Apesar do estado de São Paulo ter uma área de vegetação nativa pequena e, em sua maioria, altamente fragmentada, isolada e imersa em matrizes agrícolas em propriedades privadas, seu território ainda alberga um número considerável de espécies silvestres, inclusive nessas áreas comerciais. Para a elaboração de planos de manejo ecologicamente corretos, é necessário selecionar (1) espécies-chave, como os mamíferos carnívoros; (2) fatores ecológicos primários das espécies, como a dieta e o uso do espaço; e (3) locais com histórico de uso do solo representativos da exploração espaço-temporal, como, por exemplo, Angatuba (SP) em São Paulo. Essa dissertação foi desenvolvida na Fazenda Três Lagoas e seus arredores, entre maio de 2008 e junho de 2010 e abrange três temas distintos, mas interligados. No primeiro capítulo fez-se uma introdução geral sobre os temas. No segundo avaliou-se, em quatro fazendas adjacentes, a exposição de carnívoros domésticos aos agentes infecciosos da parvovirose, raiva, cinomose e leptospirose através de exames sorológicos. Verificou-se que as prevalências de contato dos 13 cães amostrados com esses agentes patológicos, foram, respectivamente, 100%, 80%, 23% e 15,4%. As reações positivas a alguns desses agentes e sorovares, mostram que os cães domésticos tiveram contato com os agentes através de outros hospedeiros, pois esses agentes não estão presentes em vacinas. Isso demostra a importância de sua detecção na vida silvestre e no ambiente visando elaborar um manejo sanitário efetivo para a economia e saúde humana e para a vida silvestre. No terceiro capítulo estudou-se a dieta de 12 espécies de mamíferos carnívoros através da análise de 524 amostras de fezes coletadas nas Fazendas Três Lagoas e Arca. Pode-se verificar que os carnívoros presentes na área possuem hábitos onívoros, com algumas alterações da dieta em comparação com áreas mais preservadas, consumindo em grande quantidade pequenos roedores, frutos e insetos. A competição, apesar de pequena, foi constadada entre as espécies domésticas e silvestres. Verificou-se, de forma complementar, que as espécies usam mais as áreas próximas da vegetação nativa que dentro da matriz, sendo que algumas espécies estiveram restritas ao ambiente nativo. Esse estudo sugere que essas paisagens albergam somente espécies com hábitos mais plásticos e que a matriz silvicultural é permeável a alguns predadores. No quarto capítulo, estudou-se a prevalência de ectoparasitas naquelas amostras de fezes, que mostrou-se de 42,17% para ácaros, dentre eles carrapatos, e 4% de pulgas. As prevalências desses artrópodes variaram entre as espécies de carnívoros. Os ácaros foram encontrados nas fezes de todas as espécies amostradas, e as pulgas estiveram presentes em fezes de todos os canídeos, de todos os felídeos, com exceção do gato-mourisco, e do quati. Foram detectados carrapatos em fezes de espécies de hospedeiros ainda não relatadas na literatura, mostrando serem hospedeiros não-usuais, o que poderia demonstrar um aumento de sua prevalência no ambiente como consequência provável da mudança da paisagem. Essa maior carga de parasitas, juntamente com o contato frequente da fauna silvestre com os humanos e seus animais domésticos, atesta a necessidade de estudos epidemiológicos de maior amplitude nessas paisagens agrícolas. / Although the state of Sao Paulo has a small area of native vegetation, mainly fragmented, isolated and highly immersed in agricultural matrices on private properties, it still lodges a considerable number of wild species, also on these commercial areas. For elaboration of ecologically correct manegement plans, it´s necessary to select (1) key-species, as carnivore mammals; (2) species primary ecological factors, as diet and space use; and (3) representative areas of space-temporal exploration of the land, as Angatuba does on Sao Paulo. This study was carried out at Fazenda Três Lagoas and its surrounding between May 2008 and June 2010, and encloses three distinct but linked subjects. The first chapter is a general introduction of those subjects. The second one evaluates, in those four adjacent farms, domestic carnivores exposition to infectious agents of parvovirosis, rabies, canine distemper and leptospirosis through serologic examinations. The prevalence of contact of those pathological agents, in the 13 dogs, were 100%, 80%, 23% and 15.4%, respectively. The positive reactions to some of these agents and serovares show that those domestic dogs had contact to other hosts, as some of them do not compose vaccines. It shows the importance of its detention in wildlife and in the environment aiming to elaborate an effective sanitary management for economy and human health and for wildlife conservation. In the third chapter the diet of 12 species of carnivorous mammals were investigated through analysis of 524 scats collected on Fazenda Três Lagoas and Fazenda Arca. Carnivore mammals on these area have omnivores\' food habits, with some modifications on diet in comparison with those in preserved areas, consuming in a great amount small rodents, fruits and insects. The competition, although weak, occurs among the domestic and wild species. In a complementary way, it was verified that the animals use more areas closer to native vegetation than inside matrix and that some species use areas restricted to native environment. This study suggests that these landscapes only lodge species with more plastic habits and that silvicultural matrix is permeable to some predators. In the forthy chapter, it was investigated the ectoparasites prevalence in those excrement samples and revealed a prevalence of 42,17% for mites, amongst them ticks, and 4% of fleas. The prevalence of those arthropods varied between carnivore species. Mites were found in excrements of all sampled species, and fleas were found in all wild dogs and wild cats faeces, but jaguarundi, and coati. Some carnivore scats contenied different ticks showing that those mammals are non-usual hosts of them and that, possibly, there is an increase of its prevalence in the environment as probable effect of the landscape modifications. A higher parasitic load with direct contact of wildlife to humans and livestock request to carry out a more in-depth epidemiologic investigation into these agricultural landscapes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE ALANA ROMANI.pdf: 1045802 bytes, checksum: f2ca493c65e73360592831be5ef56fb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-21 / The locally adapted breeds to different Brazilian ecosystems characterized as an alternative to food production, for presenting, among other characteristics, greater resistance to diseases.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological situation of brucellosis and leptospirosis in nucleus of in situ conservation of Curraleiro and Pantaneiro bovine breeds in Cerrado and Pantanal biomes by serological and molecular diagnosis of these diseases in the livestock. We analyzed serum of 1,280 Curraleiro and 248 Pantaneiro animals on convenience sampling. We employed microscopic agglutination test, for the diagnosis of leptospirosis and the buffered acidified antigen test (Rose Bengal plate test) for brucellosis and 2-mercaptoethanol test for confirmation. The frequency of brucellosis in Curraleiro was 0.7% for animals and 25% for herds. In Pantaneiros, all animals tested were negative for Brucella abortus. The frequency of anti- Leptospira antibodies was 44.8% in Curraleiro and 51.2% in Pantaneiros, and 100% of the herds of both breeds showed positive animals. The factors associated with leptospirosis were access to wetland, abortions, vaccination against leptospirosis and practice of slaughtering in the propertyfor Curraleiro breed; and sex and age, with the highest risk for females aged between 12 and 24 months for Pantaneiro breed. Serological methods were employed above and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting infection by Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. in cattle, to evaluate the concordance of the results of such tests. Brucellosis shows low frequency in Curraleiro cattle and is controlled in Pantaneiro. Leptospirosis was widely disseminated in nucleus of in situ conservation. In both breeds the serovars Hardjo and Wolffi were the most prevalent, which reinforce the function of bovine as a source of infection in the herd. However, the presence of reactions to serovars characteristic of wild animals suggests the involvement of local wildlife in the epidemiology of bovine leptospirosis in these nuclei of in situ conservation. The correlation of results obtained by serology and PCR to identify infection by Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. was weak, which reinforces the idea that the diagnosis is more reliable when more than one method is employed. / As raças bovinas localmente adaptadas aos diferentes ecossistemas brasileiros caracterizam-se como uma alternativa para produção de alimentos, por apresentarem entre outras características, maior resistência a enfermidades. O objetivo geral foi avaliar a situação epidemiológica da brucelose e da leptospirose em núcleos de conservação de bovinos Curraleiros Pé Duro e Pantaneiros no Cerrado e Pantanal, utilizando métodos sorológicos e moleculares no diagnóstico de rebanho destas enfermidades. Foram testados soros de 1.280 bovinos Curraleiros e 248 bovinos Pantaneiros em amostragem de conveniência. Para diagnóstico de leptospirose empregou-se a soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) e para brucelose adotou-se o teste de antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT) e confirmação pelo teste de soroaglutinação lenta e 2 mercaptoetanol (2 - ME). Além dos métodos sorológicos descritos, foi empregada a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para detecção de infecção por Brucella spp. e Leptospira spp. em bovinos Curraleiros Pé Duro, para avaliar a concordância dos resultados de tais testes. A frequência de brucelose em bovinos Curraleiros foi de 0,7% para animais e 25% para rebanhos, enquanto os Pantaneiros foram soronegativos para Brucella abortus. A frequência anticorpos anti-Leptospira em bovinos Curraleiros foi de 44,8% e em Pantaneiros 51,2%. 100% dos rebanhos apresentaram animais soropositivos. Os fatores associados à leptospirose em bovinos Curraleiros foram acesso à área alagadiça, ocorrência de abortos, vacinação contra leptospirose e prática de abate na propriedade. Para bovinos Pantaneiros os fatores associados foram sexo e idade, com maior risco para fêmeas na faixa etária entre 12 e 24 meses. Conclui-se que a brucelose apresenta baixa frequência em bovinos Curraleiros Pé Duro e está controlada em Pantaneiros. A leptospirose revelou-se amplamente disseminada nos núcleos de criação de bovinos de raças localmente adaptadas. Nas duas raças os sorovares mais prevalentes foram Hardjo e Wolffi reforçando o papel dos bovinos como fonte de infecção no rebanho. A ocorrência de positividade para sorovares adaptados à fauna silvestre local sugere a participação da mesma na epidemiologia da leptospirose bovina nos núcleos de conservação das raças. A concordância dos resultados obtidos pela PCR em amostras sanguíneas e pela sorologia para identificação da infecção por Brucella spp. e Leptospira spp. foi fraca, o que reforça da necessidade de validação da PCR tendo em vista que o diagnóstico é mais confiável quando obtido por meio de vários métodos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_sergio_jorge.pdf: 980348 bytes, checksum: 9e56cf9be902454868ace419c988ca33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-20 / Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that occurs all over the world, particularly in developing countries, caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Several marsupial species are considered susceptible to infection caused by a wide variety of Leptospira serovars, acting as reservoirs. In this work were collected serum and urine samples of 33 White-eared opossum, trapped within distinct locations of Capão do Leão and Pelotas cities, in the South of Brazil, aiming to detect antibodies and to isolate leptospires. Serum samples were screened against a panel of 58 Leptospira spp and Leptonema illini serovars using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). To attempt isolation, urine samples from all animals were inoculated in culture medium.EMJH enriched with 10% of supplement Difco® One pathogenic serovar was isolated after two months of inoculation, and is first isolate the country for this animal species and was characterized by PCR using primers for 16S and Lipl32 genes. The technique of partial sequencing of the rpoB gene was used to identify the genomic specie. The isolated strain belongs to the specie L. borgpetersenii, which along with L .interrogans are the main cause disease in humans. The isolate, was tested on MAT using dog, cattle and human sera. Cut off titer of 50 was used for domestic animal sera and 25 for human and opossum sera. Both human and animal sera presented agglutination on MAT to isolated strain corresponding to 3.3% (2/60), 28.33% (17/60) and 1.67% (1/60) in human, dog and cattle sera, respectively. The opossum sera presented 36.36% (12/33) of reaction. These findings suggest a probable white-eared opossum role in the maintenance of pathogenic Leptospira on the environment since low titer sera and urine elimination were observed. These animals could be important reservoirs of Leptospira serovars for human and domestic animals. / A Leptospirose é uma antropozoonose de ocorrência mundial, particularmente nos países em desenvolvimento, causada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira. Várias espécies de marsupiais e didelfídeos são consideradas suscetíveis a infecção causada por uma grande variedade de sorovares patogênicos de Leptospira spp. tendo sido considerados possíveis hospedeiros deste agente. Neste trabalho foram coletadas amostras de soro e urina de 33 gambás-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris), capturados em diferentes regiões dos municípios do Capão do Leão e Pelotas, no sul do Brasil, com o objetivo de detectar anticorpos e isolar leptospiras. As amostras de soro foram testadas por aglutinação microscópica (MAT), utilizando 58 sorovares de Leptospira spp. e 1 de Leptonema. Para o isolamento, amostras de urina foram inoculadas em meio de cultura EMJH enriquecido com 10% de suplemento Difco®. Um sorovar patogênico foi obtido da urina, sendo o primeiro isolado do país para esta espécie, e foi caracterizado quanto ao gênero e patogenicidade por PCR utilizando primers para os genes 16S rDNA e Lipl32. A técnica de seqüenciamento parcial do gene rpoB foi utilizada para identificar a espécie genômica. A cepa isolada pertence à espécie L. borgpertersenii,, que juntamente com L. interrogans são as principais causadoras de doença em humanos. Anticorpos anti isolado de gambá foram avaliados em amostras sorológicas de 60 cães, 60 bovinos, 60 humanos e dos 33 gambás capturados através da MAT. Os soros humanos apresentaram reação de 3,3% (2/60), 28,33% (17/60) em soros caninos, 1,67% (1/60) em soros bovinos e 36,36% (12/33) em soros dos gambás capturados no estudo. Esses dados sugerem o envolvimento do gambá-de-orelha-branca na manutenção de leptospiras no ambiente, uma vez que estando infectados por sorovares patogênicos podem eliminar o agente pela urina e infectar direta ou indiretamente animais domésticos e conseqüentemente o homem.

L’encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine (ESB) est une maladie neuro-dégénérative fatale affectant les bovins ; elle est également une zoonose à l’origine du variant de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob. Identifiée pour la première fois au Royaume-Uni en 1986, cette maladie s’est rapidement étendue en Europe, malgré la mise en place de mesures de contrôle. En raison des particularités épidémiologiques de l’ESB (longue période d’incubation, âge précoce à l’infection et diagnostic post-mortem possible uniquement en fin d’incubation), l’évolution temporelle de l’exposition des bovins à l’ESB ne peut être appréhendée qu’à partir de la modélisation. Nous avons utilisé le modèle Age-Période-Cohorte afin de (ré)évaluer, en relation avec les principales mesures de contrôle, l’évolution de l’épizootie d’ESB à la lumière des données de surveillance les plus récente, en France, et dans six autres pays européens : Allemagne, Irlande, Italie, Pays-Bas, Pologne et Royaume-Uni. / Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting cattle and transmissible to humans as the cause of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. BSE was first identified in 1986 in United Kingdom, before spreading to European countries despite the implementation of control measures. Due to BSE epidemiological characteristics (long incubation period, early age at infection and post-mortem diagnostic at end stage of incubation period), time trend of BSE cattle exposure can only be estimated by modeling. We used age-period-cohort model in order to (re)evaluate, in relation to the main control measures, the trend of BSE epidemic, using the most recent surveillance data in France and six other European countries: Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and United Kingdom.

Les genres Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, Hysterothylacium et Contracaecum, membres de la famille des Anisakidae, sont des nématodes dont les larves sont présentes chez de nombreuses espèces de poissons et céphalopodes. Ces larves peuvent induire des pathologies digestives et/ou allergiques chez l’Homme. En France, la consommation des produits de la pêche, surtout crus ou peu cuits est en augmentation. Ce travail de thèse s’intègre dans le programme ANR Fish-Parasites, financé par l’ANR (ANR-10-ALIA-004). Il a pour but d’évaluer les risques liés à la consommation des produits de la pêche et pour objectif principal d’étudier la répartition des Anisakidae dans les produits de la pêche. _x000D_Le plan d’échantillonnage a été établi suite à une analyse de type risk-ranking utilisant les données de consommation, l’origine géographique, des données de prévalence déjà existantes sur les Anisakidae. Au total, 1768 poissons appartenant à 18 espèces ont été collectés. L’ensemble des organes a été disséqué pour isoler les parasites. Ceux-ci ont été identifiés selon 2 méthodes : i) analyse individuelle par séquençage Sanger pour les organes ayant moins de 11 nématodes ii) analyse en pool par séquençage à haut débit (HTS) pour le reste. Le développement de plusieurs outils (création d’une base de séquences de référence, conception des amorces, mise au point de la préparation de matrice de séquençage et développement d’un pipeline d’analyse automatisé) a été nécessaire pour la mise en place de la méthode HTS. A partir des résultats obtenus, une acquisition et une structuration des données de prévalence des parasites potentiellement pathogènes pour l’Homme et présents dans les produits de la pêche couramment consommés a pu être réalisée.Sur 1 768 poissons échantillonnés, deux espèces n’étaient pas du tout parasitées : plies (Pleuronectes platessa) et saumon Atlantique (Salmo salar) d’élevage. 43,30 % des poissons n’étaient pas infectés par des Anisakidae. Sur la totalité des poissons, 28,62 % étaient infectés au niveau des viscères ; 22,96% dans les viscères et les filets et 5,49 % n’étaient infectés par des Anisakidae que dans les filets.Les cinq espèces de poisson dont la prévalence dans les filets était la plus élevée étaient : la lingue bleue (100 %), la cardine franche (70 %), le lieu noir (63 %), la baudroie (61 %) et le merlu (60 %).Les Anisakidae les plus identifiés étaient : Anisakis simplex, Anisakis pegreffii, Hysterothylacium aduncum, Pseudoterranova krabbeii.Anisakis a été retrouvé dans toutes les localisations et généralement de façon plus importante, Contracaecum a été retrouvé principalement dans le foie, Hysterothylacium dans la cavité corporelle et Pseudoterranova dans les filets et la cavité corporelle.Anisakis simplex était présent dans toutes les zones de pêches sauf dans le golfe du Lion. La zone des eaux féringiennes était la zone dans laquelle la diversité des Anisakidae était la plus importante sur une seule espèce de poisson échantillonnée (lingue bleue).L’étude statistique logistique multivariée a montré que la variable espèce et la variable taille du poisson influencent la prévalence d’Anisakis et Pseudoterranova dans les filets.Le HTS sur le PGM™ Ion Torrent s’est révélé être un outil puissant et innovant permettant l’analyse d’un grand nombre d‘échantillons d’Anisakidés à moindre coût, en peu de temps et avec un résultat équivalent à la méthode individuelle par séquençage Sanger. / Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, Hysterothylacium and Contracaecum genera, members of the Anisakids family, are nematodes which larvae are recovered from numerous fish and cephalopods species. These larvae may induce digestive and/or allergic pathologies in human being. In France, the consumption of fishery products, mostly raw or undercooked is increasing. This PhD work is part of the research program Fish-Parasites funded by the ANR (ANR-10-ALIA-004). It aimed to assess risks related to fishery products consumption and its main goal was to study the distribution of Anisakids in fishery products.The sampling plan was based on a risk-ranking analysis using data on fishery products consumption, fishing areas and prevalence data from previous work on Anisakids. A total of 1 768 fish from 18 species were collected. All the organs were dissected for parasites isolation. Parasites were identified using two approaches : i) single analysis by Sanger sequencing for organs containing less than 11 nematodes ii) pooled analysis by high throughput sequencing (HTS) for the remaining. The development of numerous tools (database creation with reference sequences, primers design, set up of the sequencing template preparation and development of an automatic analytical pipeline) was necessary for the HTS method set up. From the sequencing results, acquisition and structuring of the prevalence data has been carried out on parasites potentially pathogenic for human being and recovered from commonly consumed fishery products.On 1 768 sampled fish, two species were not parasitized at all: plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and aquacultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). 43.30 % of the fish were not infected by Anisakids. Concerning infected fish, 28.62% were contaminated in the visceral organs; 22.96% in both visceral organs and fillets and, finally, 5.49% of the fish were infected by Anisakids only in fillets.The five fish species with an elevated prevalence in their fillets were by decreasing values: blue ling (100 %), megrim (70 %), saithe (63 %), monkfish (61 %) and hake (60 %). The most identified Anisakids were: Anisakis simplex, Anisakis pegreffii, Hysterothylacium aduncum, Pseudoterranova krabbeii.Anisakis has been recovered in all the localisations and generally in higher quantities, Contracaecum has mainly been recovered from the liver, Hysterothylacium from the corporal cavity and Pseudoterranova from both fillets and corporal cavity. Anisakis simplex was isolated from all the fishing areas except for the Lion Gulf and it was the genus with the most important number of individuals. The zone of Feroan waters was the region with the most important diversity of Anisakids into a single sampled fish species (blue ling).The multivariate logistic statistical study showed that the fish species and size affect the prevalence of Anisakis and Pseudoterranova in fish fillets.HTS with the PGM™ Ion Torrent proved to be a powerful and innovative tool for the analysis of large numbers of Anisakids samples with low cost, in a shorter time and with a result equivalent to the individual method of Sanger sequencing.

No description available.

En intégrant cette étude dans un contexte d'écologie du stress, l'objectif général de cette thèse est d'une part d'évaluer l'exposition et les effets des éléments traces métalliques (ETMs)et du parasitisme chez le mulot sylvestre (apodemus sylvaticus) et d'autre part de contribuer au développement de marqueurs d'exposition et d'effets toxiques non létaux. Au cours de trois sessions de capture, des individus ont été collectés dur 30 sites localisés autour de l'ancienne fonderie de Metaleurop (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) les concentrations en Cd et Pb ont été mesurées dans les organes cibles (foie et reins) et dans les poils des mulots. différents biomarqueurs d'effets toxiques létaux et non létaux ont également été mesurés. Le nombre important de mulots prélevé (n=886) a permis d'étudier l'influence des caractéristiques individuelles (âge et sexe) et des caractéristique paysagères sur les réponses des biomarqueurs. Les résultats indiquent que les concentrations en ETMs des animaux vivants sur les sites les plus contaminés s'avèrent significativement plus importantes que celles mesurées sur les autres sites. En outre, plus de 25% des mulots provenant des sites des plis pollués présente des concentrations supérieures aux seuils toxiques et ont donc un risque accru de développer des pathologies (œdème, cancers). Par ailleurs, cette étude révèle également que ETMs chez le mulot est influencée par les caractéristiques, individuelles (âge et sexe), par l'occupation des sols et qu'elle varie en fonction de la session de capture. De plus, les résultats montrent que les concentrations ETMs [...] et les caractéristiques paysagères modulent les prévalences de certains parasites. En effet, la richesse parasitaire augmente chez les individus les plus exposés aux ETMs. Ces concentrations influencent également les différents biomarqueurs d'effets létaux [...] et non létaux [...]évalués. Ces résultats illustrent donc l'intérêt du développement de biomarqueurs on létaux pour l'évaluation des effets toxiques des ETMs les plus élevées présentent des atteintes au niveau individuel [...] et au niveau cellulaire [...] Cependant, étant donnés les effets potentiels de parasitisme sur la santé de la faune sauvage, les liens de causalité entre la présence d' ETMs et les atteintes observées sont discutables. Ce travail de thèse souligne l'intérêt des approches multi-stress dans le cadre de l'évaluation de la santé de la faune sauvage. / By integrating this study in a stess-ecology Framework, the aim of this thesis is to assess exposure and effects of trace metals (TMs) and parasitism on wood mouse[…] and to contribute to the development of non-lethal exposure and toxicity makers […].This study also reveals that the accumulations of the TMs in wood mice is influenced by individual characteristics […] and landscape features and varies according to the trapping session. In addition, results show that the concentrations of TMs […] and landscape characteristics modulate the prevalence of some parasites. […].However, given the potential effects of parasitism on animals’ health, the causal links between the presence of TMs and observed alterations are questionable. This work emphasizes the importance of multi-stress approaches on wildlife’s health assessment.

This study explored the attitudes of community members toward the Human Rabies in the Vhembe district of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. This study was underpinned by interpretative phenomenological analysis design. Data were collected using individual interviews of 20 participants and 6 focus groups consisting of six community members each. Both sets of interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis framework for data analysis. Three super-ordinate themes emerged from data analysis: attitudes toward the Human Rabies, factors influencing attitudes toward the Human Rabies and tackling the Human Rabies. Results indicate that attitudes toward the Human Rabies has a direct influence on adherence to prevention and care approaches. Attitudes can be influenced by addressing training and educational needs and perceptions of prevention and care approaches. Recommendations are made to enhance adherence to prevention and care approaches for management of the Human Rabies. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

A fragilidade do tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) e seu visível desaparecimento de certas regiões, inclusa sua área de distribuição original mostram com clareza a necessidade de medidas que possam garantir proteção desse animal. O estudo do papel das doenças nesse aspecto constitui um eixo importante das estratégias para conservação dessa espécie, principalmente considerando-se que estudos ecológicos reconhecem as doenças como o mecanismo regulatório de populações naturais. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a freqüência de anticorpos anti- Leptospira, anti-Brucella abortus e anti-Chlamidophila. Foram analisadas 21 amostras de soro de tamanduás-bandeira de vida livre oriundos dos Parques Nacionais da Serra da Canastra e das Emas e da Reserva SESC Pantanal. Destes 12 (57,14%) amostras foram reagentes para o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica anti-Leptospira sp, 1 (0,04%) foi reagentes para o teste do Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado (TAA) - anti- Brucella abortus e todas as amostras foram consideradas negativas para a presença de anticorpos anti-Chlamidophila sp. Por se tratar de uma espécie que possui baixo potencial reprodutivo, apresentando cuidado parental prolongado, longos períodos de gestação e somente uma cria por ano, patógenos que possam afetar o sucesso reprodutivo, podem ser extremamente nocivos para populações de tamanduás-bandeira em vida livre. / The fragility of the giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and the disappearance of this animal from certain regions, including areas of original distribution, clearly indicates the necessity of adopting protective measures. Ecology studies consider diseases as regulatory mechanisms for natural populations, thus indicating that the study of the role of diseases constitutes an important axle on the strategies for conservation of the species, few studies correlates the environmental conservation state and the health of wild animal populations. The purpose the present study was to assess the frequency of occurrence of anti-Leptospira, anti-Brucella abortus and anti- Chlamidophila. Serum samples from 21 free-ranging giant anteater from the Serra da Canastra and the Emas National Parks, as well as the SESC Pantanal Reserve were evaluated for the presence of antibodies. From these 12 (57,14%) samples reacted to the anti-Leptospira sp microscopic serum agglutination test ,1 (0.04%) reacted to the anti-Brucella abortus Tampon Acidified Antigen Test (TAA) test, and all samples were negative for anti-Chlamidophila sp antibodies. As the giant anteater is a species that presents low reproductive potential, long parental care and pregnancy periods and produces only one offspring per year, the pathogens that can affect reproduction can be extremely deleterious free-ranging populations of giant anteaters.

A hidatidose policística é uma zoonose causada pelo cestóide Echinococcus vogeli, amplamente distribuído no norte do Brasil. Os hospedeiros definitivos são Speothos venaticus (cachorro-vinagre) e Canis familiaris (cães domésticos), enquanto Agouti paca (paca) é hospedeiro intermediário. Tanto as pacas quanto o homem (hospedeiro acidental) desenvolvem a forma larvar (metacestóide), principalmente na superfície e no interior do fígado. Esta tese tem como objetivo geral estudar as características parasitológicas e histopatológicas de metacestóides de E. vogeli, originários de pacas e humanos da região norte do Brasil, visto o conhecimento insuficiente ou mesmo o seu desconhecimento. Os fígados e mesentérios foram obtidos de oito pacientes com hidatidose policística durante ato cirúrgico na Fundação Hospital Estadual do Acre. Pacas foram capturadas no Município de Bujari, Floresta Estadual do Antimary, Acre. Durante a necropsia das pacas, foram observadas lesões macroscópicas (massas esbranquiçadas ou amareladas, semelhantes a bolhas na superfície dos fígados). Para a análise parasitológica foram aplicadas as microscopias de luz, contraste interferencial de Normaski (DIC) e varredura laser confocal. A análise morfométrica foi realizada com o auxílio do Programa Image Pro Plus Media Cybernetics. Os órgãos de pacas e humanos foram submetidos à análise histopatológica. Os pequenos e grandes ganchos rostelares apresentaram polimorfismo morfológico, enquanto a organização dos protoescólices acompanhou o padrão descrito para Echinococcus sp. Todas as pacas apresentavam cistos hepáticos, porém em apenas duas encontramos líquido hidático, comprovados pela presença dos ganchos e protoescólices. A análise histopatológica dos tecidos hepáticos das pacas confirmou a hidatidose policística e evidenciou, pela presença de agrupamentos de ovos, a coinfecção com Calodium hepaticum. As características morfológicas dos ganchos rostelares dos casos humanos não diferiram do descrito para as pacas, entretanto, os ganchos dos helmintos provenientes do fígado foram maiores que os mesentéricos. Já em relação aos protoescólices, os mesentéricos foram maiores do que os hepáticos. Cistos mesentéricos e hepáticos apresentaram protoescólices em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento, com coroas de ganchos, formadas por grandes e pequenos ganchos, e dois pares de ventosas, além dos corpúsculos calcários. Os cistos hepáticos apresentaram as três membranas características (adventícia, anista e germinativa), enquanto os cistos mesentéricos não apresentaram a membrana adventícia, sendo a anista aquela que mais se destacou neste órgão. No mesentério, as células mononucleares foram os principais constituintes do infiltrado leucocitário, cuja intensidade foi relacionada à capacidade proliferativa da membrana germinativa. Além de cistos hepáticos típicos de fase crônica, dependendo da resposta inflamatória, foram observados cistos na fase aguda e sub-aguda. Foi encontrado um caso de coinfecção com vírus (HIV, HCB e HCV) e outro com envolvimento da vesícula biliar. Em suma, confirma-se hidatidose policística em pacas no Acre e são apresentados novos casos de infecção humana no Acre e Amazonas. Pela primeira vez, é demonstrado polimorfismo, padrão diferente de desenvolvimento dos cistos de acordo com o órgão, coinfecção e envolvimento da vesícula biliar / Polycystic hydatidosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the cestode Echinococcus vogeli, largely distributed in northern Brazil. The definitive hosts are Speothos venaticus (bush dogs) and Canis familiaris (domestic dogs), while Agouti paca (paca) is the intermediate host. Both the pacas and man (accidental host) develop the larval form (metacestodes), mainly on the surface and inside the liver. This thesis aims to study histopathological and parasitological characteristics of metacestodes of E. vogeli, from pacas and humans of the north region of Brazil, seen the insufficient knowledge or lack of it. The mesentery and livers were recovered from eight patients with polycystic hydatidosis during surgery in the Acre State Hospital Foundation. Pacas were captured in the municipality of Bujari, Antimary State Forest, Acre. During the pacas necropsy, macroscopic lesions were observed (whitish or yellowish masses, similar to blisters on the surface of the liver). Identification analyses were applied to light microscopy, interferential contrast microscopy of Normaski (DIC) and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Morphometric analysis was performed by Image Pro Plus Media Cybernetics program. The pacas and human organs were subjected to histopathological analysis. The small and large rostellar hooks presented morphological polymorphism while protoscoleces organisation accompanied the pattern described in Echinococcus sp. All pacas presented liver cysts, however in only two found proven by the presence of hydatid fluid, hooks and protoscoleces. Histopathological analysis of pacas hepatic tissues confirmed polycystic hydatidosis and evidenced by the presence of eggs clusters the Calodium hepaticum coinfection. The morphological characteristics of human cases rostellar hooks did not differ from described to the pacas; however, the hooks were greater than the mesenteric ones. Already in relation to protoscoleces, the mesenteric ones were larger than the liver. Mesenteric and liver cysts presented protoscoleces at different stages of development, with rostellar pad formed by large and small hooks, and two pairs of suckers, in addition to the calcareous corpuscles. Liver cysts showed three characteristics layers (adventitia, laminated and germinative), while mesenteric cysts did not present the adventitia, being the laminated layer the most evidenced in this organ. In the mesentery, mononuclear cells were the principal constituents of leukocyte infiltrated, whose intensity was related to the proliferative capacity of germinative layer. In addition to typical liver cysts of the chronic phase, depending on the inflammatory response, have been observed cysts in acute and subacute phase. It was found a case of co-infection with virus (HIV, HCV and HCB) and another with gallbladder involvement. In short, it is confirmed polycystic hydatidosis in pacas from Acre and is presented new cases of human infection in Acre and Amazonas. For the first time, it was demonstrated polymorphism, different development pattern of cysts depending on the organ, co-infection and gallbladder involvement