The physics of ultracold atomic gases has been the subject of a long standing theoretical and experimental research over the last half century. The development of evaporative cooling techniques and the realization of the first Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) in 1995 gave a great advantage to the field. A great experimental knowledge of the fundamental properties of BECs, such as long-range coherence, superfluidity and topological excitations, has now been acquired. On top of these advances, current research on ultracold atoms is also focusing on quantum simulations, which aim at building analogue models of otherwise difficult to compute physical systems in the lab. In this context, BECs, with their enhanced coherence, many-body dynamics and superfluid character offer a powerful platform for advances in the field. Shortly after the first realization of a BEC, research started also investigating the physics of quantum mixtures of a BECs, either composed of different atomic species or isotopes, or of atoms occupying different hyperfine states. The latter are known as spin mixtures, or spinor condensates. The presence of multiple components interacting through mutual contact interactions enriches the physics of the condensate, introducing ground states with magnetic ordering as well as spin dynamics, which can be order of magnitudes less energetic than the density one. On top of this, hyperfine states can be coherently coupled with an external resonant radiation. Interesting physics arises when the strength of the coupling is comparable with the energy of spin excitations, an example of which is given by the emergence of the internal Josephson effect. This regime has been the subject of intense theoretical studies in the past twenty years, however its experimental realization on ultracold atomic platforms have been proven to be challenging, with experiments strongly limited by coherence times of few tens of milliseconds. In fact, the small energy scale of spin excitations reflects in a high sensitivity coupling to environmental magnetic noise, which affects the resonant condition. The experimental apparatus on which I worked during my Ph.D. solve this problem employing a magnetic shield that surrounds the science chamber, attenuating external magnetic fields by 6 orders of magnitudes. During my Ph.D., I investigated the properties of a coherently coupled mixture of BEC of Sodium 23, performing different experiments in two atomic configurations. The first configuration consist of a mixture of hyperfine states, namely the |F=1, mF = -1> and |F=1, mF = +1>, coupled by a two-photon transition, which is characterized by miscibility in the ground state. Another configuration was instead realized working with a strongly immiscible mixture of |F=1, mF=-1> and |F=2, mF = -2>, realized through with a one photon transition. My first experiment was devoted to the characterization of different methods of manipulation of the coupled miscible mixture in an elongated quasi-1D geometry. In Local Density Approximation (LDA), The dynamics of the system, depends on the atom number difference, the relative phase, and coupling to mean field energy ratio, can be fully described as an internal Josephson junction. We characterized this dynamics on a sample an inhomogeneous spatial profile, developing three different protocols for state manipulations. In a second experiment, I developed a protocol to generate Faraday waves in an unpolarized miscible mixture. Faraday waves are classical non-linear waves characterized by a regular pattern, that originate in classical and quantum fluids via a parametric excitation in the fluid. Interestingly enough, this process resembles the phase of reheating of the early universe, where the oscillation of the inflaton field is thought to have excited particles out of the vacuum. In analogy with this phenomenon, the oscillation of the inflaton field can be simulated with the periodic modulation of the trapping potential. On top of this, in a spin mixture, the parametric modulation can excite either in-phase (density) modes or out-of-phase (spin) modes, as two possible elementary excitations are present in the system. By extracting the spatial periodicity of the generated pattern at different modulation frequencies, I was then able to measure the dispersion relations for both density and spin modes of the system. In the presence of the coherent coupling, when spin excitations becomes gapped, we further demonstrate the scaling of the gap with the strength of the coupling radiation. The third experiment I realized concerned the characterization of the magnetic ground state of a spatially extended immiscible mixture in the presence of the coherent coupling. The Hamiltonian of such a system is formally equivalent to a continuous version of the transverse field Ising model, which describes magnetic materials at zero temperature. In this mapping, a nonlinear interaction term arises from the ratio between the self-interaction energy and the strength of the coupling, which acts as the transverse field. As the ratio between the two quantities is varied above and below one, the ground state of the system spontaneously changes from a paramagnetic phase to an ordered ferromagnetic phase, featuring two equivalent and opposite magnetizations, a signature of the occurrence of a second order quantum phase transition (QPT). Furthermore, in the magnetic model, the degeneracy between the two ferromagnetic ground states can be broken by introducing an additional longitudinal field. In the atomic case, the role of this additional field is taken by the detuning between the coupling radiation and the resonant transition frequency of non-interacting atoms. I characterized the QPT developing protocols to manipulate the spin mixture in its spatially extended ground state, varying the longitudinal field. Leveraging on the inhomogeneity of a BEC trapped in the harmonic potential, a smooth variation of the spin self-interaction energy occurs spontaneously in space, introducing different magnetic regimes at fixed coupling strength. These protocols gave access to a characterization of static properties typical of magnetic materials, such as the presence of an hysteresis cycle. The occurrence of the phase transition was instead validated by a measurement of the magnetic susceptibility and corresponding fluctuations, which both show a divergence when crossing the QPT critical point. At last, I developed a protocol to smoothly manipulate the position of magnetic domain walls, the least energetic excitations in a ferromagnet. While the previous study focused on static properties, the last experimental investigation presented in this thesis was devoted to the study of the dynamics of the metastable ferromagnetic region of the BEC. As a result of the presence of an hysteresis cycle, it is possible to engineer states of the ferromagnetic energy landscape that are homogeneously prepared either in the global minimum, with trivial dynamics, or in the metastable, higher energy, local minima. In the latter case, a classical system should eventually decay towards the global minimum, driven by temperature fluctuations which overtop the energy barrier separating the two minima. For a quantum system described by a field theory, such as a ferromagnetic BEC, the decay towards the global minimum occurs by tunneling through the barrier, triggered by quantum fluctuations. The event of tunneling is known as False Vacuum Decay (FVD), and is of outstanding relevance also for high energy physics and cosmology, were the first theoretical models were developed. In the FVD model, the decay towards the global minimum, the true vacuum, is a stochastic process that occurs only if a resonant bubble of true vacuum is formed. Once formed, the bubble will eventually expand throughout the whole system, as the true vacuum is energetically favorable. The probability for such a bubble to form can be approximately calculated analytically in 1D, and should depend exponentially on the height of the barrier the field has to tunnel through. Due to the exponentially long time scale of the process, experimental observations of FVD were still lacking. Thanks to the enhanced coherence time of the superfluid ferromagnetic mixture, and to the precise control of the barrier height through the detuning from atomic resonance, we were able to observe the event of bubble nucleation in a ferromagnetic BEC. To corroborate the observation, I measured the characteristic timescale of the decay for different values of the control parameters. Results were successfully compared first with numerical simulation, and then validated by instanton theory.

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In this work, fluorous metal organic framework 1 (FMOF-1) and its isomorphic structures are investigated for both sensing and filtration applications. In chapter 2 both FMOF-1 and its acetone derivative, aFMOF-1, are shown to exhibit an unusual photoluminescent behavior by having a "turn-on" emission when exposed to vacuum. This baroluminescence occurs at different rates depending on specific gas, allowing FMOF-1 and aFMOF-1 to not only act as vacuum gauges, but also potentially act as sensors for gas identification. Chapter 3 focuses on chemical sensing properties (chemosensing) of the newly discovered second methanol derivative of FMOF-1, mFMOF-2. mFMOF-2 has been shown to be air and water stable, however exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) will cause quenching or shifts in emission. Finally, chapter 4 investigates the ability of combining MOFs with more traditional sorbents to investigate the possibility of a hybrid material that takes advantage of both materials. MOFs have long been investigated for their filtration properties, however the high cost of synthesis of MOFs compared to the cost-efficient common filters hamstrings their real-world implementations. Combining a small percentage of FMOF-1 with activated carbon is seen to improve the filtration efficiency and to increase the hydrophobic properties. This hybrid filtration material avoids the problems associated with the cost of synthetic filtration materials since only 0.1% mass additive is shown to yield significantly improved results.

We firstly numerically recalculate the Ricci tensor of non-stationary axisymmetric space-times (originally calculated by Chandrasekhar) and we find some discrepancies both in the linear and non-linear terms. However, these discrepancies do not affect the results concerning linear perturbations of a Schwarzschild black hole. Secondly, we use these Ricci tensors to derive the Zerilli and Regge-Wheeler equations and use the Newman-Penrose formalism to derive the Bardeen-Press equation. We show the relation between these equations because they describe the same linear perturbations of a Schwarzschild black hole. Thirdly, we illustrate heuristically (when the angular momentum (l) is 2) the relation between the linearized solution of the Einstein vacuum equations obtained from the Bondi-Sachs metric and the Zerilli equation, because they describe the same linear perturbations of a Schwarzschild black hole. Lastly, by means of a coordinate transformation, we extend Chandrasekhar's results on linear perturbations of a Schwarzschild black hole to the Bondi-Sachs framework. / Mathematical Sciences / M. Sc. (Applied Mathematics)

Between 1980-2006, thousands of South African pension funds converted members from defined benefit to defined contribution structures. This research set out to answer the questions of why this phenomenon occurred and whether peculiar environmental circumstances influenced the outcome. The research framework identified various stakeholders in the retirement fund industry - government; regulator; pension fund adjudicator; ombudsman for long term insurance; trade unions; members; trustees; business; employers and service providers - and isolated the elements to be considered in the research. Industry experts were interviewed to obtain a macro view of the phenomenon and specific manifestations of the phenomenon were also considered in case studies. The purpose of the research was to develop a model for managers to assist them in dealing with environmental change. Qualitative research methodology was utilised and feedback from semi-structured interviews was categorised into several emergent themes. Within-case and cross-case analyses were conducted. Research results indicate that the conversion phenomenon occurred in two waves - one initiated in the 1980s and driven by the trade unions and a second in the 1990s, driven by employers, often at the advice of their consultants. Evidence of the start of a third wave also emerged. Results indicate that an environmental shock exerted a substantial influence on the course of events. Under these:  Various factors combined to drive organisational evolution (i.e. adaptation to the environment).  Adaptation speed was inappropriate and exceeded that which was required for sufficient thought.  Uncertainty and vacuum circumstances arose leading to consequences that require redress.  The power of the relative stakeholders changed and influenced the strategic outcome.  An imbalance in stakeholder interests arose and ethical factors became consequential.  Business acted to restore certainty for itself. Existing literature explained organisational behaviour in environments of competitive shock and high turbulence, but not in circumstances of environmental shock. A model emerged to assist managers to deal with environmental change, which was applied to an analysis of pension fund reform. It was also applied to the pension fund perspective on Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment. This model may also be applied in analysis of land redistribution, sanctions and constitutional development. / Business Management / DBL

This thesis investigates the period in Judah which took place precisely a century between the death ofHezekiah (687 BCE) and the final fall of Jerusalem (587 BCE) Seldom has a nation experienced so many dramatically sudden reversals of fortune in so relatively short a time. Throughout the first half of the seventh century BCE the Assyrian empire reigned supreme. In the second half, in rapid succession, Judah, as a vassal, experienced periods of independence and of subjection, first to Egypt, then to Babylonia, before finally destroying herself in a futile rebellion against the latter. The aim of the thesis was to set Judah in the global context and investigate the role she played. To this end the Great Powers, namely Assyria, Egypt and Babylonia were surveyed, as well as were the Small Powers, like Judah, Phoenicia and the Transjordanian states, and the relationships probed. The thesis traces the life of the wicked but extraordinarily successful King Manasseh, and his equally reprobate son, Amon, who was brutally murdered by his servants, and was avenged by 'the people of the land'. Josiah is the only monarch who fits the Deuteronomistic requirements of a good king. Religious and national reform generally go hand in hand with politics, and the cultic reform and centralization of the cult characterise his reign. · With the fall of Assyria, the temporary surge into prominence by Egypt and the tragic death of Josiah in 609 BCE, Judah experienced radical political fluctuations and with them alternate subjugation by, and rebellion against, each of the major powers. Inexperienced leadership and a situation of dual kings, followed Josiah's death. The rapidly changing international scene demanded of the rulers of Judah skillful manoeuvring and exceptional adaptability, and frequently confronted them with ominous political situations. Judaean leaders and the puppet King Zedekiah, propped up by false prophets, failed to grasp the shift in the balance of power, and clung to questionable Egyptian aid against the new world power, Babylonia. Highly vulnerable and left in the lurch, Jerusalem faced protracted siege and famine in Jerusalem, destruction ofthe Temple, and deportation ofthe cream ofher people. / Classics and Modern European Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Judaica)

The development of micro and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS) with entirely new or improved functionalities is typically based on novel or improved designs, materials and fabrication methods. However, today’s micro- and nano-fabrication is restrained by manufacturing paradigms that have been established by the integrated circuit (IC) industry over the past few decades. The exclusive use of IC manufacturing technologies leads to limited material choices, limited design flexibility and consequently to sub-optimal MEMS and NEMS devices. The work presented in this thesis breaks new ground with a multitude of novel approaches for the integration of non-standard materials that enable the fabrication of 3D micro and nanoelectromechanical systems. The objective of this thesis is to highlight methods that make use of non-standard materials with superior characteristics or methods that use standard materials and fabrication techniques in a novel context. The overall goal is to propose suitable and cost-efficient fabrication and integration methods, which can easily be made available to the industry. The first part of the thesis deals with the integration of bulk wire materials. A novel approach for the integration of at least partly ferromagnetic bulk wire materials has been implemented for the fabrication of high aspect ratio through silicon vias. Standard wire bonding technology, a very mature back-end technology, has been adapted for yet another through silicon via fabrication method and applications including liquid and vacuum packaging as well as microactuators based on shape memory alloy wires. As this thesis reveals, wire bonding, as a versatile and highly efficient technology, can be utilized for applications far beyond traditional interconnections in electronics packaging. The second part presents two approaches for the 3D heterogeneous integration based on layer transfer. Highly efficient monocrystalline silicon/ germanium is integrated on wafer-level for the fabrication of uncooled thermal image sensors and monolayer-graphene is integrated on chip-level for the use in diaphragm-based pressure sensors. The last part introduces a novel additive fabrication method for layer-bylayer printing of 3D silicon micro- and nano-structures. This method combines existing technologies, including focused ion beam implantation and chemical vapor deposition of silicon, in order to establish a high-resolution fabrication process that is related to popular 3D printing techniques. / <p>QC 20121207</p>

Μια από τις σημαντικότερες τεχνικές εγχάραξης σε μίκρο και νάνο-κλίμακα είναι αυτή της ξηρής εγχάραξης με πλάσμα. Η παρούσα εργασία είχε σαν σκοπό την κατασκευή διάταξης επεξεργασίας ψυχρού πλάσματος χαμηλής πίεσης που να λειτουργεί στο πεδίο των ραδιοσυχνοτήτων, με την προοπτική να χρησιμοποιηθεί για την επεξεργασία πολυμερών και άλλων υλικών που χρησιμοποιούνται στις μονώσεις υψηλών τάσεων ώστε να βελτιωθούν διάφορες ιδιότητές τους όπως η επιφανειακή υδροφοβία και η αντοχή στη ρύπανση. Ειδικότερα: Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται εισαγωγή του αναγνώστη στην επεξεργασία πλάσματος και συγκεκριμένα στην εγχάραξη και τους φυσικούς και χημικούς μηχανισμούς της. Αναλύεται η διάταξη RIE, η οποία εφαρμόζεται κατά την κατασκευή του συστήματος. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται ο σχεδιασμός και η κατασκευή της διάταξης επεξεργασίας, η οποία αποτελείτε από διακριτά μέρη όπως οι θάλαμοι, το πνευματικό σύστημα, το αντλητικό σύστημα και το σύστημα τροφοδοσίας της ισχύος. Δόθηκε ιδιαίτερη προσοχή στη λεπτομερή περιγραφή του κάθε εξαρτήματος που ενσωματώθηκε και ο εξειδικευμένος ρόλος του, ενώ τα αναλυτικά κατασκευαστικά σχέδια παρατίθενται στο παράρτημα. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται βασικός χαρακτηρισμός του αντιδραστήρα. Δηλαδή, παρουσιάζονται οι ηλεκτρικές μετρήσεις οι οποίες ταυτίζονται με τη βιβλιογραφία, παρουσιάζονται οπτικές μετρήσεις από τις οποίες γίνεται ταυτοποίηση ενεργών σωματίων, τα οποία επίσης είναι σύμφωνα με τη βιβλιογραφία παρόμοιων συστημάτων και τέλος, γίνεται ενδεικτική επεξεργασία πολυμερούς και έλεγχος του αποτελέσματος, το οποίο είναι η πιστή απόδοση μοτίβου και ρυθμός εγχάραξης 30nm/min. Στο τέταρτο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο προτείνονται μελλοντικές εργασίες και βελτιώσεις. / One of the most prominent etching techniques at micro and nano-scale is dry plasma etching. This work’s purpose was the fabrication of a cold plasma low pressure radio-frequency processing rig, with the prospect of being used for polymer and other materials processing, that are used in high voltage insulators, in order to improve their surface properties such as hydrophobicity and pollution resistance. In particular; In the first chapter the reader is being introduced in plasma processing and in particular in etching and physical and chemical mechanisms. RIE set-up, which is to be applied in our rig, is being analyzed. In the second chapter the design and fabrication of the processing rig are being described, which includes parts like the chambers, the pneumatic system, the pumping system and the power delivery system. Special care has been given for a detailed description of every added component and its specialized role, while their analytical mechanical designs are collocated in the appendix. In the third chapter a basic characterization of the reactor is being delivered. Namely, we present electrical measurements which correspond precisely to bibliography and we also present optical measurements from which identification of reactive species is derived, also in accordance to bibliography. Finally, a polymeric substrate is indicatively processed and the result is the faithful pattern transfer by an etching rate of 30nm/min. In the fourth and last chapter, suggestions for future work and improvements are made.

名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム報告

Hydrocracking and hydrotreating are bitumen upgrading technologies designed to enhance fuel quality by decreasing its density, viscosity, boiling point and heteroatom content via hydrogen addition. The aim of this thesis is to model and simulate an upgrading and integrated gasification combined cycle then to evaluate the feasibility of integrating slurry hydrocracking, trickle-bed hydrotreating and residue gasification using the Aspen HYSYS® simulation software. The close-coupling of the bitumen upgrading facilities with gasification should lead to a hydrogen, steam and power self-sufficient upgrading facility with CO2 capture. Hydrocracker residue is first withdrawn from a 100,000 BPD Athabasca bitumen upgrading facility, characterized via ultimate analysis and then fed to a gasification unit where it produces hydrogen that is partially recycled to the hydrocracker and hydrotreaters and partially burned for power production in a high hydrogen combined cycle unit. The integrated design is simulated for a base case of 90% carbon capture utilizing a monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent, and compared to 65% and no carbon capture scenarios. The hydrogen production of the gasification process is evaluated in terms of hydrocracker residue and auxiliary petroleum coke feeds. The power production is determined for various carbon capture cases and for an optimal hydrocracking operation. Hence, the feasibility of the integration of the upgrading process and the IGCC resides in meeting the hydrogen demand of the upgrading facility while producing enough steam and electricity for a power and energy self-sufficient operation, regardless of the extent of carbon capture.