Calibration methods for quantitative on-site sampling using solid phase microextraction (SPME) were developed based on diffusion mass transfer theory. This was investigated using adsorptive polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) and Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) SPME fiber coatings with volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene) as test analytes. Parameters that affected the extraction process (sampling time, analyte concentration, water velocity, and temperature) were investigated. Very short sampling times (10-300 s) and sorbents with a strong affinity and large capacity were used to ensure a 'zero sink' effect calibrate process. It was found that mass uptake of analyte changed linearly with concentration. Increase of water velocity increased mass uptake, though the increase is not linear. Temperature did not affect mass uptake significantly under typical field sampling conditions. To further describe rapid SPME analysis of aqueous samples, a new model translated from heat transfer to a circular cylinder in cross flow was used. An empirical correlation to this model was used to predict the mass transfer coefficient. Findings indicated that the predicted mass uptake compared well with experimental mass uptake. The new model also predicted rapid air sampling accurately. To further integrate the sampling and analysis processes, especially for on-site or <i>in-vivo</i> investigations where the composition of the sample matrix is very complicated and/or agitation of the sample matrix is variable or unknown, a new approach for calibration was developed. This involved the loading internal standards onto the extraction fiber prior to the extraction step. During sampling, the standard partially desorbs into the sample matrix and the rate at which this process occurs, was for calibration. The kinetics of the absorption/desorption was investigated, and the isotropy of the two processes was demonstrated, thus validating this approach for calibration. A modified SPME device was used as a passive sampler to determine the time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air. The sampler collects the VOCs by the mechanism of molecular diffusion and sorption on to a coated fiber as collection medium. This process was shown to be described by Fick's first law of diffusion, whereby the amount of analyte accumulated over time enable measurement of the TWA concentration to which the sampler was exposed. TWA passive sampling with a SPME device was shown to be almost independent of face velocity, and to be more tolerant of high and low analyte concentrations and long and short sampling times, because of the ease with which the diffusional path length could be changed. Environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and ozone) had little or no effect on sampling rate. When the SPME device was tested in the field and the results compared with those from National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) method 1501 good agreement was obtained. To facilitate the use of SPME for field sampling, a new field sampler was designed and tested. The sampler was versatile and user-friendly. The SPME fiber can be positioned precisely inside the needle for TWA sampling, or exposed completely outside the needle for rapid sampling. The needle is protected within a shield at all times hereby eliminating the risk of operator injury and fiber damage. A replaceable Teflon cap is used to seal the needle to preserve sample integrity. Factors that affect the preservation of sample integrity (sorbent efficiency, temperature, and sealing materials) were studied. The use of a highly efficient sorbent is recommended as the first choice for the preservation of sample integrity. Teflon was a good material for sealing the fiber needle, had little memory effect, and could be used repeatedly. To address adsorption of high boiling point compounds on fiber needles, several kinds of deactivated needles were evaluated. RSC-2 blue fiber needles were the more effective. A preliminary field sampling investigation demonstrated the validity of the new SPME device for field applications.

Calibration methods for quantitative on-site sampling using solid phase microextraction (SPME) were developed based on diffusion mass transfer theory. This was investigated using adsorptive polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) and Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) SPME fiber coatings with volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene) as test analytes. Parameters that affected the extraction process (sampling time, analyte concentration, water velocity, and temperature) were investigated. Very short sampling times (10-300 s) and sorbents with a strong affinity and large capacity were used to ensure a 'zero sink' effect calibrate process. It was found that mass uptake of analyte changed linearly with concentration. Increase of water velocity increased mass uptake, though the increase is not linear. Temperature did not affect mass uptake significantly under typical field sampling conditions. To further describe rapid SPME analysis of aqueous samples, a new model translated from heat transfer to a circular cylinder in cross flow was used. An empirical correlation to this model was used to predict the mass transfer coefficient. Findings indicated that the predicted mass uptake compared well with experimental mass uptake. The new model also predicted rapid air sampling accurately. To further integrate the sampling and analysis processes, especially for on-site or <i>in-vivo</i> investigations where the composition of the sample matrix is very complicated and/or agitation of the sample matrix is variable or unknown, a new approach for calibration was developed. This involved the loading internal standards onto the extraction fiber prior to the extraction step. During sampling, the standard partially desorbs into the sample matrix and the rate at which this process occurs, was for calibration. The kinetics of the absorption/desorption was investigated, and the isotropy of the two processes was demonstrated, thus validating this approach for calibration. A modified SPME device was used as a passive sampler to determine the time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air. The sampler collects the VOCs by the mechanism of molecular diffusion and sorption on to a coated fiber as collection medium. This process was shown to be described by Fick's first law of diffusion, whereby the amount of analyte accumulated over time enable measurement of the TWA concentration to which the sampler was exposed. TWA passive sampling with a SPME device was shown to be almost independent of face velocity, and to be more tolerant of high and low analyte concentrations and long and short sampling times, because of the ease with which the diffusional path length could be changed. Environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and ozone) had little or no effect on sampling rate. When the SPME device was tested in the field and the results compared with those from National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) method 1501 good agreement was obtained. To facilitate the use of SPME for field sampling, a new field sampler was designed and tested. The sampler was versatile and user-friendly. The SPME fiber can be positioned precisely inside the needle for TWA sampling, or exposed completely outside the needle for rapid sampling. The needle is protected within a shield at all times hereby eliminating the risk of operator injury and fiber damage. A replaceable Teflon cap is used to seal the needle to preserve sample integrity. Factors that affect the preservation of sample integrity (sorbent efficiency, temperature, and sealing materials) were studied. The use of a highly efficient sorbent is recommended as the first choice for the preservation of sample integrity. Teflon was a good material for sealing the fiber needle, had little memory effect, and could be used repeatedly. To address adsorption of high boiling point compounds on fiber needles, several kinds of deactivated needles were evaluated. RSC-2 blue fiber needles were the more effective. A preliminary field sampling investigation demonstrated the validity of the new SPME device for field applications.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird, ausgehend vom Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik des Lichtbogendrahtspritzens, das Verwenden von chromreichen Fe-Basislegierungen zur Herstellung von korrosionsbeständigen und gleichzeitig tribologisch geeigneten Zylinderlaufbahnbeschichtungen für Verbrennungsmotoren untersucht und qualifiziert. Der Einfluss der gewählten Werkstoffe und die durch die Beschichtung resultierenden Schichteigenschaften werden anhand von Ergebnissen der Tribologie- und Korrosionstests verglichen. Die Bewertung liefert einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Mechanismen bei der Herstellung solcher Funktionsschichten. Es werden sowohl materialografische als auch diverse andere Charakterisierungsmethoden herangezogen. Ergänzt werden die Ergebnisse durch die Voraussage des motorischen Verhaltens und der anschließenden motorischen Qualifizierung des neuen Beschichtungssystems sowie die darauf folgenden Befundungen, welche der Bestätigung der theoretischen und im Laborumfeld ermittelten Erkenntnisse zum tribologischen und korrosiven Verhalten solcher Systeme dienen. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer Diskussion und einem Ausblick und gibt Empfehlungen für weiterführende Vertiefungen auf diesem Gebiet.:1 Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen, Formelzeichen und Glossar 8 2 Einleitung und Problemstellung 11 3 Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 15 3.1 Verbrennungsmotor 15 3.1.1 Zylinderlaufbahn 17 3.1.2 Kolbenringe und Kolbenringbeschichtungen 20 3.2 Herstellung von thermisch beschichteten Zylinderlaufbahnen 23 3.2.1 Oberflächenvorbehandlungsmethoden 25 3.2.2 Thermische Beschichtung 27 3.2.3 Lichtbogendrahtspritzen von Zylinderlaufbahnen 29 3.2.4 Korrosionsbeständige Spritzzusatzwerkstoffe 30 3.3 Korrosion im Verbrennungsraum 32 3.3.1 Korrosionsmechanismen 33 3.3.2 Korrosionsarten 34 3.3.3 Korrosionstestmethoden 38 3.3.4 Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Zylinderlaufbahnen aus nichtrostenden Stählen 42 3.3.5 Beispiel für Korrosionserscheinungen an der Zylinderlaufbahn 43 3.4 Das Tribosystem, Zylinderlaufbahn und Kolbenring 45 3.4.1 Tribologie 45 3.4.2 Verschleiß und Verschleißmechanismen 48 3.4.3 Schmierung und Maßnahmen zur Verschleißminderung 50 3.4.4 Einlaufprozess der Gleitpaarungen 52 3.4.5 Reibung und Verschleißmessung 54 4 Folgerungen aus dem Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 55 5 Zielsetzung 56 5.1 Vorgehensweise 56 5.2 Definition des Zielschichtsystems 57 5.3 Werkstoffauswahl 58 6 Versuchsdurchführung 60 6.1 Probenherstellung 60 6.2 Charakterisierungsmethoden 61 6.2.1 Werkstoffanalyse und Härtemessung 61 6.2.2 Phasenanalyse 64 6.2.3 Chemische Analyse 66 6.2.4 Oberflächencharakterisierung und NanoCT 67 6.2.5 Schichthaftung 69 6.3 Korrosionsprüfungen 70 6.3.1 Allgemeine Korrosionsprüfungen 70 6.3.2 Stromdichte-Potentialmessung (SPK) 71 6.3.3 Elektrochemische Potentiodynamische Reaktivierung (EPR) 72 6.3.4 Bestimmung des kritischen Lochkorrosionspotentials 73 6.4 Tribologische Untersuchungen 74 6.4.1 Kontaktwinkelmessung 74 6.4.2 Ermittlung der Reibungszahl f 75 6.4.3 Erfassung der Verschleißerscheinungsform 77 6.5 Motorische Validierung 77 7 Ergebnisse 80 7.1 Werkstoff- und Oberflächenanalyse 80 7.1.1 Gefügeanalyse und Härtemessungen 80 7.1.2 Phasenanalyse 88 7.1.3 Chemische Analyse 93 7.1.4 Oberflächencharakterisierung und Ermittlung der Hohlraumanteile 95 7.1.5 Schichthaftung 99 7.1.6 Charakterisierung der PUK-Beschichtungen 100 7.2 Ergebnisse der Korrosionsuntersuchungen 103 7.2.1 Allgemeine Korrosionsuntersuchungen 103 7.2.2 Stromdichte-Potentialmessung (SPK) 108 7.2.3 Elektrochemische Potentiodynamische Reaktivierung (EPR) 111 7.2.4 Bestimmung des kritischen Lochkorrosionspotentials 115 7.3 Ergebnisse der tribologischen Untersuchungen 116 7.3.1 Kontaktwinkelmessung der Tribopartner 116 7.3.2 Reibwertmessung 118 7.3.3 Oberflächencharakterisierung und Verschleißmessung 123 7.4 Motorische Qualifizierung 133 7.4.1 Werkstoffauswahl und Aufbau der Motoren für die Dauerläufe 133 7.4.2 Befundung der PKW-Otto-Motoren 135 7.4.3 Befundung der LKW-Diesel-Motoren 148 8 Ergebnisdiskussion 163 8.1 Charakterisierung der Zylinderlaufbahnbeschichtungen 163 8.2 Korrosionsmechanismen 166 8.3 Tribologisches Verhalten 168 8.4 Motorverhalten 170 9 Folgerungen 173 10 Zusammenfassung 174 11 Ausblick 175 12 Quellennachweis 176 13 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen und Tabellen 185 / In the presented work it has been researched and qualified based on the knowledge about twin wire arc spray deposition states, the utilization of iron base chromium materials as a corrosion resistance and tribological useful cylinder liner coating for engine applications. The influence of the material selection and the produced twin wire arc coating properties has been compared with the results of the tribology and corrosion test. The comparison allows the understanding of the circumstances and relation by producing such functional coatings. Several materialographic-, tribological and corrosion tests have been done. In addition, the testing results were confirmed by a real engine application and a final analyses of the coating after engine run which delivers more information to understand the theory and laboratory testing results. The work discusses the achieved results and gives a forecast for further investigations in this field of science.:1 Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen, Formelzeichen und Glossar 8 2 Einleitung und Problemstellung 11 3 Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 15 3.1 Verbrennungsmotor 15 3.1.1 Zylinderlaufbahn 17 3.1.2 Kolbenringe und Kolbenringbeschichtungen 20 3.2 Herstellung von thermisch beschichteten Zylinderlaufbahnen 23 3.2.1 Oberflächenvorbehandlungsmethoden 25 3.2.2 Thermische Beschichtung 27 3.2.3 Lichtbogendrahtspritzen von Zylinderlaufbahnen 29 3.2.4 Korrosionsbeständige Spritzzusatzwerkstoffe 30 3.3 Korrosion im Verbrennungsraum 32 3.3.1 Korrosionsmechanismen 33 3.3.2 Korrosionsarten 34 3.3.3 Korrosionstestmethoden 38 3.3.4 Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Zylinderlaufbahnen aus nichtrostenden Stählen 42 3.3.5 Beispiel für Korrosionserscheinungen an der Zylinderlaufbahn 43 3.4 Das Tribosystem, Zylinderlaufbahn und Kolbenring 45 3.4.1 Tribologie 45 3.4.2 Verschleiß und Verschleißmechanismen 48 3.4.3 Schmierung und Maßnahmen zur Verschleißminderung 50 3.4.4 Einlaufprozess der Gleitpaarungen 52 3.4.5 Reibung und Verschleißmessung 54 4 Folgerungen aus dem Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 55 5 Zielsetzung 56 5.1 Vorgehensweise 56 5.2 Definition des Zielschichtsystems 57 5.3 Werkstoffauswahl 58 6 Versuchsdurchführung 60 6.1 Probenherstellung 60 6.2 Charakterisierungsmethoden 61 6.2.1 Werkstoffanalyse und Härtemessung 61 6.2.2 Phasenanalyse 64 6.2.3 Chemische Analyse 66 6.2.4 Oberflächencharakterisierung und NanoCT 67 6.2.5 Schichthaftung 69 6.3 Korrosionsprüfungen 70 6.3.1 Allgemeine Korrosionsprüfungen 70 6.3.2 Stromdichte-Potentialmessung (SPK) 71 6.3.3 Elektrochemische Potentiodynamische Reaktivierung (EPR) 72 6.3.4 Bestimmung des kritischen Lochkorrosionspotentials 73 6.4 Tribologische Untersuchungen 74 6.4.1 Kontaktwinkelmessung 74 6.4.2 Ermittlung der Reibungszahl f 75 6.4.3 Erfassung der Verschleißerscheinungsform 77 6.5 Motorische Validierung 77 7 Ergebnisse 80 7.1 Werkstoff- und Oberflächenanalyse 80 7.1.1 Gefügeanalyse und Härtemessungen 80 7.1.2 Phasenanalyse 88 7.1.3 Chemische Analyse 93 7.1.4 Oberflächencharakterisierung und Ermittlung der Hohlraumanteile 95 7.1.5 Schichthaftung 99 7.1.6 Charakterisierung der PUK-Beschichtungen 100 7.2 Ergebnisse der Korrosionsuntersuchungen 103 7.2.1 Allgemeine Korrosionsuntersuchungen 103 7.2.2 Stromdichte-Potentialmessung (SPK) 108 7.2.3 Elektrochemische Potentiodynamische Reaktivierung (EPR) 111 7.2.4 Bestimmung des kritischen Lochkorrosionspotentials 115 7.3 Ergebnisse der tribologischen Untersuchungen 116 7.3.1 Kontaktwinkelmessung der Tribopartner 116 7.3.2 Reibwertmessung 118 7.3.3 Oberflächencharakterisierung und Verschleißmessung 123 7.4 Motorische Qualifizierung 133 7.4.1 Werkstoffauswahl und Aufbau der Motoren für die Dauerläufe 133 7.4.2 Befundung der PKW-Otto-Motoren 135 7.4.3 Befundung der LKW-Diesel-Motoren 148 8 Ergebnisdiskussion 163 8.1 Charakterisierung der Zylinderlaufbahnbeschichtungen 163 8.2 Korrosionsmechanismen 166 8.3 Tribologisches Verhalten 168 8.4 Motorverhalten 170 9 Folgerungen 173 10 Zusammenfassung 174 11 Ausblick 175 12 Quellennachweis 176 13 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen und Tabellen 185

No description available.

Under perioder av sjuksköterskebrist uppstår ofta svårighet med att rekrytera och behålla sjuksköterskor. Denna brist på kvalificerad vårdpersonal kan hanteras genom användandet av konsultsjuksköterskor som arbetar flexibelt. Ökande offentliga kostnader kopplade till denna anställningsform har dock under 2024 föranlett att ett regiongemensamt avtal införts av Sveriges Kommuner och Regioner med avsikt att minska den offentliga sjukvårdens beroende av denna bemanningsform. Med utgångspunkt i de känslor som införandet av detta avtal framkallat har konsultsjuksköterskors upplevelse av sin roll i organiseringen av den patientnära offentliga sjukvården undersökts utifrån Hirschmans modell Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Slutsats: Genom åtta djupintervjuer av yrkesverksamma konsultsjuksköterskor framkommer att deras möjligheter att påverka hur den patientnära sjukvården organiseras upplevs som liten. Den frihet och de valmöjligheter som arbetet som konsultsjuksköterska medför upplevs i denna relation som större och mer personligt fördelaktigt. Avsaknaden av uppskattning, lyhördhet och incitament till utfört arbete har framförts som bakomliggande anledningar till att konsultsjuksköterskor lämnar anställning i offentlig organisationen, snarare än yrket Att lämna den offentliga anställningen blir på så sätt ett slutgiltigt försöka att påverka hur denna patientnära sjukvården organiseras. / During periods of nursing shortage, difficulties often arise in recruiting and retaining nurses. This shortage of qualified healthcare professionals can be addressed through the use of consultant nurses who work flexibly. However, increasing public costs linked to this form of employment have led to the introduction of a region-wide agreement by the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions in 2024 with the intention of reducing public healthcare's dependence on this form of staffing. Based on the feelings that the introduction of this agreement has provoked, temorary nurses' experience of their role in the organization of patient-oriented public health care has been investigated from Hirschmans theory Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Conclusion: Through eight in-depth interviews of professional temorary nurses, it appears that their opportunities to influence how the patient-related healthcare is organized are perceived as small. The freedom and choices that the work as a temproary nurse entails is experienced in this relationship as greater and more personally beneficial. The lack of appreciation, responsiveness and incentives for work done has been put forward as underlying reasons why consultant nurses leave employment in the public organization, rather than the profession, as a final way to try to influence how this patient-oriented care is organized.

L’objet de cette thèse en science politique est de dégager, à partir de l’histoire politique du Rwanda et de ses influences ou relations extérieures africaines et internationales (notamment avec le Burundi, la RD du Congo, l’Ouganda, l’Allemagne, la Belgique, la France, le Royaume-Uni, les États-Unis, l’ONU, l’UE, l’UA), les causes de l’effondrement de l’État rwandais (lors du génocide de 1994) et les pistes de solutions qui pourraient aider à sa reconstruction et/ou reconstitution. Cela pourrait aussi servir d’exemple à d’autres pays (notamment d’Afrique, d’Asie et d’Amérique latine) qui utilisent l’appartenance ethno-raciale et/ou régionale de la population, la mobilisation des gens sur base de leurs identités réelles ou supposées, la politisation des races ou des différences, la racialisation de la politique, le copinage politique ou tout simplement les ‘’voies négatives’’ de l’ethnopolitique comme fondement intellectuel ou label idéologique du pouvoir. Une réponse durable aux sanglants affrontements et aux crises politiques incessantes qui agitent le Rwanda et le Burundi pourrait être un projet politique autre qu’ethno-racial (basé plutôt sur la paix, la démocratie et le développement humain), la séparation géographique de type "Hutuland" et "Tutsiland" « par des moyens pacifiques et par voie d'accord », (selon les accords d'Helsinki de 1975 de l’OSCE dans le prolongement de la Charte de l’ONU sur le droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes de 1945, art.1 et de 1966, art.1) dans le scénario de l’ancien Ruanda-Urundi, mais avec chacun une seule communauté, et l’intégration régionale à l’instar de l’Union européenne, tout en respectant le droit international. / The purpose of this PhD thesis in political science is to pinpoint, based on the political history of Rwanda and its external influences or relations at african and international level (particularly with Burundi, the DR of Congo, Uganda, Germany, Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, the UN, the EU and the AU), the causes of the collapse of the Rwandan state (during the 1994 genocide) and the potential solutions that could help to rebuild and/or reform it. This could also serve as an example to other countries (particularly those in Africa, Asia and Latin America), which use the ethno-racial and/or regional affiliation of the population, the mobilization of people based on their real or supposed identities, the politicization of races or differences, racialization of politics, political cronyism or quite simply the “negative ways” of ethnopolitics as an intellectual basis or ideological label of power. A sustainable response to the bloody conflicts and endless political crises afflicting Rwanda and Burundi could be a political project rather than an ethno-racial one (based more on peace, democracy and human development), geographical separation in the style of "Hutuland" and "Tutsiland" “by peaceful means and through agreement” (according to the 1975 Helsinki Accords of the OSCE in the extension of the UN Charter on the right of peoples to self-determination in 1945, Art.1 and 1966, Art.1) in the setting of the former Ruanda-Urundi, but each with a separate community and regional integration in a manner similar to that of the European Union, while respecting international law.

Burundi became a German protectorate in August 1884. Prior to the establishment of a protectorate, the territory was ruled by Mwamis (kings) who exercised a kind of quasi-divine system of administration. Conflictual relations were quickly dealt with within this complex structure. During the German and later Belgian colonial administrations, these political structures were redefined and a social class structure based on wealth was created. Forced class division became entrenched in the social fabric of Burundian society and the hierarchical system became even more prominent at independence in July 1962. Successive post-colonial regimes have failed to bridge the social gap. The International Community, through initiatives by the United Nations, the Africa Union, Jimmy Carter, Julius Nyerere and Nelson Mandela have attempted to resolve the political impasse. The dissertation is an attempt to reconstruct the causes of the various crises since 1962 and to reassess whether the various facilitators has succeeded in their tasks. / History / M.A.

Burundi became a German protectorate in August 1884. Prior to the establishment of a protectorate, the territory was ruled by Mwamis (kings) who exercised a kind of quasi-divine system of administration. Conflictual relations were quickly dealt with within this complex structure. During the German and later Belgian colonial administrations, these political structures were redefined and a social class structure based on wealth was created. Forced class division became entrenched in the social fabric of Burundian society and the hierarchical system became even more prominent at independence in July 1962. Successive post-colonial regimes have failed to bridge the social gap. The International Community, through initiatives by the United Nations, the Africa Union, Jimmy Carter, Julius Nyerere and Nelson Mandela have attempted to resolve the political impasse. The dissertation is an attempt to reconstruct the causes of the various crises since 1962 and to reassess whether the various facilitators has succeeded in their tasks. / History / M.A.

No description available.

The thesis deals with detection of T-wave alternans. The presence of T-wave in surface ECG is recognized as a marker of electrical instability of heart in stage his repolarization, arise increased risk of emergence ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. The goal of our project is familiarize with methods of detection T-wave alternans. In particular spectral method and spectral method which was realized in variant for running reading values in time (“sliding window”). To suggest a QRS complex detector, localize the T-wave and to make TWA detection using spectral method and modified spectral method. This project is to be made in C language in appropriate user interface.