Osteoarthritis is one of the most common general diseases in modern society Sweden. It is also one of the most common diseases traced within archaeological human remains. The aetiology of osteoarthritis has been widely debated within the field of medicine and paleopathology. The initial claim that the degenerative disease is caused by activity and ageing has been questioned and factors such as environment, diet and genetic markers has been brought up and to some extent studied. Even though osteoarthritis being one of the most common diseases recognized among archaeological human remains, it has during recent years often been neglected within the field and referred to mostly in different palaeopathological atlases. By studying human remains from the medieval churchyard of St: Hans in Visby, Gotland, the notion of osteoarthritis as a general disease in the past is discussed in the following study. The concept of a medieval “general public” is examined by looking at social strata through grave placement on the studied graveyard.

<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]> <object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></object><mce:style><! st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } --><!--[endif]--> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> <!--[if gte mso 10]><mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normal tabell"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} --><!--[endif]--></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this essay is to get a<strong> </strong>comprehensive understanding for the thoughts behind Visby’s sustainable tourism planning. Focus will lie on how far Visby has come in their planning and implementing towards a sustainable tourism development.<strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study is preceded from a hermeneutical and<strong> </strong>constructive perspective. The methods used are induction and qualitative research in the form of deep interviews with four key figures working within Gotland’s municipality and tourism industry. The data collection has also been through secondary data and document studies. <strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The results of this study shows that sustainability as a thought is present in the Gotland’s municipality’s planned development for Visby. Visby is in an early stage of its planning towards a sustainable tourism development.</p>

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This Bachelor paper deals with skeletal diseases like osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. 24 medieval individuals from the block Banken 1 in Visby, Gotland were chosen for an osteological analysis. Osteoporosis affects the bone with low bone mineral density and can lead to possible fractures and Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease. A DEXA reading was done at Dr. Roland Alvarssons Doctorial practice in Visby and the results from the DEXA reading showed that none of the individuals suffered from osteoporosis, but one suffered from osteopenia. Some individuals were x-rayed at Visby hospital and the x-rays were interpreted by Dr. Staffan Jennerholm. The x-ray showed that two individuals suffered from osteoarthritis. You can get a glint into the past and daily life of medieval people with a little help of modern technology like x-ray and DEXA reading.

Zugl.: Würzburg, Univ., Diss., 2007

Att reducera orättvisor i städers kollektivtrafiksystem är en stor utmaning för många städer. Planeringens prioritering inte alltid är glasklar och har blivit kritiserad för att undvika att hantera rättviseperspektivet för att istället domineras av ett kostnads-nyttoperspektiv. Studien har därför haft som avsikt att belysa den rumsliga fördelningen av tillgång till kollektivtrafik, dess samband med behovsgrupper samt utpekandet av särskilt utsatta områden där befolkningen riskerar att exkluderas från deras rätt till staden. I studien har kvantitativa metoder utförts i form av GIS-baserad nätverksanalys och statistisk sambandsanalys. Resultaten visade; att 57% av stadens befolkning bodde i kollektivtrafiknära områden; att det fanns ett medel-starkt, statistiskt signifikant, positivt samband mellan tillgång till kollektivtrafik och andelen av behovsgruppen äldre i stadens stadsområden vilket visar tendenser till en rättvis fördelning; att inget samband kunde konstateras mellan andel av behovsgruppen låginkomsttagare i Visbys stadsområden och tillgång till kollektivtrafik; och avslutandes utpekades området Kvarteret Dillen tillsammans med Yttre Furulund som särskilt utsatta där utpekade behovsgrupper är i risk för att bli exkluderade ifrån deras rätt till stadens resurser och möjligheter.

This project aims to contribute to the energy mapping of Visby’s building stock. Using energy performance certificates data, the building stock can be categorized after defining energy related parameters. From every category, an archetype building is developed from the mean value of interesting parameters in each group. The goal is to create distinct categories which as well as possible represents the building stock. This study commences with an inventory of Visby’s building stock to create an overall picture. Thereafter categories of the building stock are examined on the basis of interesting parameters that supposedly have an impact on the building’s energy consumption. The purpose is to examine which parameters that together catches the most representative picture of Visby’s building stock. The energy performance of the buildings is the main factor for comparison. Parameters that are used in the categorization process are: Building type, location of the buildings, building volume, type code, year of construction, heating system and number of floors. From the determined categorizations, archetypes are developed and type buildings can be represented. This study only examines residential buildings. Two times during the study, abnormal values were removed from the used material. The cleaning of abnormal values prevents that a few values which are considered as abnormal gives a wrong picture of the building stocks characteristics. The first analysis of the parameters leads to 6 examined categorizations where two are selected, one for single family housing and one for multi-family housing. Parameters that best defines single family housing are year of construction, heating system and building volume. Parameters that best defines multi-family housing are year of construction and building volume.  The established categorization covers 92% of the building stock and 205 buildings are erased by the purge. The standard deviation on the mean value of energy performance has the average value of 30 kWh/m2 in the categorization for single family housing. For multi-family housing the standard deviation of the mean value is on average 17 kWh/m2 in the categorization. The high value of standard deviation for single family housing is affected by the wide range of energy performances values. These values could be caused by buildings that have had renovations or that other parameters that has not been taken into consideration in this study could have been better in the categorization. / Detta projekt syftar att bidra till energikartläggningen av Visbys byggnadsbestånd. Med hjälp av energideklarationsdata kategoriseras byggnadsbeståndet efter definierande energirelaterade parametrar. Ur varje kategori tas en arketypbyggnad fram från medelvärdet av intressanta parametrar inom sin grupp. Målet är att skapa distinkta arketyper som fångar en så stor del av byggnadsbeståndet som möjligt.  Studien inleds med en inventering av Visbys byggnadsbestånd för att skapa en helhetsbild, detta stadie benämns i rapporten som lägesöversikt. Därefter undersöks olika kategoriseringar av byggnadsbeståndet utifrån några intressanta parametrar som antas ha inverkan på byggnadernas energiförbrukning. Avsikten är att undersöka vilka parametrar som tillsammans fångar den mest representativa bilden av Visbys byggnadsbestånd. Byggnadernas energiprestanda utgör den huvudsakliga faktorn för jämförelse. Parametrar som undersöks i kategoriseringarna är: Byggnadstyp, läge på byggnaderna, byggnadsvolym, typkod, nybyggnadsår, uppvärmningssystem och antal plan. Ur fastställda kategorier tas sedan arketyper och typbyggnader fram. Studien avgränsas till att endast undersöka bostadsbyggnader. Det använda materialet rensas på abnorma värden vid två tillfällen under studiens gång. Rensningen förhindrar att ett fåtal utstickande värden ger en missvisande bild av byggnadsbeståndets egenskaper.  Lägesöversikten leder till 6 undersökta kategoriseringar där två väljs ut: en för flerbostadshus och en för småhus. Parametrar som bäst definierar gruppen småhus är nybyggnadsår, uppvärmningssystem och byggnadsvolym. Parametrar som bäst definierar gruppen flerbostadshus är nybyggnadsår och byggnadsvolym. Den fastställda kategoriseringen täcker 92% av byggnadsbeståndet och totalt stryks 205 byggnader vid rensning. Standardavvikelsen i energiprestanda ligger i snitt på 30 kWh/m2 i kategoriseringen för småhus och i snitt på 17 kWh/m2 i kategoriseringen för flerbostadshus. Den stora spridningen av energiprestanda i gruppen småhus kan till exempel bero på att vissa byggnader blivit renoverade eller att parametrar som bättre definierar gruppen inte har undersökts i denna studie.

There is little known about the medieval Russian population in Visby. What is known, however, is that several graves were excavated in 1971 at the place thought to contain traces of the Russian church. By comparing the results of Noah Runesson (2016) and what was brought to light through an analysis of specific individuals, new information may have been made available. The content in two of these graves have been examined and analysed, and the results of the osteological analysis show the Russians had knowledge of surgical procedures such as amputation as well as how to keep someone alive after such a procedure. One of the graves contained a small piece of metal, rusty from years of being in the ground. Why it is present in the grave is unclear, but one theory is that it was for keeping the dead from walking again. Through osteological analyses it has also become clear that the Russian population varied in ages as well as health, and that they took care of each other when in need.

I det här projektet har jag utvecklat och sedan testat en mind mapping metod för att kunna kartlägga och överblicka olika visioner och tankar i ett designprojekt. Projektet jag har applicerat metoden på är ett förslag på ett nytt kallbadhusområde i Visby. Projektet innefattar en utveckling av strandpromenaden, ett nytt kallbadhus och en utveckling av den existerande byggnaden som innehåller en after beach-klubb. En av utmaningarna i projektet har varit att balansera de historiska omgivningarna och det nya förslaget. Projektet ingår i ett större samhällsplaneringsprojekt över inre hamnen i Visby. Den första delen av projektet är en kort kartläggning om hindren mellan konstnärliga arbetssätt och byråkratiska arbetssätt inom kommuner. Mind mapping metoden är ett försök att skapa ett verktyg för reflektion för att skapa  bättre medvetenhet mellan relationer mellan mina och andras idéer. Målet är att skapa ett förslag på ett verktyg som skulle kunna underlätta kommunikation mellan två kunskapsteoretiskt olika världar. / In this project I developed and then used a mind mapping method for keeping track of different visions and thoughts of design. The design project is a suggestion of a new cold bath area in Visby. The project includes a transformation of the sea front promenade, a new cold bath building and a development of an existing building that is used as an after beach club. One key challenge in the design is to find balance between the historical surroundings and the new additions. The cold bath area is part of a bigger urban planning project developed by the municipality of Gotland. The first part of the project is a short overview of the obstacle in translation between a practical design process and bureaucratic processes in working procedures in municipality. The mind mapping method is supposed to work as a reflection tool to improve the consciousness of my own design and give a better understanding of how to balance my own and other visions. The goal is to create a tool that potentially could ease communication between two epistemologically different worlds.

In this thesis I examine three cities that have been nominated as world heritage sites by UNESCO, and how these cities are understood and mediated by visitors. One of the research questions was also to see how these places has been affected by the nomination. I have visited Visby, Dubrovnik and Toruń to do this research. I wanted to find out why so many people choose to visit these places and how much the world heritage nomination was part of the decision to visit. This is done by examining how these cities are mediated by travel literature, tourist information in the form of brochures and other information, as well as interviews. These interviews were conducted both with tourists at these sites, but also with people that work with tourism or cultural heritage in some form. The method used besides interviews has been thick description as it is formulated by Clifford Geertz to describe and make sense of these places and to see how you would experience these places as a tourist. The researchers that has figured as a theoretical background include John Urry and Andrew Walsh. Urry describes how the tourist uses different gazes to see the world in different ways, and Walsh describes how a place that seems to be irreplaceable might in fact not be so irreplaceable, which applies on the examined places in this thesis. Josefina Syssner and Karim van Knippenberg together with Linde Egberts lays a groundwork for the understanding of different sorts of tourists, and what tools can be used is place marketing of these cities. In agreement with previous research I conclude that the primary attraction of these sites for the tourists is not their status as world heritage sites, and the reason that these sites are troubled with mass tourism lies elsewhere. The place itself is replaceable for the majority of the tourists, but not for the material heritage. A better dialogue is needed between the tourism and heritage sector, as well as local residents and politicians, to be able to counteract the negative effects of mass tourism, that is shown to wear on the material culture. The mediation needs to include a more widespread picture of the complex issues that concerns these heritage sites. In todays globalized and mobile world, the idea of world heritage sites becomes problematic, as this work has shown. This thesis is a two years master’s thesis in Museum and cultural heritage.