<p>This paper deals with three mediaeval churches in the town Visby, Gotland. These churches were located in different areas in Visby. Allegedly the areas where St Hans and Ste Gertrud were located were inhabited by wealthier people, and the more peripheral area where St Mikael was located was where the poor lived. Therefore, the people that were buried at St Mikael should be of lower social status than the people buried at St Hans and Ste Gertrud. Based on the fact that an individuals diet was dependant on his or hers social status, dietary studies on skeletal remains from the three different churches have been conducted to find out dietary patterns among the individuals buried at each church respectively. The studies have included stable isotope ratio analyses, δ13C and δ15N, in human bone collagen. The results support the hypothesis that there were differences between individuals buried at different churches as stated above.</p>

This paper deals with three mediaeval churches in the town Visby, Gotland. These churches were located in different areas in Visby. Allegedly the areas where St Hans and Ste Gertrud were located were inhabited by wealthier people, and the more peripheral area where St Mikael was located was where the poor lived. Therefore, the people that were buried at St Mikael should be of lower social status than the people buried at St Hans and Ste Gertrud. Based on the fact that an individuals diet was dependant on his or hers social status, dietary studies on skeletal remains from the three different churches have been conducted to find out dietary patterns among the individuals buried at each church respectively. The studies have included stable isotope ratio analyses, δ13C and δ15N, in human bone collagen. The results support the hypothesis that there were differences between individuals buried at different churches as stated above.

The state´s responsibility for the health and well-being of the population was part of the development towards the welfare state. Government agencies at various levels were helpful in surveys and were also the state´s tool for enforcing social policy goals. The main purpose of the essay is to investigate in what way mental health care 1935-1939 was a tool for the growth of the welfare state. The pronounced questions are about what mental health care looked like regarding patients’ activation, mental care in families’ homes, sterilization and forensic psychiatry, and in what way mental health care can be said to have been a state administrative unit. The investigated material is documents from the administration at St. Olof's Hospital in Visby and the source material is examined on the basis of Michel Foucault's theories on discipline, control, exclusion mechanisms and biopolitics. The result of the essay is that mental health care and St. Olof's Hospital can be seen as one of the tools for the growth of the welfare state both as part of the administration, as a prerequisite for biopolitics, and as an entertainer and messenger of norms and discipline.

In 1953, two individuals were excavated in Erik XIII’s alley, Visby, Gotland. After the excavation, the individuals did not undergo an osteological examination and were preserved for several years by the Gotland Museum. These two individuals were selected for this thesis to undergo an osteological analysis. The purpose of the essay was to identify and investigate the two individuals from Erik XIII's alley and illuminate the Viking age of Visby. A spatial analysis of Erik XIII's alley and the surrounding environment was carried out, to emphasize Visby’s Viking-age. Erik XIII's alley is in the northern part of Visby's inner city and is within walking distance of the two largest Viking-era burial grounds in Visby, Kopparsvik and Gustavsvik. Individual 1, who was judged to be a man, was approximately 182cm tall and was between 33-45 years old when he died. Individual 2 was judged to be a probable man and was between 17-25 at the time of his death and had an approximate length of 173cm. The individuals have only two common pathologies, which are osteophytes and tartar. Individual 2 had significantly fewer pathologies than individual 1, which may be a side effect of the age difference between them. In individual 1, enthesopathies were also identified, which were roughly consistent throughout the body, ligamente flava, pitting and osteoarthritis. Individual 2 showed changes from two different deficiency diseases, cribra orbitalia and enamel hypoplasia. The discussion is divided into three parts that emphasize the individuals, the comparison with other Viking-era individuals on Gotland and the spatial context. The individuals' pathologies are discussed, and possible interpretations of the individuals are presented. When the individuals from Erik XIII's alley are compared to other Viking-age individuals who have undergone osteological examinations, the result mainly varies. In the spatial context, possible interpretations of the graves are presented, which consist of an additional burial ground with different interpretations, as a burial ground for the king's company, or simple farm burials.

This bachelor thesis deals with the correlation between social status and health at the medieval church ruin S:t Hans in Visby. Osteological analysis has been performed on nine adult individuals from the site of S:t Hans. The material was obtained at Gotlands Museum and has diary number 7498/89. The main question was if it is possible to indicate some kind of correlation between social status, in other words the placing of the graves, and the pathological differences in the material. Age, sex, stature and pathological differences has been documented during the osteological analysis to get an understanding of the individuals health status. To understand social status at the site spatial analysis was performed. A grave was explained as ”high status” or ”low status” depending on where at the grave site these were situated. Graves in the church is considered to be of high status while the ones at the older church yard is considered to be of lower status because of its distance from the church. A hypothesis was that individuals in the high status graves would show less pathological differences than the ones in the low status graves. The results obtained from the study tells two different, but interesting, stories. Yes, social status and health status does correlate in some cases, while in other cases they don’t. / Osteoporos och osteoarthritis, då och nu

This thesis analyses the decoration on the pots of the Pitted Ware Culture on Gotland. The pottery from this period is richly decorated with various ornaments, the most common are the pits but other types of decoration occur. The purpose of this study is to get an insight into what the patterns meant to the people that made and used them and what role these may have played in their lives. The author will analyse the decoration on potsherds found from the three Pitted Ware sites of Visby, Ajvide and Hemmor on Gotland. This will be used in a comparative analysis to investigate if differences and/or similarities of the pattern occur between and among the sites. A comparative study of various ceramic found in dated graves with various temporal status from the site Ajvide is also done to see if changes in the patterning occur with time. Since pits are common on most pottery from all the sites from this time they will not be used in these analyses but the focus will be on other type of pattern. / Neolitiska livsstilar

This essay deals with the diseases osteoporosis and osteoarthritis in a medieval population from Visby in Sweden. The aim has been to evaluate to what extent and in what way these diseases have influenced the people of a relatively large harbour town during the Middle Ages. 24 individuals were analysed osteologicaly and 19 of them became subject for measurements of bone density through DEXA readings. Furthermore four individuals were x-rayed based on external differences due to osteoarthritis and a change in the depression at the base of the medial surface of the greater trochanter. Similar studies have been made in Trondheim, Norway and Wharram Percy, Great Britain. These were exceedingly larger than the study made for this essay and showed a higher number of individuals with the above mentioned diseases, compared to only one individual with osteopenia, a precursor of osteoporosis, and two individuals with osteoarthritis in the population from Visby. Additionally reasons for a population to be effected by the diseases has been evaluated and discussed. Climate and geology have been suggested as having an impact on the frequency of osteoporosis in a population as well as heredity.  For osteoarthritis a theoretical connection has been made to the changes in the trochanteric fossa. / Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Krankheiten Osteoporose und Osteoarthrose in einer mittelalterlichen Bevölkerung in Visby, Schweden. Das Ziel war zu bewerten, in welchem Umfang und in welcher Weise diese Krankheiten die Menschen in einer relativ großen Hafenstadt im Mittelalter beeinflusst haben. 24 Individuen wurden osteologisch analysierte und 19 von ihnen wurden für die Messung von Knochendichte durch DEXA Lesungen ausgewählt. Darüber hinaus wurden vier Individuen auf der Grundlage externer Unterschiede aufgrund von Arthrose und eine Änderung in der Depression an der Basis der medialen Oberfläche des Trochanter major geröntgt. Ähnliche Studien wurden in Trondheim, Norwegen, und Wharram Percy, Großbritannien, durchgeführt. Es waren umfangreichere Studien als die für diese Arbeit und sie zeigten auch eine höhere Anzahl von Individuen mit den oben genannten Erkrankungen, vergleichbar mit nur einer Person mit Osteopenie, eine Vorstufe der Osteoporose, und zwei Personen mit Osteoarthrose in der Bevölkerung von Visby. Zusätzlich wurden die möglichen Gründe dieser Krankheiten in einer Bevölkerung geklärt und diskutiert. Als Ursachen für die Häufigkeit von Osteoporose wurden Klima und Geologie sowie Vererbung vorgeschlagen. Vier gleichartige Veränderungen an Oberschenkelknochen führten außerdem zu der Hypothese dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen Veränderungen in der Fossa trochanterica  und Osteoarthrose besteht.

Kulturmiljövårdens hantering av de gröna miljöerna har länge varit bristfällig, vilket Visby vallgravar utgör exempel på. Park­området som sträcker sig utmed ringmuren från norr till söder ger idag ett till viss del naturpräglat intryck trots att det under slutet av 1800-talet genomgick omfattande planteringar och därmed i hög grad är medvetet gestaltat. Detta har medfört att kun­skapen om varför vallgravarna ser ut som de gör är otillräcklig. När Visby togs upp på UNESCO:s världsarvslista 1995 pekades vallgravarna ut som buffertzon. På ett kontrasterande sätt har man från kommunal sida på senare år utvecklat planer för exploa­tering både i och nära inpå vallgravsområdet. Undersökningen har syftat till att med Visby som exempel belysa hur gröna kulturmiljöer kan komma att tolkas på olika sätt när vi väljer att tillskriva dem särskilda tidslager och därmed bortse från andra. Dessutom har syftet varit att syna hur buffert­zonskonceptet applicerats i den kommunala planeringen och på detta sätt lyfta fallet till ett internationellt perspektiv. Undersökningen har visat på att Planteringsgillets verksamhet till stor del format dagens vallgravsområde. Samtidigt har histo­riens bristande förvaltning tillsammans med senare års ”medeltidifiering” lett till att fokus riktats bort från senare historia och snarare koncentrerats till medeltiden. I relation till den medeltida världsarvsstaden och ringmuren har vallgravarna kommit att mer utgöra en kuliss än en del av kulturarvet. Buffertzonskonceptet har visats möta problem i implementering i nationell lagstift­ning vilket är ett av skälen till ett avvaktande förhållningssätt till området i världsarvsfrågan. Paradoxala motsättningar i form av exploateringsplaner och en vilja att utöka och tydliggöra världsarvet är ett av resultaten som uppvisat ett behov av att öka kun­skapen och på ett tydligare sätt säkra världsarvets och vallgravarnas fortlevnad. / The cultural heritage management’s handling of the green environments has long been inadequate, which Visby moats are exemplifying. The park area that extends along the city wall from north to south today provide a rather natural impression de­spite in the late 1800s undergoing extensive plantings and thus are highly deliberately formed. This has resulted in a poor under­standing of why the moats look like they do. When Visby was included in the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1995 the moats were pointed out as a buffer zone. In a contrasting way the municipal authorities have, in recent years, been developing plans for exploitation within and close to the moat area. The research has, with Visby as an example, aimed to show how green cultural environments might be interpreted in different ways when we choose to ascribe to them specific layers of time and thus ignore the others. Secondly, the aim has been to look into how the buffer zone concept is applied in municipal planning and in this way raise the case to an international perspective. The research has shown that the work of Planteringsgillet largely shaped today's moat area. Meanwhile, mismanagement through history along with recent years' “Middle Ageifying" have led to a focus directed away from recent history and rather concentrated on the Middle Ages. In relation to the medieval world heritage city and the city walls the moats have come more to represent a coulisse than a part of cultural heritage. The buffer zone concept has shown to face problems in the implementation in national law which is one of the reasons for a passive approach to the area concerning ​​the World Heritage issue. Paradoxical contradictions in the form of exploitation plans and a desire to expand and clarify the World Heritage Site is one of the results that have demonstrated a need to increase knowledge and a clearer way to secure the viability of the world heritage and the moats.

Syftet med den här avhandlingen är att studera de roller bilder har i skapandet av dominerande föreställningar om en plats. Exemplen är hämtade från Visby, en stad med välkända medeltida lämningar på ön Gotland i Östersjön. Teoretiska verktyg kommer från kulturarvspolitik, som belyser kulturarv som konstruktioner med objekt värdeladdade av specifika aktörer i särskilda syften och från visuella kulturstudier som fokuserar hur vi betraktar vår omvärld. Bilder och berättelser skapar socialt konstruerade seenden och bortseenden. Dessa seenden, skapar i sin tur mindscapes tillsammans med upplevelser, drömmar, minnen, medierade budskap och ”före-bilder”. Det är Visbys mindscapes som fokuseras här. Med utgångspunkt i Visbys tio-i-topp-motiv diskuteras bilder hämtade från tre grupper av aktörer, kulturarvsbilder, konstbilder och turismbilder. Begrepp som autenticitet, tilltal och modus är viktiga i förståelsen av hur Visbys ikoner tillkommer bland annat genom upprepning av ett litet antal bildmotiv. Då medeltida lämningar och Visbys guldålder som Hansestad ofta ingår i människors mindscapes döljs och överskuggas andra tidsperioder, sociala kontexter och miljöer i Visby. Fotografier, målningar, teckningar, tryck och souvenirer är kraftfulla redskap i den processen. Detta resulterar i att 9/10 av Visby hamnar i skymundan genom stadens status som en medeltida ikon. Den historiska innerstaden har också fått anpassa sig efter föreställningarna om densamma. / This thesis deals with the roles pictures play when collective imaginations of a city are constructed. The examples comes from Visby, a city with famous medieval remains, on the island Gotland in the Baltic. Cultural heritage politics points out heritage as a mode of cultural production. Heritage is constructed when values are added to specific objects by specific actors for specific purposes. Visual cultural studies underline the practices of looking. We are always looking from specific positions. Images and narratives create socially constructed gazes. Gazes together with experiences, dreams, memories, mediated messages and “fore-sights” creates mindscapes. The urban mindscapes of Visby are at focus here. Starting in a Visby top-ten-image-list, images produced and frequently used within the three domains; heritage and tourist industries and the art world are discussed. The images characteristic marks are defined and discussed in terms of authenticity, emotive modes and ways of address. This study also deals with four socially emergent Visby icons and the consequences of the mono-thematic in Visby. When the medieval remains and Hanseatic traders are dominating people’s mindscapes, other periods, social contexts and Visby settings are hidden or overshadowed. The agency of display, a few repeated views in all sorts of media, produces gazes, ways of seeing and unseeing. Photographs, paintings, drawings, prints and souvenirs with Visby motifs are powerful tools in this process. The result is hierarchical orders hard to change. It has not only had the effect that 9/10 of the contemporary city of Visby is being shaded by its status as a medieval icon. The historical centre has also been adjusted in order to fit with the conceptions of the place.

This is a final year project considering constructional techniques for joining cavity walls. The project is related to an ongoing scientific programme about the restoration of The City wall of Visby located on Gotland. The programme was set by Riksantikvarieämbetet as a reaction to a collapse of the outer masonry wall shell which took place in February 2012. The City wall of Visby is a medieval fortification built out of limestone during the 13th century. The wall is constructed as a cavity wall with two separate masonry shells connected to each other through an intermediate core. During the 14th century the wall was heightened which lead to a higher stress, especially in the outer wall face. This occurrence in combination with repeated frost bursts is most likely two of the reasons to why a part of the wall collapsed in 2012. The investigated techniques in this report are reconstructional masonry work using “through-stones”, wall ties out of steel and supportive buttresses. These techniques are investigated regarding their constructive actions and suitability for The City wall of Visby. Masonry work using “through-stones” consists of placing occasional masonry stones perpendicular to the remaining stones. In this way the two wall faces can be joined together. As well as “through-stones”, wall ties also provide a binding between the two wall faces. These ties can be made out of steel bars which ends are connected to each wall face. In this report wall ties are calculated considering tension in interaction with bending moment. A desirable quality for wall ties in this case is that they have the ability to follow the natural movements of the masonry wall without losing their binding capacity. Finally masonry buttresses are investigated, these are masonry units placed against the wall to support horizontal loadings. Buttresses vary in appearance; in this case they consist of limestone blocks laid against the wall face in a certain angle. Considering the state of equilibrium, adequate dimensions of the buttresses are defined. Calculations in this report are based on a number of assumptions regarding loading conditions of the wall combined with the specific constructional technique. Existing theories based on Eurocode’s are not always possible to apply on medieval constructions such as The City wall of Visby. The results in this report show that all mentioned techniques could be applied on The City wall of Visby if they are constructed with the right dimensions in combination with other preventive measures against problems due to water and frost. However, considering the fact that The City wall of Visby is a cultural heritage the suitability differs between the constructional techniques. / Detta examensarbete behandlar byggnadstekniska metoder med syftet att sammanbinda skalmurar. Arbetet utförs i samband med ett pågående forsknings- och utvecklingsprojekt rörande restaureringen av Visby ringmur på Gotland. Forskningsprojektet startades på uppdrag av Riksantikvarieämbetet efter ett murras i februari 2012. Visby ringmur är en medeltida befästning av gotländsk kalksten som till huvudsaklig del uppfördes under åren 1250-1288. Muren är konstruerad som en skalmur vilket innebär en icke homogen mur bestående av två murskal med mellanliggande kärna. Senare på 1300-talet förhöjdes muren vilket bidrog till en överbelastning av främst det yttre murskalet. Detta i kombination med upprepad frostsprängning är sannolikt två av orsakerna till murraset 2012. Metoderna som undersökts är ommurning med bindstenar, sammanbindning med kramlor och dragjärn samt uppstöttning med kontreforter. Dessa metoder studeras i fråga om verkningssätt samt lämplighet för Visby ringmur. Murning med bindstenar innebär att stenar med regelbundet mellanrum i ett murskift placeras tvärgående med kortsidan utåt, detta för att skapa en sammanbindning mellan murskalen i en skalmur. Kramlor och dragjärn ska även de verkar som förbindare mellan murskalen, de kan exempelvis utgöras av ett rundstål som infästs i vardera murskal. I rapporten undersöks dessa utifrån dragkraft i kombination med dess böjmoment. Önskvärt är att såväl kramlor som dragjärn ska kunna följa murens naturliga rörelser samtidigt som de ska sammanbinda murskalen. Slutligen undersöks kontreforter vilka muras mot skalmuren med syftet att ge stöd och uppta horisontala krafter. Kontreforter kan variera i utseende, i detta fall studeras kontreforter som muras av kalksten i vinkel mot murväggen. Med hjälp av ett jämviktsförhållande undersöks lämpliga dimensioner för kontreforterna. Alla beräkningar i denna rapport baseras på ett antal antaganden om lastförhållanden för muren i samverkan med vald byggnadsteknisk metod. Teorier enligt Eurokoderna inte är utformade för äldre murverkskonstruktioner och därav inte alltid tillämpbara. Resultaten visar att alla nämnda metoder skulle kunna tillämpas på muren om de utförs med lämpliga dimensioner i kombination med andra förebyggande åtgärder mot fukt- och frostproblemen. Dock skiljer sig lämpligheten för de olika metoderna åt med tanke på bevarandet av ringmurens kulturhistoriska värde.