conformist lifestyle. In regard to these obstacles, voluntary organizations can play a part in helping reduce recidivism. The following study aims to contribute to knowledge about preventing recidivism after prison terms have been completed. The study intends to examine KRIS’s relapse prevention work for ex-criminals and/or people who suffer from addiction. Furthermore, to investigate how KRIS’s (Criminal’s Revenge In Society) collaboration with the Swedish Correctional Service functions and can be developed. The study has a qualitative approach and is based on seven semi-structured interviews analyzed through thematic analysis. The study found that support through community with like-minded people who shared similar experiences of crime and/or addiction became a central and recurring point in what was important when a person sought help from KRIS. Furthermore, KRIS’s contribution to personal development was important when it came to motivation and the maintenance of a conventional lifestyle. The associations’ cooperation with the Swedish Correctional Service worked well according to one organization, but the other did not have an ongoing cooperation due to the corona pandemic and a reorganization. However, there was a demand regarding the treatment of individuals and their need for social and instrumental support.

Цель работы – разработка новых технических средств повышения точности формообразующих перемещении металлорежущих станков при высокоскоростном точении. Проведен анализ погрешностей влияющих на точность формообразующих перемещений станка при высокоскоростном точении, анализ существующих способов компенсации погрешностей. На его основе разработаны устройство согласования формообразующих перемещений рабочих органов станков, устройство для компенсации износа направляющих и инструмента металлорежущего станка, устройство компенсации износа элементов металлорежущего станка. Данные устройства точнее существующих. В ходе работы над магистерской диссертацией, был получен Патент РФ № 160852 «Устройство согласования формообразующих перемещений рабочих органов станков», приоритетная справка № 022052 по заявке на патент № 2016114038 «Устройство компенсации износа элементов металлорежущего станка». Принято участие во Всероссийской молодежной научно-практической конференции «Региональные программы и проекты в области интеллектуальной собственности глазами молодежи» в рамках IX Международного форума «Интеллектуальная собственность – XXI век», по результатам которой получен диплом проекта. Тезисы проекта опубликованы в каталоге проектов участников конференции. / The purpose of the work is the development of new technical ways to improve the accuracy of form-building movements of machine tools in high-speed turning. The analysis of errors of form-building movements of machine influencing accuracy in high-speed turning, existing ways of errors compensation was carried out. The analysis was used in order to design device of coordination of form-building movements of machines working units, device of compensation of wear of guideways and tools of machine tool, device of compensation of wear of elements of machine tool. Developed solutions give more accurate results. During the work on the master's thesis author received patent of RF № 160852 «Device of coordination of form-building movements of machines working units» and priority reference № 022052 according to patent application № 2016114038 «Device of compensation of wear of elements of machine tool». The work participated in the All-Russian youth scientific conference "Regional programs and projects in the field of intellectual property through the eyes of young people" within The International forum «Intellectual property – 21st century», by results of which diploma of the project is gained. Abstracts of the project are published in the conference digest.

В представленной выпускной квалификационная работа по теме «Новое оборудование для механической обработки колесных пар вагонов и локомотивов без выкатки» рассмотрены виды и способы контроля износа железнодорожных колес, разработаны колесотокарные станки и оборудование, необходимое для их использования. Описан колесофрезерный станок, обладающий по сравнению с колесотокарным определенными преимуществами, рассматриваются вопросы, касающиеся проектирования соответствующего режущего инструмента. Выполнены расчеты, обосновывающие принятые конструктивные решения. / In the presented graduate qualification work on "New equipment for mechanical processing of wheelsets for wagons and locomotives without rolling-out" types and methods of controlling the wear of wheelsets are reviewed, wheel lathes and equipment required for their use are developed. The paper gives the description of a wheel-milling machine, which has some advantages compared to a wheel lathe, and deals with the problems concerning the design of the appropriate cutting tools. Calculations are made, which substantiate the adopted design solutions.

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In this essay we have chosen to study single mothers who in conjunction with their parental leave have chosen to change career direction. Through personal and previous experiences during our time at Malmö University we have come into contact with single mothers who had gone through a journey such as the one described which in form led us to question what influences this group and how guidance counsellors can guide them through these turning-points. To be able to identify the reasons for the change of career direction we have chosen to use the following questions: What factors have influenced single mothers'  who have decided to change career direction? Have single mothers' views on their career development changed in the context of parenthood? If so, how? How can career counsellors best guide single mothers in their career transitions?     We have carried out qualitative interviews with six informants who have decided to change career direction by studying or changing workplace. The theoretical framework this essay will be analysed through is based on Bourdieu's research regarding habitus, capital and fields and Hodkinson and Sparkes’ Careership Theory and its horizons of action, turning-points and periods of routine.     The results state that many single mothers, mainly those who have worked in the tourism-, restaurant- or event business previous to their parenthood find it difficult to combine those fields of work with the responsibility of being a single parent. As a result they have either tried to find jobs that fit with their new needs or they have chosen to study. The decision to study has been one with dual purposes; one being the possibility of a higher paying job, for which an education is quite important in Sweden, and the other being the freedom it gives you as the parent of a young child to shape your schedule to fit your current situation.