Syftet med studien är att utifrån självbiografier undersöka unga svenska kvinnors väg in i att börja sälja sex. Då mörkertalet är stort kring hur många unga kvinnor som säljer sex behövs en kunskapshöjning hos myndigheter i syfte att kunna identifiera vilka de främsta faktorerna för en väg in i prostitution är. Det finns starka samband mellan att sälja sex och psykisk ohälsa, samt en ökad risk att utsättas för allvarligt sexuellt våld och övergrepp. Genom att belysa de riskfaktorer som finns för unga kvinnor att hamna i prostitution kan stödinsatser ges i tidigt skede. Frågeställningen “Hur beskriver unga kvinnor de faktorer som påverkat vägen in i att börja sälja sex?” har besvarats genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och analyserats med hjälp av en tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av tidigare forskning och teorier för att ge ett djupare perspektiv på kvinnornas berättelser. De sju unga kvinnornas berättelser visar att de har liknande erfarenheter som även går att finna i den tidigare forskningen. Resultatet visar att de fyra främsta anledningarna till att börja sälja sex som svenskfödd kvinna är erfarenheter kring att ha blivit utsatt för sexuella övergrepp, ångest och självskada, svårigheter i barndomen och ekonomiska aspekter. Majoriteten av de unga kvinnorna som sålt sex berättar om hur de varit utsatta för sexuella övergrepp i tidig ålder, och flera kvinnor berättar om hur prostitution används som ett sätt att dämpa ångest samtidigt som ångesten förvärras efteråt, vilket blir som en ond cirkel. Många av kvinnorna beskriver erfarenheter av föräldrar med missbruk och psykisk ohälsa, vilket påverkat deras barndom och vuxna liv negativt. Den ekonomiska aspekten beskrivs av vissa kvinnor som en lockelse och ett snabbt sätt att tjäna pengar på vid bristande ekonomiska resurser för att öka livskvaliteten. / The aim of the study is to illustrate young Swedish women's path into selling sex through autobiographies. As there is a large unknown number of young women who sell sex, there is a need for an increase in knowledge among authorities to identify the main factors leading to prostitution. There are strong correlations between selling sex and mental illness, as well as an increased risk of experiencing serious sexual violence and abuse. By highlighting the risk factors for young women to end up in prostitution, interventions can be given in the early stages. The research question "How do young women describe the factors that influenced the path into start selling sex?" has been answered through a qualitative research method and analyzed using thematic content analysis. The results have been analyzed using previous research and theories to provide a deeper perspective on the women's stories. The stories of the seven young women show that they have similar experiences that can also be found in previous research.The results show that the four main reasons for women born in Sweden to start selling sex are experiences of sexual abuse, anxiety and self-harm, childhood difficulties, and economic aspects. The majority of young women who end up in prostitution describe how they have been subjected to sexual abuse at a young age, and several women describe how prostitution is used as a way to alleviate anxiety while it becomes worse afterwards, which becomes a vicious circle. Many of the women describe experiences of parents with addiction and mental illness, which have negatively affected their childhood and adult lives. The economic aspect is described by some women as a lure and a quick way to earn money when economic resources are lacking to improve their quality of life.

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It has become increasingly common to reconstruct the body with plastic surgery, but despite the increased scope of practice and a more liberal attitude to it, many who have undergone plastic surgery are branded as immoral and false. The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of young women's driving forces to perform plastic surgery and whether plastic surgery is perceived to be normalized or stigmatized. Previous research shows that the progress of plastic surgery is based on technical and medical development but also on male expectations of the female ideal body. Plastic surgery contributes to the creation of an unattainable beauty ideal, and body dissatisfaction is one of the most common motives for wanting to perform plastic surgery. The empirical material for this study is based on qualitative interviews with young women who have undergone various types of beauty procedures. The study's theoretical framework consists of Anthony Giddens theory of modernity and the body as a reflexive project, the objectification theory of Barbara Fredrickson and Tomi-Ann Roberts, Pierre Bourdieu's theory of the construction of woman as a perceived being and Erving Goffman's concept of stigma. The results of the study show that the interviewees have undergone plastic surgery to meet the expectations of an attractive female appearance, at the same time the appearance should look natural as there is a stigma around plastic surgery. / Det har blivit allt vanligare att rekonstruera kroppen med hjälp av plastikkirurgiska ingrepp, men trots praktikens ökade omfattning och en mer liberal inställning till den blir många som har genomfört skönhetsingrepp stämplade som omoraliska och falska. Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för unga kvinnors drivkrafter till att genomföra skönhetsingrepp samt huruvida skönhetsingrepp upplevs vara normaliserat eller stigmatiserat. Tidigare forskning visar att plastikkirurgins framfart grundar sig i den tekniska och medicinska utvecklingen men också i manliga förväntningar på den kvinnliga idealkroppen. Skönhetsingrepp bidrar till skapandet av ett ouppnåeligt skönhetsideal och kroppsmissnöje är ett av det vanligaste motivet till att vilja genomföra plastikkirurgiska ingrepp. Det empiriska materialet för denna studie baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer med unga kvinnor som har genomfört olika slags skönhetsingrepp. Studiens teoretiska ramverk består av Anthony Giddens teori om moderniteten och kroppen som reflexivt projekt, objektifieringsteorin av Barbara Fredrickson och Tomi-Ann Roberts, Pierre Bourdieus teori om konstruktionen av kvinnan som ett varseblivet vara och Erving Goffmans definition av begreppet stigma. Resultaten från studien visar att intervjupersonerna har genomfört skönhetsingrepp för att uppfylla förväntningarna på ett attraktivt kvinnligt utseende, samtidigt ska utseendet se naturligt ut då det finns ett stigma kring skönhetsingrepp.

This thesis investigates the gender disparity among female teachers and principals within the Japanese education system. The purpose of the study is to identify factors contributing to this imbalance and to explore the career aspirations of future female educators alongside the experiences of retired female principals. Using a mixed-methods approach, quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews were employed to gather data. The surveys aimed to understand the career aspirations of future female educators, while interviews provided insights into the experiences of retired female principals. The results reveal a complex interplay of societal expectations, institutional structures, and individual aspirations shaping women's professional trajectories in education. Despite the high representation of female teachers, the proportion of female principals remains significantly low. Implications of the study highlight the need for addressing systemic barriers and fostering an environment conducive to the professional development and advancement of women in educational leadership roles. By promoting gender equity and inclusivity, policymakers, educators, and researchers can work towards a more diverse and representative education sector in Japan.

Correct and consistent use of female condom is an effective strategy for the reduction of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS. The researcher used a non-experimental descriptive quantitative research design to explore the acceptability of female condom among young women aged between 15 and 34 years of age in Jwaneng Township, Botswana. Simple random sampling was used to recruit the respondents. Data were collected using self-administered structured questionnaires from women accessing health care services in the three health facilities in Jwaneng Township. Data were analysed using the SPSS statistical program version 23 for windows. The findings show low utilisation of the female condom. The study highlights the significant challenges regarding availability, shape, material and lack of information about female condom in Jwaneng. Based on the study results, various strategies need to be developed, there might be a need to package health promotion differently for different age groups to effectively promote the female condom. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

A qualitative, descriptive, explorative, and contextual research design was selected for this study. The purpose was to explore the phenomenon of mass hysteria among the Basotho in Lesotho and to develop guidelines which may facilitate early intervention and better management and control of mass hysteria outbreaks. The study area covered four of the ten districts in Lesotho. Four high schools where recent outbreaks of mass hysteria have been reported were included in the study. Semi-structured individual interviews and focus group interviews were conducted to collect the data. Purposive sampling was used to select young women in high schools who experienced mass hysteria; teachers who were present during mass hysteria episodes; a parent; and traditional healers and religious leaders who were involved in treating the affected.Thirteen individual interviews were held respectively with one victim of mass hysteria from a rural area, four school principals,a parent,five traditional healers, a priest and apastor. Three focus group interviews were conducted with thirty affected young women from three different high schools and two focus group interviews were held with twenty teachers from two different high schools.The data were transcribed verbatim and content analysis was done using open and axial coding. Four themes emerged from the findings, namely: manifestations of mass hysteria among the Basotho; interventions used by the Basotho to alleviate mass hysteria; Basotho’s views about the phenomenon of mass hysteria; and effects of mass hysteria onthe Basotho. The findings show that young women in Lesotho experience both physical and psychological symptoms during mass hysteria episodes and that it has a contagious effect. The interventions used by the Basotho to alleviate mass hysteria include traditional healing, herbal remedies, exorcism and prayer.The Basotho have different views about mass hysteria attributing it to either supernatural forces or natural illness. Episodes of mass hysteria have a negative impact on the victims,their families, and those who witnessed the episodes, causing confusion, fear and anxiety. Guidelines were compiled to assist teachersand health workers to improve the management and control of mass hysteria episodes in Lesotho. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Thesis (PhD (Educational Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the intersection of disability and gender: being intellectually disabled and being a young woman. It specifically, explores the lives of intellectually disabled young women and sexuality. This study attempts to explore the contributions that intellectually disabled young women can make to the understanding of the sexuality needs and concerns of young women with intellectual disability. It is an attempt to make public their needs and concerns regarding sexuality issues as they have been recognised to be the ultimate lost voices in disability research, and have historically been excluded in the production of sexuality knowledge. A mixed method approach is used, where the data for the research was produced during interviews with 21 participants between the ages of 18 and 23. A focus group discussion was also held. All the women were either current learners or past learners at a school for “mentally handicapped learners”. Ten mothers were interviewed with regard to their views on sexuality and their intellectually disabled daughters. A questionnaire was given to 12 teachers to complete as well. Involving mothers and teachers is an attempt to establish the dominant views of the significant persons and professionals in the lives of these young women, including those who are directly and indirectly responsible for their sexuality education. In interviews and the focus group, study participants discussed the various social messages they receive, as intellectually disabled persons, with regard to domains of sexuality: friendship, dating, and marriage. The participants gave insight into the levels of their knowledge with regards to sex and sexuality education, menstruation, contraception, pregnancy and childbirth, and sexually transmitted infections. The young women shared their predominantly negative experiences of being stereotyped, with some participants expressing their resentment. Their low levels of social, biological, and physiological sexuality knowledge make appropriate sexuality education a priority. The study concludes with recommendations regarding the type of sexuality education the young women propose and suggested responses for special schools. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie focus op die kruispad van gestremdheid en geslag: om intellektueel gestremd en om ‘n jong vrou te wees. Dit ondersoek spesifiek die lewens van intellektuele gestremde jong vroue en seksualitiet. Hierdie studie poog om die bydraes te verken wat intellektueel gestremde jong vrouens kan maak om die seksualiteitsbehoeftes en bekommernisse van jong vrouens met intellektuele gestremdheid te verstaan. Dit is ‘n poging om hulle behoeftes en bekommernisse oor seksualitiet hoorbaar te maak omdat dit as die opperste verlore stem in navorsing oor gestremdheid uitgewys is, en hulle histrories van die generering van kennis oor seksualitiet uitgesluit is. Die benadering is ‘n gemengde metode waartydens data vir die navorsing gedurende onderhoude met 21 deelnemers tussen die ouderdomme van 18 en 23 jaar gegenereer is. ‘n Fokusgreopbespreking is ook gehou. Al die vroue is òf huidige òf vorige leerders van ‘n skool vir “versatndelike gestremde leerders”. Onderhode is met tien moeders gevoer ten opsigste van hulle beskouings oor seksualitiet en hulle verstandelik gestremde dogters. ‘n Vraelys is ook vir 12 onderwysers gegee om te voltooi. Die moeders en onderwysers is betrek in ‘n poging om die heersende beskouings van die betekenisvolle persone en professionele mense in die lewens van hierdie jong vrouens te bepaal, insluitend diegene vat direk en indirek vir hulle seksualiteitsopvoeding verantwoordelik is. Tydens die onderhoude en fokusgroepbespreking het die deelnemers aan die studie die onderskeie social boodskappe wat hulle as verstandelik gestremde persone kry, bespreek met verwysing na die domeine van seksualitiet: vriendskap, uitgaan en die huwelik. Die deelnemers het lig gewerp op hulle vlakke van kennis oor seks en seksualiteitsonderrig, mesntuasie, voorbehoeding, swangerskap en kindergeboorte, en seksueel oordraagbare infeksies. Die jong vroue het hul oorwegend negatiewe ervarings van stereotipering gedeel, en sommige deelnemers het hulle afkeer uitgespreek. Hulle lae vlakke van sosiale, biologiese en fisiologiese kennis van seksualiteit maak toepaslike seksualiteitsvoorligting ‘n prioriteit. Die studie sluit af met aanbevelings oor die tipe seksualiteitsopvoeding wat die jong vroue voorstel en stel wyses voor waarop spesiale skole kan reageer.

Der Landesfrauenrat Sachsen e.V. führte im Jahr 2013 eine Fachtagung zum Thema „Frauen und Erwerbsbeteiligung“ durch. Als ein Ergebnis dieser Tagung gründete sich die Arbeitsgruppe „Erleichterung des Berufseinstiegs junger Frauen“. Das Ziel dieser Arbeitsgruppe war die Erarbeitung eines Fragebogens zu Rahmenbedingungen, Fachkräftebedarf und Zusammensetzung der Gruppen (Alter, Qualifikation u.ä.), um herauszuarbeiten, welche Faktoren den Berufseinstieg erleichtern könnten. Die Umfrageergebnisse zum Berufseinstieg junger Frauen zeigen Handlungsbedarfe auf. Eine Anschlussstudie soll folgen.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of parental divorce and family conflict during adolescence on young adult females' social support and psychological adjustment. The three areas explored were perceptions of relationship satisfaction and closeness, sources and amount of social support and adjustment. One hundred and forty-one female undergraduates, 53% from families in which their parents are still married and 47% from families in which a parental divorce occurred during adolescence, completed the following measures: the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976), the Social Provisions Scale-Source Specific (Cutrona, 1989), the Inventory of Common Problems (Hoffman & Weiss, 1986), the Family Environment Scale (Moos & Moos, 1981), and the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (Furman & Buhrmester, 1985).