Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cusin_ca_dr_mar.pdf: 1228370 bytes, checksum: a747f372cff92df585b6946f91e7cb8e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A natureza atual da World Wide Web (Web) que destaca a participação colaborativa dos usuários em diversos ambientes informacionais digitais conduz ao desenvolvimento de diretrizes que enfocam a Arquitetura da Informação Digital Inclusiva para diferentes públicos nas mais diversas ambiências informacionais. O conceito de acessibilidade digital visa à inclusão de usuários com deficiência em ambientes informacionais digitais, com foco na melhoria da interação dos sujeitos com o ambiente de modo a proporcionar a melhoria de qualidade de vida. A pesquisa propõe diretrizes para um ambiente informacional digital inclusivo, visando apontar os elementos de acessibilidade que permitem a promoção da inclusão informacional digital, de forma a destacar os referenciais da Arquitetura da Informação Digital, de recomendações internacionais e das estruturas de representação das informações, em especial dos atributos de acessibilidade, com o olhar da Ciência da Informação e das novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação. Têm-se como hipóteses: os atributos de acessibilidade utilizados para representação de conteúdos em ambientes informacionais digitais não contemplam satisfatoriamente as descrições dos recursos digitais que atendam as necessidades especiais dos usuários; a Arquitetura da Informação carece de novos elementos de acessibilidade digital com foco nas necessidades especiais dos usuários; as recomendações de acessibilidade internacionais, isoladamente, não fornecem subsídios para o acesso universal. Tem-se como tese a necessidade de desenvolvimento de metodologias com diretrizes que contemplem os elementos de acessibilidade digital focados na tarefa do usuário. Como problema de pesquisa tem-se que a de que as atuais metodologias e recomendações utilizadas para o desenvolvimento de ambientes informacionais digitais não contemplam integralmente... / The current nature of World Wide Web (Web), which highlights the collaborative participation of users in some digital information environments, lead to development of guidelines with a focus on Inclusive Digital Information Architecture for a different audiences in multiples informational ambiences. The concept of digital accessibility aims to include users with special needs in digital information environments, focusing on improving the interaction between subjects and the environment in order to provide improved quality of life. This research proposes guidelines for a inclusive digital information environment, aiming to identify the elements of accessibility that allow the promotion of inclusion digital information, in order to highlight the references of the Architecture of Digital Information, the international recommendations and the structures representation of information (specially accessibility attributes), with the look of Information Science and New Technologies of Information and Communication. The research have the follow hypotheses: the accessibilities attributes used to represent the content in digital information environments do not satisfactorily contemplate descriptions of digital resources that supplies the special needs of users; the Information Architecture needs new elements of digital accessibility with a focus on special needs of users, international accessibility guidelines, in a singular way, does not provide subsidies to a universal access. The thesis is as to the need to develop methodologies with guidelines that contemplate the elements of digital accessibility focused on the task of the user. The research problem is that actual methodologies and recommendations used for the development of digital information environments do not cover all the elements of accessibility with a focus on user needs. The proposition is to present, through a methodological approach... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A grande capacidade de disponibilização de informações que a Web possibilita se traduz em múltiplas possibilidades e oportunidades para seus usuários. Essas pessoas são capazes de acessar conteúdos provenientes de todas as partes do planeta, independentemente de onde elas estejam. Mas essas possibilidades não são estendidas a todos, sendo necessário mais que o acesso a um computador e a Internet para que sejam realizadas. Indivíduos que apresentem necessidades especiais (deficiência visual, cognitiva, dificuldade de locomoção, entre outras) são privados do acesso a sites e aplicações web que façam mal emprego de tecnologias web ou possuam o conteúdo sem os devidos cuidados para com a acessibilidade. Um dos grupos que é privado do acesso a esse ambiente é o de pessoas com dificuldade de leitura (analfabetos funcionais). A ampla utilização de recursos textuais nas aplicações pode tornar difícil ou mesmo impedir as interações desses indivíduos com os sistemas computacionais. Nesse contexto, este trabalho tem por finalidade o desenvolvimento de tecnologias assistivas que atuem como facilitadoras de leitura e compreensão de sites e aplicações web a esses indivíduos (analfabetos funcionais). Essas tecnologias assistivas utilizam recursos de processamento de língua natural visando maximizar a compreensão do conteúdo pelos usuários. Dentre as técnicas utilizadas são destacadas: simplificação sintática, sumarização automática, elaboração léxica e reconhecimento das entidades nomeadas. Essas técnicas são utilizadas com a finalidade de promover a adaptação automática de conteúdos disponíveis na Web para usuários com baixo nível de alfabetização. São descritas características referentes à acessibilidade de aplicações web e princípios de design para usuários com baixo nível de alfabetização, para garantir a identificação e entendimento das funcionalidades que são implementadas nas duas tecnologias assistivas resultado deste trabalho (Facilita e Facilita Educacional). Este trabalho contribuiu com a identificação de requisitos de acessibilidade para usuários com baixo nível de alfabetização, modelo de acessibilidade para automatizar a conformidade com a WCAG e desenvolvimento de soluções de acessibilidade na camada de agentes de usuários / The large capacity of Web for providing information leads to multiple possibilities and opportunities for users. The development of high performance networks and ubiquitous devices allow users to retrieve content from any location and in different scenarios or situations they might face in their lives. Unfortunately the possibilities offered by the Web are not necessarily currently available to all. Individuals who do not have completely compliant software or hardware that are able to deal with the latest technologies, or have some kind of physical or cognitive disability, find it difficult to interact with web pages, depending on the page structure and the ways in which the content is made available. When specifically considering the cognitive disabilities, users classified as functionally illiterate face severe difficulties accessing web content. The heavy use of texts on interfaces design creates an accessibility barrier to those who cannot read fluently in their mother tongue due to both text length and linguistic complexity. In this context, this work aims at developing an assistive technologies that assists functionally illiterate users during their reading and understanding of websites textual content. These assistive technologies make use of natural language processing (NLP) techniques that maximize reading comprehension for users. The natural language techniques that this work uses are: syntactic simplification, automatic summarization, lexical elaboration and named entities recognition. The techniques are used with the goal of automatically adapting textual content available on the Web for users with low literacy levels. This work describes the accessibility characteristics incorporated into both resultant applications (Facilita and Educational Facilita) that focus on low literacy users limitations towards computer usage and experience. This work contributed with the identification of accessibility requirements for low-literacy users, elaboration of an accessibility model for automatizing WCAG conformance and development of accessible solutions in the user agents layer of web applications

Informationen des Universitätsrechenzentrums

The diploma thesis focuses on the analysis and assessment of the existing user interface of the departmental libraries of Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague. The theoretical part generally characterizes the discipline of Human Computer Interaction. Furthermore, it characterizes concepts such as user interface, web usability and web accessibility and information architecture. Besides, it introduces the organisation, functions and services of the Central Library of the Faculty of Arts, including departmental libraries. The practical part explores and assesses current condition of the websites of the departmental libraries. The aim of this research is to determine users' satisfaction based on their experience with these library websites. Moreover, the research monitors the users' idea of an ideal website. A further concern is the usability, accessibility, content, design and information architecture of the websites researched. In accordance with the results of the research, a schema of a new human interface for the departmental libraries is designed.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar de qué manera la identidad visual es abordada en las interfaces gráficas de portales gubernamentales para no generar barreras de accesibilidad. Asimismo, busca comprender la situación actual de este tema en el Perú, analizar el grado de influencia que tienen los principales elementos visuales en la percepción de personas con discapacidad, y analizar los elementos gráficos de la identidad visual usados en portales gubernamentales. La metodología es de enfoque mixto, de tipo exploratorio y diseño no experimental, ya que se emplearon técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas para analizar las características de la identidad visual y su influencia en la accesibilidad de 7 plataformas gubernamentales de América y Europa. Asimismo, se realizó una investigación de campo con la intención de obtener percepciones y datos del fenómeno mediante entrevistas a usuarios con discapacidad y a especialistas en el tema. Entre los principales resultados se encontró que los elementos multimedia y el diseño de los enlaces e íconos influyen considerablemente en la percepción y acceso a la información de personas con discapacidad. También, que los principales elementos gráficos de la identidad visual usados en la interfaz gráfica son los colores institucionales y, en menor medida, la tipografía e ilustraciones. Se concluye que la identidad visual es sintetizada y volcada en un sistema de diseño que procura utilizar elementos gráficos con características del flat design para generar una interfaz legible, enfocada en la información y una experiencia de usuario simple, con acceso rápido y eficaz a los contenidos. / This research aims to analyze how the visual identity is presented in the graphic interfaces of government portals so as not to generate accessibility barriers. It also seeks to understand the current situation of this topic in Peru, analyze the degree of influence that the main visual elements have on the perception of people with disabilities, and analyze the graphic elements of visual identity used in government portals. The methodology is a mixed approach, exploratory type and non-experimental design, since qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to analyze the characteristics of visual identity and its influence on the accessibility of 7 government platforms in America and Europe. Likewise, a field investigation was carried out with the intention of obtaining perceptions and data of the phenomenon through interviews with users with disabilities and specialists in the subject. Among the main results it was found that the multimedia elements and the design of the links and icons considerably influence the perception and access to information of people with disabilities. Also, that the main graphic elements of the visual identity used in the graphic interface are institutional colors and, to a lesser extent, typography and illustrations. It is concluded that the visual identity is synthesized and overturned in a design system that tries to use graphic elements with flat design characteristics to generate a readable interface, focused on information and a simple user experience, with quick and effective access to content. / Trabajo de investigación

Infografik har blivit en populär metod för att visualisera information i det digitala samhället. Tidigare forskning har fokuserat på hur användare med normal synförmåga på webben uppfattar infografik, men det finns ett behov av att undersöka infografik utifrån ett tillgänglighetsperspektiv för att inkludera användare med synvariationer. I denna studie presenteras designkonceptet “IFA”, som står för “Infografik För Alla”, som är framtaget i syfte att ta reda på hur ett designkoncept för infografik mot en synvarierad målgrupp kan konceptualiseras för att stödja dessa. Konceptet tas fram i enlighet med konceptdriven designforskning. I konceptet presenteras ett eget bidrag i form av färg, nämligen violett, något som författarna inte stött på tidigare inom ämnets forskningsfält. Tidigare rekommenderade färger som turkos och magenta testades och visade sig vara otillgängliga för målgruppen. I övrigt bekräftade konceptet även befintliga teorier, som vikten av hög kontrast mellan text och bakgrund och en lagom stor typgrad. Förslag på framtida forskning kan vara att testa konceptet “IFA” i en verklig kontext, samt att ta fram en version av konceptet som bygger på motsatsen till vad som rekommenderas i denna studie, detta för att kunna jämföra effekterna i en verklighetskontext. / Infographics has become a popular method for displaying information in the digital society. Previous research have mainly focused on how people with normal visual ability perceive infographics on the web, but there is a certain need to examine infographics from a perspective that focuses on accessibility to include people with visual impairment. This paper presents the design concept “IFA”, which stands for “Infographics For All”. The concept was developed with the aim of finding out how a design concept for infographics for the visually impaired can be designed, and was developed by concept-driven design research. The design concept presents a color contribution, the color violet, which the authors have not encountered in the research field of the subject before. Previously recommended colors such as turquoise and magenta were tested and proved inaccessible to the target group. The research of the design concept also confirmed existing theories, such as the importance of high contrast between text and background and fairly large font sizes. Suggestions for future research may contain to test the concept, “IFA”, in a real-life user context, as well as to develop a version of the concept that is based on the opposite of what is recommended in this thesis, to compare the effects of the concepts in a real-life user context.

Technology has provided more people access products and services, yet some individuals who would benefit the most from digital access to resources are frequently excluded from participation. One group that is largely neglected is the disability community. Despite federal regulations intended to ensure that people with physical/mental disabilities are included in public digital platforms, organizations continuously design websites, applications, and interfaces without people with disabilities in mind. This is particularly the case with small businesses, which are most commonly reported as having inaccessible digital platforms. Digital inclusion attempts to ensure equity in digital properties by providing a model to operationalize inclusion across technologies. This qualitative case study examines how a small business owner in an urban U.S. city prioritizes digital inclusion in his daily operations. Using a responsive interview model, the business owner’s experiences, attitudes, and priorities were recorded. Six themes appeared from this study: perceptions of disability influence digital inclusion, powerful branding suggests digital access, unawareness of accessibility guidelines, UX testing overlooks input from people with disabilities, inclusion is tough to enforce on digital platforms, and workarounds hinder digital improvements.

The job market, technologies, and work methods have changed significantly. More businesses now lean towards low-code and no-code solutions to simplify web design and development. Companies are training their business professionals to become software developers due to a lack of resources. As a result, many websites are created by non-professionals, so-called citizen developers, using low-code and no-code tools. That raises concerns about whether such websites meet web accessibility standards. This study investigates the phenomena and spans results across three areas: the extent of compliance with accessibility guidelines (1), prevalent accessibility challenges (2), and optimal practices for accessibility enhancement (3). The research involves tasking five individuals with creating websites using different low-code and no-code tools: Wix, Webflow, WordPress.com, Weebly, and Google Sites. Then, the websites are objectively evaluated for accessibility adherence using Google Lighthouse Analytics and WCAG 2.2 criteria assessment. The results are then combined to compare the overall accessibility adherence. The research concludes that websites developed by citizen developers do not meet accessibility standards. Many websites struggle with the fundamental aspects of accessibility that are necessary for pleasant and comfortable use. To improve the situation, web developers—professionals and amateurs—should prioritise accessibility in web development and design. On the other hand, low-code and no-code platforms should try to implement accessibility features in their tools.

This qualitative, exploratory dissertation aimed to describe how accessibility, usability, and cognitive load experts explained and experienced the usability and accessibility aspects of the LT department's website pages, information, and digital links. A usability, accessibility, and cognitive load manual examination was conducted with four experts. The usability, accessibility, and cognitive load examination comprised WCAG 2.1 four standards and Nielsen's 10 usability heuristics. Transcripts and observational field notes were coded through an iterative process in the analysis tool Dedoose. Two groups and four main categories were discovered using emic and etic coding. The two groups were macro challenges and page with most codes. The four main categories included macro, usability, accessibility, and cognitive load. The findings for accessibility, usability, and cognitive load are discussed. Website recommendations for creating an accessible and usable site and suggestions for future research are provided.

網路是現代人「與外界接觸」不可或缺的重要工具，但在這個明眼人居多且多數人皆透過視覺學習與理解事物的世界，許多網站或系統之設計完全未考慮視障者能否使用，當網路對人們的重要性高到不可忽視的地步，甚至網路近用開始牽涉基本權行使和生存資源與機會的分配時，若明眼人皆得以合法近用網路，則基於平等與禁止歧視原則，視障者理應得到相同對待，網站或系統經營者應使其設計滿足「網路無障礙」之要求。而滿足「網路無障礙」之要求需要成本，僅係「鼓勵」難使所有公司、業者皆將「身障數位權利」放在心上並身體力行「網路無障礙」，因此，合理而適當之法律強制規定乃為必需。然而，我國目前雖設有無障礙網站之認證制度，相關法制規範卻未完善，進而導致認證制度之推廣狀況不佳。 目前國內外有關「網路無障礙」之法制相關研究並不多，且也少有回應現代網路實際發展狀況，或從視障者需求出發而為討論，因此本研究希望透過「視障者接觸外界之行為分析」與「網路發展歷程」，構築一個完整的「網路無障礙法制」之討論框架，本研究將視障者網路近用不能之權益侵害歸納為「侵害視障者平等接觸資訊之權利」、「侵害視障者平等接觸著作之權利」與「侵害視障者平等進出或使用（虛擬）空間與設施之權利」。第三章討論視障者「接觸資訊」之權利，雖然現今網路的功能五花八門，但「接觸資訊」仍為其中重要之一環，且許多網路無障礙相關的重要法規皆係以保障「接觸資訊」之權利為基礎，例如：美國二十一世紀通訊與視訊接取無障礙法，此外，著作也是資訊的一種，不同的是著作受到著作權法保護，因此本章也介紹國內外保障視障者接觸著作（尤其數位著作）之法理與法規；第四章則討論視障者「使用網路空間與設施」之權利，這樣的切入點和前兩者不同處在於，其並非以「功能性」之方式針對特定項目而為保障，而是以更加宏觀的角度看待網路，將網路視為能自由進出的「空間」或能使人們達成特定目的的「設施」，目前以這樣觀點而為網路無障礙保障之法規，僅美國身心障礙人士法。 本研究認為，任由視障者因其障礙而成為網路科技發展下的邊緣人，違背近代以「社會模式的障礙」而非「身體能力主義」看待身障者之原則，為促進弱勢族群―特別是視障者近用網路之權益，必須開始重視「網路無障礙」之議題，因此方提出「視障者網路無障礙法制之研究」，也期待本論文之研究，能為此一議題帶來不同思考角度。 / The Internet is an indispensable tool to engage with the outside world. However, there are many websites or systems inaccessible to the visually impaired people due to the design negligence. It may because many engineers only consider the convenience of normal people when designing websites or systems. But when the importance of the Internet is getting higher, even associating with the basic human rights and resource allocation, the Internet users with visual impairments should be treated like the normal people due to the principle of equality and prohibition of discrimination. It means that the websites or systems operators should meet the “Web Accessibility” requirements. Of course, the cost is required, and it can be expected that only “encouragement” is not enough to let people always put “Digital Disability Rights” in mind. Therefore, an appropriate legal mandatory is necessary. In our country, there is a Web Accessibility certification standard while lacking of legal coercion and which leads to poor promotion of the certification standard. There are only a few research focusing on the legal regime of Web Accessibility while usually did not respond to the actual development of modern Internet technology. So we want to build a complete discussion framework for legal regime of Web Accessibility via the analysis of the behaviors of the visually impaired people and the development of the Internet. We classify the right infringements of the web inaccessible to the visually impaired people into the infringements of the rights to equal access to information, copyright works, and cyberspaces/facilities on the Internet. In the chapter 3, we discuss the visually impaired people’ right to access the information. Although the use of Internet is very wide, access the information still play an important role when we talk about Internet nowadays. And we also introduce some laws that protect the right of visually impaired people access the copyright works. In the chapter 4, we discuss the visually impaired people’ right to get into the cyberspaces and to use the facilities on the web. In this chapter, we take a more macro view of the Internet rather than focusing on one or two often used functions. Now the points of Ablebodyism are replaced by the principle of Social Model of Disability and we should not let the visually impaired people become outcast of the technology world. So we propose this research. And hope this research will contribute to enhancing the rights of visually impaired people.