I det moderna samhället är det många faktorer som leder till upplevelsen av stress. Dessa faktorer kan bland annat bero på samhällets snabba förändringar, de höga kraven, och att vi ska finnas till hands större delen av dygnet. Kombinerar man dessa faktorer med individens olika sociala roller är risken hög att individen upplever kraven som stressande. Förutom arbetets krav existerar även krav efter arbetet när man måste ägna sig åt familjen. Min studie fokuserar på att ta reda på vilka faktorer som kan ge upphov till stress hos arbetande föräldrar. För att komma närmare det studerade ämnet valde jag att göra en fallstudie på min egen arbetsplats och låta fyra medarbetare som har barn att komma till tals om sin vardag i intervjuer. Uppsatsen fokusserar på att ta reda på hur sociala roller påverkar föräldrars vardag.  I uppsatsen har teorier från Robert Karaseks och Töres Theorells krav-kontroll-stöd modell tillämpats. Denna modell beskriver kombinationen mellan individens höga krav och låga egenkontroll. Studien är sedan styrkt med teoretiska utgångspunkter från Anthony Giddens modernitetsperspektiv och Mikael Nordenmarks teorier om rollkonflikter. Resultatet blev att intervjupersonerna upplever en viss grad av stress i relationen mellan arbetsliv och privatliv. Bristen på egenkontroll, beslutsutrymme och socialt stöd bidrar till uppkomsten av stress. Resultaten av intervjuerna visade att det främst var bristen på struktur och kontroll över vardagen som skapade stress hos individen. Samtliga respondenter ansåg också att stress är ett naturligt inslag i dagens moderna samhälle. / There are many contributing factors to the experience of stress in modern society. These factors may among others be caused by the fast changes of society, the high demands, a person’s low rate of self-control and the that we are supposed to be available almost all the time. These factors combined with the different social roles of the individual increases the risk for the individual to experience stress. Except from the demands at work there are also demands after the working day when you have to spend time at home with the family. Focus in this thesis is to find out what may cause stress among full-time working parents. To get closer to the problem, I decided to carry out a case study and interviews with four persons at the work in which I am employed. The research wants to find out what causes stress by focusing on the conflict between the social roles that parents play in their every day life. The thesis is assumed from the demand-control-social support model of Robert Karasek and Töres Theorell. This model describes the combination between the high rate of self-demands and low rate of self-control. Further the thesis is supported by theoretical views of Anthony Giddens perspective of modernity and the theories about multiple social roles of Mikael Nordenmark. The results of the interviews showed that it was mainly the lack of self-control and lack of structure in every day life that caused stress. All the interviews also claimed that stress is a part of modern society.

I dagens samhälle ställs det höga krav på den enskilde individen att följa arbetsmarknadens villkor och svängningar. Varje individ förväntas skapa sin framtid genom att konstruera personliga mål. Skolan är den plats som ansvarar för elevens utveckling och enligt läroplanerna ska skolan förmedla arbetslivets villkor. Syftet med undersökningen är att undersöka gymnasieelevers förvärvande av omvärldskunskaper, med särskild hänsyn tagen till yrken, utbildning, utbildningsvägar och arbetsliv. Studien syftar vidare till i vilken utsträckning elever anser att omvärldskunskaper är viktigt vid studie- och yrkesval. Undersökningen utgår från karriärvägledningsteorin Vägledningens spänningsfält (Lindh, 1997). En attitydmässig surveymetod används och enkätfrågorna besvarades av 45 gymnasieelever från årskurs 2 på teknikprogrammet. Slutsatsen är att eleverna anser att det är viktigt med omvärldskunskaper. De anser att skolan endast förmedlar en mindre del av omvärldskunskaperna. Vidare anges att familj och media är viktiga källor för förmedlandet av kunskaper inom, yrken och arbetsliv. / Today's society places high demands on each and every individual to follow the labour markets terms, conditions and fluctuations. Each individual is expected to create his or her own future by forming personal goals. School is responsible for students development and according to the curriculum, should also inform students about the labour market. The aim of this research is to study students acquisition of career, education, educations different routes and the labour market. The research also aims to examine the degree to which students consider their career, education, educations different routes and the labour market important to their education and career choice. This research has career guidance theory (Lindh, 1997) as an underlying theme. An attitude survey method and questionnaire has been completed by 45 high school from year 2 from the technical program. The conclusion is that students consider their career, education, educations different routes and the labour market to be of importance. They consider school to only convey a lesser part of this knowledge. Furthermore, it is mentioned that family and media are important sources for conveyance of both career and labour market knowledge

Abstract Title: To work or not to work, an essay about information and inspiration on www.ams.se. Number of pages: 39 Author: Ann Höglund Tutor: Peder Hård af Segerstad Course: Media and communication Studies D Period: Fall 2005 University: Uppsala University, Department of information science, Division of Media and Communication Purpose/Aim: To investigate the frequency of ethos, logos and pathos in the work-guides on www.ams.se, and study how they match the needs of the respondents in the essay-interviews. Method/Material: To investigate the needs and wishes for information I have made three group-interviews with university students. In order to analyse the texts and films on www.ams.se I have used tools from the modern rhetoric analysis. In the last part of my analysis I compared the results of the rhetoric analysis and the requests from the interviews to see if and how they match. Main Results: The respondents requested inspiration for their future work lives, and information that could de-dramatize the image of working. The texts on www.ams.se consist mostly of facts, while the films made a slightly more emotional contribution to the image of the occupation. The films showing relaxed and satisfied people can be seen as a way to de-dramatize the image of working-life. The people in the films offer the viewer a personal perspective on the job, and the texts present facts and information that might be used for further research. Key words: AMS, working life, information, inspiration, youths, ethos, logos, pathos.

The purpose of this dissertation is to study the vocational and career education in upper secondary school and to answer the question if and how this education contributes to the socialization of the younger generation to the various sectors and positions of working life. The ambition was also to acquire more general knowledge of the mechanisms generating different classroom discourses. The main problem thus deals with how and why an objective reality, in this case the working world, is transformed into various teaching situations and how and why it grows into different classroom discourses. In accordance with the theoretical frame of reference, career education is regarded as a transmission of ideologies and as part of the social reproduction process. By analogy with this approach the training effects have been studied in terms of transmitted opinions and notions in various aspects of education and working life. For a period of one year we observed the instruction in social studies and vocational teaching in four different course programmes of upper secondary school. The empirical studies also include interviews with teachers and students in nursing and metalwork course programmes, in economics, in social sciences and in natural sciences as well as employees in the metalwork and health-care sector. The main aim was to study the notions of education and working life of various interested parties in relation to the notions transmitted in the course programmes. The results show that there are great differences in vocational teaching in the different course programmes, in spite of the fact that the content of this teaching is supposed to be almost identical according to the curriculum. In an attempt to explain the formation of education we have formulated a "content-related steering group theory". In simplified terms this means that the content of education is characterized by certain predominant structures of thought characteristic of both the social field (sector) and the social stratum (level) towards which the education is primarily directed. The predominant structures of thought are brought into the classrooms through the students' individual and historical relations with the world of work. These structures then function as a generating and controlling mechanism for the classroom discourse. The teacher will, more or less unconsciously, adjust the content of his or her teaching to the predominant structures of thought of the selection of students forming his or her class. Our analysis ends in the assumption that the differences in structures of thought between students in various course programmes are reinforced during the time spent in upper secondary school - not so much as a result of the education itself, but more as a result of the different social environments of different student categories to which the education is adapted. / digitalisering@umu

This composition is an qualitative study about unemployment and working life. The point of the study has been to make a larger understanding how unemployment can perceive by the individual and how this person can see and plan for future working life. This has been study with help from 8 intervirws. The paticipants has been umeployed between  6 months and 5 years, and they have workt arleast 5 year before the unemployment. The study has show that it is many different components who contribute to how the individual perceive the time in unemployment and how the planning for the future looks like. The persons who has been intervirws perceive their psycal health as god,, even but unemployment.  The study has even show that all the persons in the study want to come out from the unemployment. All the persons in the study want to go back to the working life.

Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva hur chefer upplever sina arbetsplatsers behov av företagshälsovård, samt att utifrån detta försöka svara på om arbetsterapeuter kan möta dessa behov. Metod: En kvalitativ induktiv ansats antogs med öppna intervjuer. Fem chefer rekryterades genom ett avsiktligt typiskt urval via kontakter från en företagshälsovård i Jönköping. Intervjuerna bandades, transkriberades och analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Övergripande tema: ”Arbets- och privatlivets krav – Att få ihop livspusslet”. Fem huvudkategorier: ”Arbetslivets förutsättningar i förändring”, "Riskgrupper bland anställda”, ”Balansgången mellan arbetsgivarens och personalens ansvar över hälsan”, ”Hälsoinsatser som görs idag” och ”Förhoppningar kring det framtida samarbetet med företagshälsovården” och 14 underkategorier identifierades. Slutsatser: Ur ett chefsperspektiv är företagshälsovården en viktig, behövd aktör och expertresurs för arbetsplatsers och medarbetares hälsa. Arbetslivets förutsättningar är i förändring vilket ställer nya krav på såväl arbetsgivare, anställda som företagshälsovården för att möta behoven. Arbetsterapeuter har resurser att kunna möta de behov som beskrivits. Förhoppningen är att examensarbetet kan verka som vägvisare i praxis så att arbetsrelaterad ohälsa kan förebyggas och reduceras. / Objective: The aim was to describe how managers perceive their workplaces need of occupational health services, and try to answer whether occupational therapists can meet these needs. Methods: A qualitative inductive approach was adopted with open interview form. Five managers were recruited through a typical purposive sampling through contacts from an occupational health service in Jönköping. Interviews were analyzed by a qualitative content analysis. Results: Overall theme: "Work and private life demands - to bring together the puzzle of life". Five main categories: "Working life conditions in change", “Risk groups among employees", “The balance between employers and employees responsibilities for health", "Health measures done today" and "Hopes for the future cooperation with the occupational health services" and 14 subcategories were identified. Conclusions: From a manager's perspective, occupational health services are an important, needed actor and an expert resource for workplaces and employees' health. Working life conditions are changing, which puts new demands on employers, employees as well as occupational health services to meet the needs. Occupational therapists have resources to meet the identified needs. Hopefully this study can serve as guidance in practice so that work-related ill health can be prevented and reduced.

This study has investigated the problems experienced by female educators in relation with their job satisfaction by focussing on: The nature of job satisfaction; The problems and factors which cause job satisfaction/job dissatisfaction among female educators; To achieve these goals a literature study and an empirical study has been conducted. The literature study was undertaken by consulting primary and secondary sources. After the nature of job satisfaction and the problems causing satisfaction or dissatisfaction were established and discussed, a questionnaire was drafted. From a review of the literature, it appeared that the problems experienced by the female educators were intrinsic problems, within the classroom, outside the classroom, and within the community. A study population was used in which female educators who worked in secondary schools in the Potchefstroom District were involved. The empirical investigation indicated that the major problems experienced by the female educators were mostly outside the classroom. A minor problem for female educators appears to be that the learners are not under the obligation to tell if they are HIV/Aids infected. Also safety does not seem to be of influence on the job satisfaction of female educators in secondary schools / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

This research is about the factors that influence job satisfaction amongst female teachers in primary schools. Three goals have been set: 1. To determine the nature of job satisfaction from the literature. 2. To determine the factors that influence female teachers' job satisfaction from the literature. 3. To determine through empirical research to what extent female teachers experience job satisfaction and which factors influence her job satisfaction. After the nature of job satisfaction was determined from the literature as well as the factors that influence job satisfaction, a questionnaire has been developed. From the literature overview it appears that the factors that influence job satisfaction can be divided in four categories: factors within the person, factors within the classroom, factors within the work situation and factors within the community. The population consists of female teachers, working at primary schools in the Potchefstroom District. All women, working at post level 1, at schools with 500 or more learners have been asked to contribute to this research. The empirical part of the research showed that the factors within the work situation influence job satisfaction most, the factors outside of the classroom. The low payment is one of the factors that contribute to teachers' job dissatisfaction. The relationship to learners, parents and principals also influences the job satisfaction of the female teachers. Less important for female teachers at primary schools is the fact that the family would be a barrier for their promotion. Intimidation by learners in the school is not an influential factor either. Female teachers working at schools attended by predominantly black learners experience less job satisfaction than their colleagues working at schools attended by predominantly white learners / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Bakgrund: Valet av daglig verksamhet som undersökningsområde gjordes då vi ville undersöka hur personer med funktionsnedsättning upplever sin arbetssituation. Empowerment som perspektiv kändes passande i studien då många av de teoretiska begrepp vi ville använda oss av förekommer inom empowerment. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån ett empowermentperspektiv beskriva och analysera hur deltagare upplever och skapar mening inom daglig verksamhet. Metod: Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär med semistrukturerade intervjuer där empirin grundar sig på fem transkriberade intervjuer. De personer som intervjuats har valts ut utifrån två kriterier, att de kunde uttrycka sig muntligt samt beviljats och arbetar inom daglig verksamhet enligt LSS (1993:387). För att få svar på våra intervjufrågor utarbetades en intervjuguide. Empirin analyserades utifrån studiens tre teoretiska begrepp tillhörighet, meningsfullhet och makt. Intervjuanalys med fokus på meningen har används som omfattar meningskodning. Resultat: Resultatet visar att samtliga deltagare trivs med sin arbetssituation, genom att dem uttrycker att det är viktigt för dem att ha något att göra om dagarna samt att samspela med andra. Fortsättningsvis visar resultatet på att deltagarna upplever acceptans på sitt arbete, men de upplever inte att deras arbete är accepterat i samhället. Det framkommer i resultatet att maktrelationen mellan personalen och deltagarna är relativt likställd men att deltagarna är medvetna om att personalen har största ansvaret och har på så sätt makten. / Background: The choice of daily activities as a study area was made because we wanted to investigate how people with disabilities experience their work situation. An empowerment perspective seemed appropriate in this study because many of the theoretical concepts we wanted to use occurs within empowerment. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze how participants experience and create meaning in daily activities based on an empowerment perspective. Method: The study is of a qualitative nature with semi-structured interviews where the empiricism is based on five transcribed interviews. The persons interviewed have been selected on the basic of two criteria, that they could express themselves verbally and that they was granted and worked within daily activity according to LSS (1993:387). To get our interview questions answered an interview guide was composed. The empiricism was analyzed on the basis of the studies three theories belonging, meaningfulness and power. Interview analysis with focus on sentences has been used that includes sentence coding. Result: The result shows that all participants are content with their work situation, they express that it is important for them to have something to occupy their day and to interact with others, but they don't experience that their work is accepted in society. It is made clear from the result of the study that the power relation between the staff and participants are relatively equal but that the participants are conscious of the fact that the staff has the greater responsibility and in that way also the greater power.

A critical task of social policy in most Western welfare states during recent decades has consisted of reducing the economic burden on society due to sick leave, by stimulating participation in the labour market. Many jurisdictions have introduced activation policies, based on the premise that work “per se” has a therapeutic effect on sick-listed workers. People are expected to be “active”, rather than “passive”, recipients of financial benefits. However, there is limited knowledge of how activation policies focusing on return to work (RTW) are carried out in local practice. Against this background, the overall aim of this thesis is to study the local practice of activation policies by analysing how they are received, implemented and experienced by welfare state organizations, employers and sick-listed workers. The analysis has been influenced by theories concerning organization fields, individualization, street-level bureaucracy and organizational governance. In this thesis, the overall aim is investigated in four interrelated papers. In Paper I, the aim is to analyse the perspectives of stakeholders (i.e. welfare state actors and employers) on work ability by studying multistakeholder meetings. Paper II sheds light on activation policy, focusing on early RTW in the context of modern working conditions; the aim is to analyse RTW practice in local workplace contexts, in relation to Swedish early-RTW policy. The third paper focuses on employers, with the aim of analysing their role and activities regarding RTW, in local workplace practice. In Paper IV, the aim is to analyse sick-listed workers’ experiences of the sickness insurance system in their contact with the Swedish Social Insurance Agency (SSIA) and their front-line staff. The empirical material comprises two empirical studies: 1) audio-recorded multi-stakeholder meetings from regular practice (n=9) and 2) semi-structured interviews with sick-listed workers and their supervisors in 18 workplaces (n=36). The analyses of the material have been performed in accordance with the principles of qualitative content analysis. Main findings of the papers reflect strong organizational boundaries in the implementation process of activation policies. Welfare state actors and employers appear to be governed by their own organizational logics and interests, so the actors involved fail to take a holistic view of sick-listed workers and do not share a common social responsibility for individuals’ RTW. This thesis illustrates how current activation policies focusing on RTW are based on a rather idealized image of the standard workplace. There is an explicit or implicit assumption that employers and work organizations are able to welcome sick-listed workers back to work in a healthy way. However, the intensity of modern working life leaves limited room for accommodating people with reduced work ability, who are not considered to have a business value to the workplace. In several cases, findings indicate that the SSIA’s focus on activation and early RTW clashes with the financially oriented perspective of employers. Economic considerations regarding their business take precedence over legal and ethical considerations, and employers have difficulty taking social responsibility for RTW. Sick-listed workers are encouraged to adjust to new workplace settings and environments to meet the demands of the workplace, and, if RTW is not possible, to the demands of the labour market. The findings also show that sick-listed workers experience that contacts with the SSIA are ‘standardized’; i.e., they perceive that the officials are loyal  to demands in their organizations rather than being involved actors who support workers’ individual needs. Sick-listed workers clearly experience that measures in Swedish activation policies have a strong focus on demanding aspects (financial work incentives) and less on enabling aspects (investments in skills). Overall, this thesis illustrates an emerging social climate where sick-listed workers are positioned as active agents who must take responsibility for their sick leave and their RTW process. In a Swedish context, RTW is a matter of activating the sick-listed rather than activating the workplace.