Orientador: Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião / Texto em português e inglês / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T07:05:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Frota_FabiolaDiogodeSiqueira_D.pdf: 1452946 bytes, checksum: fb8267034519b51c2f7642c1e9bb2c54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A precariedade das condições de saúde bucal tem sido cada vez mais reconhecida como uma importante causa de impactos negativos na qualidade de vida (QV) de crianças e adolescentes. Assim, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal (QVRSB) e fatores associados em crianças e adolescentes, de oito a catorze anos, de ambos os gêneros, escolares da rede pública e privada do município de Fortaleza-CE, Brasil. Na avaliação de saúde bucal as seguintes variáveis foram consideradas: presença de cárie, maloclusão, fluorose e gengivite, de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde. A autopercepção da QVRSB foi avaliada por meio de questionários específicos para os grupos etários, as versões brasileiras do Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ), para crianças de oito a dez anos (CPQ8-10) e adolescentes de onze a catorze anos (CPQ11-14) na versão curta com oito questões. Duas questões destes questionários também foram utilizadas para avaliar as percepções globais de saúde bucal (SB) e bem-estar (BE). Na avaliação dos fatores associados à QVRSB, as variáveis consideradas foram: características sociodemográficas (idade, gênero, raça da criança, número de utensílios em casa, nível educacional da mãe ou responsável e renda familiar), utilização de serviços odontológicos (experiência passada e atual) e hábitos de higiene bucal (frequência de escovação, uso do fio dental e enxaguatório bucal). Os dados obtidos foram discutidos em dois estudos, denominados capítulos no presente trabalho. Os objetivos específicos do primeiro (Validity and reliability of the Brazilian short forms of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8¿10) (CPQ11¿14) e segundo (Socioeconomic status, oral conditions and oral habits related to quality of life in schoolchildren) capítulos foram, respectivamente, avaliar as propriedades psicométricas dos questionários na versão curta para uso em escolares e comparar a percepção de QVRSB entre grupos com diferentes condições bucais (cárie, gengivite, fluorose, trauma facial e maloclusão) grupo controle composto por indivíduos sem alterações bucais. Para melhorar o entendimento sobre a relação entre as percepções de SB e BE destes indivíduos o primeiro estudo objetivou também avaliar a associação entre as condições bucais e percepções globais de SB e BE desta população. O segundo estudo também objetivou identificar os conceitos associados às respostas sobre SB e BE em cada variável. Os questionários mostraram-se válidos e confiáveis para uso em crianças e adolescentes. Contudo, os resultados sugeriram que as crianças e adolescentes apresentam visão global sobre os conceitos de SB e BE. Estes resultados possibilitaram testar as propriedades psicométricas dos questionários em indivíduos com diferentes condições socioeconômicas e clínicas e iniciar uma série de estudos sobre os fatores associados à autopercepção da QVRSB. Por fim, o status socioeconômico para os adolescentes (11¿14 anos) estiveram associadas com impactos negativos na percepção global de saúde bucal / Abstract: The conditions of poor oral health have been increasingly recognized as an important cause of negative impacts on quality of life (QoL) of children and adolescents. Thus, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and associated factors of children and adolescent aged eight to fourteen years of both genders, from public and private schools in Fortaleza-CE, Brazil. For the assessment of oral health, the following variables were considered: presence and severity of caries, malocclusion, fluorosis and gingivitis, according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. Self-perceived OHRQoL was assessed using age-specific questionnaires: the Brazilian versions of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ) for children eight to ten (CPQ8¿10) and adolescents eleven to fourteen years (CPQ11¿14) and their short versions with eight questions. Two items of these questionnaires were also used to assess global perceptions of oral health (OH) and emotion well-being (EWB). In assessing factors associated with OHRQoL, the variables considered were: socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, race of child, number of amenities in the home, educational level of the parent and family income), use of dental services (past and current experience) and oral hygiene habits (frequency of brushing, flossing and mouthwash). The specific objectives of the first study (Validity and reliability of the Brazilian short forms version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8¿10) (CPQ11¿14) and second research (Socioeconomic status, oral conditions and oral habits related to quality of life in schoolchildren) chapters were, respectively, to evaluate the psychometric properties of the questionnaires (short form) for use in schoolchildren and to compare the perception of OHRQoL between groups with different oral conditions (dental caries, gingivitis, fluorosis, facial trauma and malocclusion) and a control group without oral alterations. To improve understanding of the relationship between perceptions of these individuals OH and EWB, the first study also sought to evaluate the association between oral conditions and global perceptions of OH and EWB in this population. The second study also aimed to identify the concepts related to the responses about OH and EWB in each clinical group. The questionnaires proved to be valid and reliable for use in children and adolescents. However, the results suggested that children and adolescents present global views about the concepts of OH and EWB. These results will allow testing the psychometric properties of the questionnaires in individuals with different socioeconomic status and oral conditions and initiating a series of studies on the factors associated with self-perceived OHRQoL. Finally, socioeconomic status for adolescents (11¿14 years) was associated with negative effects on the overall perception of oral health / Doutorado / Odontopediatria / Doutora em Odontologia

Orientador: Geraldo Di Giovanni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T12:45:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bom_Joana_M.pdf: 1044202 bytes, checksum: d35fffa1458652d1a84deab80b11df1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O presente trabalho visa estabelecer uma distinção clara entre as diferentes visões do cooperativismo, partindo de uma percepção de que cada visão varia consoante as ideologias em que se enquadra. O intuito é demonstrar que, dentro de uma interpretação mais geral da realidade social, são atribuídas ao cooperativismo funções diferenciadas consoante o propósito ideológico. Isto é, entender como o cooperativismo é encarado como um meio para diferentes fins. Para isso, se remonta às suas origens, o século XIX, onde se desenrola lado a lado com a nova era industrial. Nesse contexto, se destacam as idéias que na altura se desenvolveram em torno do cooperativismo entre o debate teórico das ideologias que se formularam ao longo do século - socialismo utópico, marxismo, anarquismo e social-democracia. Foram selecionados autores de referência entre as doutrinas emergentes, onde se encontram perspectivas diferenciadas quanto ao cooperativismo e de onde se depreende, portanto, que o seu suposto caráter alternativo quanto ao modo de produção capitalista se prende com questões maiores em suas teorias mais gerais. Assim, através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, começo por fazer uma breve contextualização histórica do século XIX, o século das grandes mudanças, assim como uma exposição das principais idéias contidas nas correntes que então emergem. A nova sociedade reestruturada após a Revolução Industrial era alvo de interpretações diferenciadas entre as diferentes doutrinas e, assim, também o eram as práticas cooperativas. Desse modo, prossegue-se para a extração dos elementos cooperativistas encontrados ao longo das obras dos autores para posteriormente se clarificar e nomenclaturar os diferentes cooperativismos. Por fim, analisando todo ele à luz do materialismo histórico pretende-se esclarecer em que moldes o cooperativismo pode cumprir algum papel para a transitoriedade positiva do modo capitalista de produção / Abstract: This work aims to establish a clear distinction between different visions about cooperativism, from the starting perception that those visions vary according to the ideologies they belong to. The goal is to show that, within a broader interpretation of the social reality, one gives cooperativism different functions according to the ideological purpose. This means to understand how cooperativism is seen as a way to different ends. To explain it, we go back to its origins, the 19th century, where it was developed side by side with the New Industrial Era. To do that, ideas around cooperativism and the theoretical debate about ideologies from that century are shown: utopian socialism, Marxism, anarquism and social democracy. Authors from those doctrines are selected to show how cooperativism appears as a way to different ends among those general theories. Through bibliographical research, an introductory historical context regarding the 19th century is made, the century of those great changes, as well as an introduction to the emergent ideas and theories that occurred in that century. That new society, structured after the Industrial Revolution, was seen differently by the different doctrines, as well as its "cooperativistic" elements. This way, and starting from the visions from the authors, we clarify and state the different "cooperativisms". Having these in mind, and analyzing them from the historical materialism point of view, I will seek to understand how cooperativism can have a word in a positive transition of the capitalism productive method / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestra em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Research shows that adolescents are major users of various social media, and adolescent girls who use social media are more likely than adolescent boys to come into contact with so-called Influencer marketing, i.e. a form of marketing in which focus is placed on influential people rather than the target market as a whole. Influencers tend to effect their audience’s consumption habits, and their main audience often tend to be adolescent girls. This caught our attention since influencers are a quite new phenomenon and not much research on has been done on it. The main object of the study is to examine if there any correlations in what extent influencers affect adolescent girls consumption of ”status symbols” given their social class. The second object of the study builds on identifying and explaining differences in adolescent girls and their definitions of status symbols and how this affects their consumption of status symbols given their social class. To do this, we constructed a survey which we posted on the social media Facebook. The survey was only open to persons belonging to so-called ”girl groups”, consisting of girls only. Our respondents consist of adolescent girls at attending at swedish high schools. Our study draws on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of; habitus, capital and field. We conclude that adolescent girls of a lower social class are more likely to consume status symbols recommended by influencers on social medias. Other conclusions are that adolescent girls regardless of their social class consume the same type of status symbols But also that there are no differences’ in adolescent girls and their definitions of which status symbols they consider to be highly valued.

This dissertation explores one white working-class family’s hopes, fears, illusions, and tensions related to social mobility. I tell stories from my experiences as a first-generation college student, including: ethnographic fieldwork; interviews with my family, community members, and former teachers; and narratives from other working-class academics to provide an in-depth, evocative, and relational look at mobility. I explore the roots of vulnerability in my family and how I was socialized into understanding belonging and worthiness in particular ways, and how this socialization influences my feelings of belonging and worthiness in the academy. The goal of this research is bridging – past and present selves, working-class and academic cultures, work and family – for me and my family and other first-generation students and their families.

This thesis investigates what factors affect union organization and, to some degree, union activity in the face of declining union density in the majority of Western countries. Union structures have been changing in recent decades, not only in terms of declining membership but also because women and white-collar workers are becoming a more stable part of the membership base, whereas previously highly organized groups, such as blue-collar workers, are in decline. The point of departure for this thesis is that union density changes must be understood on several different levels. Thus, we must investigate changing union density in light of changing institutional settings, changing labour market structures and changing norms and values on the individual level. The thesis consists of three empirical studies investigating union density changes and union activity in Sweden, and an introductory chapter that develops the theoretical and empirical (historical) background. The empirical studies investigate: (1) whether and how the influence of various aspects of class and ideology on union organization have changed over time, (2) the effect of structural change on union density increase and decline, and(3) what factors influence different attitudes towards industrial action among Swedish employees. Results show that union density decline in Sweden since the mid-1990s cannot be explained by any forceful shifts in the labour market structure or individuals’ opinions and/or attitudes related to trade unions to any significant degree. Union density decline in Sweden is of a general nature. However, an increasing divergence in union density across various categories of employees, including, e.g., private-sector vs. public-sector employees, young vs. older employees, employees of foreign origin vs. employees of Swedish origin, and the atypically employed vs. employees with standardized employment, is observed. Moreover, previously strong predictors of union membership, including class identity, ideology, sector of employment and type of employment contract, are in decline, but they still influence union organization and attitudes towards industrial action. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted.</p>

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of psychographic (shopping orientation, lifestyle, social class), demographic (gender, ethnicity, age), and geographic (area of residence) variables on time-related shopping behaviors when shopping for clothing for the self. The concept of time-related shopping behaviors has not been the focus of any study of the American market. Data (N = 550) were collected via a questionnaire with an online survey company. Through analysis of chi square statistics, ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, and factor analysis, it was found that psychographics and demographics affected time-related and other shopping behaviors. Geographics was found to affect shopping behavior, but not specifically the time-related shopping behaviors studied.

Orientador: Li Li Min / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T12:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kanashiro_AnaLuciaAndradeNoronha_D.pdf: 935986 bytes, checksum: 55183e9915a14ff06c6eb8c9c0e16df0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A prevalência de epilepsia ao redor do mundo é estimada em 10/1.000 pessoas; no entanto, o acesso ao tratamento é muito variável. Muitas pessoas não são tratadas, principalmente nos países com desenvolvimento não equilibrado entre as diversas áreas. No Brasil, os estudos epidemiológicos realizados até o momento não haviam abordado o assunto da lacuna de tratamento farmacológico, sendo que este nunca houvera sido medido e suas causas não haviam ainda sido estudadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo: 1) definir a prevalência da epilepsia em duas áreas urbanas do sudeste do Brasil; 2) definir a lacuna de tratamento farmacológico em pessoas com epilepsia ativa identificadas nessas regiões e 3) extrapolar os dados epidemiológicos encontrados para o Brasil. Foi realizada uma estimativa da lacuna de tratamento da epilepsia, de forma indireta, que nos motivou a investigar melhor a epidemiologia da condição. Posteriormente, nós realizamos um levantamento epidemiológico, utilizando um questionário de rastreamento (sensibilidade 95,8%, especificidade 97,8%) e um questionário validado para classificação sócio-econômica, para determinar a prevalência e a lacuna de tratamento da epilepsia e a influência do fator sócio-econômico sobre elas, em duas áreas urbanas do sudeste do Brasil. De acordo com as estimativas da primeira fase do estudo, a lacuna de tratamento farmacológico da epilepsia em Campinas foi de 56% e em São José do Rio Preto, 59%. Na segunda fase do estudo, em uma população de 96.300 pessoas, encontramos a prevalência acumulada da epilepsia de 9,2/1.000 pessoas [CI 95% 8,4-10,0] e a prevalência de epilepsia ativa, de 5,4/1.000 pessoas [CI 95% 4,8-6,0]. A lacuna de tratamento farmacológico encontrada foi 37,6%. Pudemos identificar influência das diferenças entre os extratos sociais na prevalência da epilepsia, pois nos extratos mais privilegiados (A e B) houve menor prevalência do que nos menos favorecidos (C e D+E): 1,6 e 3,1/1.000 pessoas e 6,3 e 7,5/1.000 pessoas, respectivamente, como prevalência da epilepsia ativa. Não houve interferência dos extratos sociais sobre a lacuna de tratamento. A prevalência de epilepsia em nossa área de estudo é semelhante à de outros países e a lacuna de tratamento farmacológico é alta. A epilepsia é mais prevalente entre os menos ricos. O compromisso do sistema de saúde brasileiro com a melhora da qualidade de manejo de saúde das pessoas com epilepsia e a educação continuada sobre a condição são urgentemente necessários / Abstract: The worldwide prevalence of epilepsy is estimated at 10/1,000; however, access to treatment is variable. Many people go untreated, particularly in resource-poor countries. In Brazil, the epidemiologic studies never have approached the pharmacological treatment gap of epilepsy. The objectives of this study are: 1) to determine the epilepsy prevalence in two urban areas in South-East of Brazil; 2) to determine the epilepsy pharmacological treatment gap in people with active epilepsy identified in those regions; and 3) extrapolate the epidemiological data to Brazil. The epilepsy treatment gap had been indirect estimated, and the results prompted us to further investigate this situation. Subsequently, we carried out an epidemiologic survey, using a validated screening questionnaire (sensitivity 95.8%, specificity 97.8%) and a validated instrument for socio-economic classification, to determine the epilepsy prevalence and treatment gap and the influence of socioeconomic factor in two urban areas in South-East of Brazil. According to estimative at the first step of the study, the epilepsy pharmacological treatment gap in Campinas was 56% and in São José do Rio Preto was 59%. At the second step of the study, a epidemiological survey in 96.300 people, we found the cumulative prevalence of 9.2/1,000 people [CI 95% 8.4-10.0] and the active epilepsy prevalence of 5.4/1,000 people [CI 95% 4.8-6.0]. The pharmacological treatment gap in the catchment area was 37.6%. We could identify the differences among social classes in epilepsy prevalence, as the wealthier ones (A and B) had smaller prevalence active prevalence than in poorer ones (C and D+E): 1.6 and 3.1/1,000 people for class A and B and 6.3 and 7.5/1,000 people for class C and D+E. There was not social class interference over treatment gap. Epilepsy prevalence in our studied area is similar to other countries, and the pharmacological treatment gap is high. Epilepsy is more prevalent among the less wealth people. Commitment of the Brazilian health system towards improvement of the quality of health management for people with epilepsy and the continue education about the condition are urgently needed. / Doutorado / Neurologia / Doutor em Ciências Médicas

Introdução: A Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (SIDA) é uma doença infecciosa causada por um retrovírus chamado Human Immunodeficiency Virus - HIV. Os principais alvos do HIV são as células que exibem a molécula CD4 e as células gliais do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) possuem estas moléculas. Uma das alterações possíveis de acontecer em virtude da infecção pelo HIV é a alteração de linguagem, pois o processamento desta ocorre no SNC. Dentre todas as dimensões da linguagem a semântica é a parte que compreende o significado das palavras tanto na compreensão quanto na produção. Esta dimensão pode influenciar o processo da leitura. Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho entre crianças portadoras de HIV por transmissão vertical e crianças com baixo risco para o HIV em atividades de vocabulário receptivo e na leitura de palavras e pseudopalavras e quanto aos Recursos do Ambiente Familiar (RAF) que podem estar envolvidos com o aprendizado, identificar: a relação entre a gravidade da doença com o vocabulário receptivo e com a leitura, considerando o nível de CD4 e da carga viral (CV), a classificação CDC (Centers for Disease Control), adesão ao tratamento e tempo de uso da medicação; a classificação econômica das crianças portadoras de HIV e sua relação com RAF e o desempenho em vocabulário receptivo e leitura. Método: A população estudada foi de 11 crianças com HIV e 20 crianças com baixo risco para HIV, com idades entre 8 anos e 10 anos. Para a avaliação foi utilizado o Teste de Vocabulário por Figuras USP (TVfusp-139o) e o Teste de Competência de Leitura de Palavras e Pseudopalavras (TCLPP). Foi realizada a classificação econômica das crianças e a avaliação do RAF através de dois questionários respondidos pelos responsáveis, considerando que estes fatores podem estar envolvidos com a aprendizagem escolar. Resultados: Houve diferença entre os grupos para as variáveis RAF e o vocabulário, sendo que o grupo com baixo risco para o HIV apresentou desempenho significativamente superior ao grupo com HIV. As perguntas relacionadas aos passeios que a criança realizou, presença de brinquedos, jornais, livros e revistas em casa foram as que diferiram. Não houve diferença para a variável leitura. Não teve correlação entre as variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais e o vocabulário. Embora não significativa, houve correlação positiva entre a classificação CDC e leitura. Conclusão: Crianças portadoras de HIV apresentam desempenho inferior em vocabulário e o RAF significativamente inferior; não foi encontrada diferença em leitura. Os recursos do ambiente familiar que possivelmente podem contribuir para o aprendizado escolar é a presença de objetos, brinquedos, livros e revistas em casa e passeios; todas as variáveis laboratoriais e clínicas não apresentaram correlação significativa com o desempenho em vocabulário; a maior parte nos portadores de HIV encontravam-se na classificação econômica C ou D (82,1%). Houve correlação positiva com a classificação econômica, RAF e leitura. / Introduction: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious disease caused by a retrovirus called Human Immunodeficiency Virus - HIV. The main targets of HIV are the cells that display the CD4 molecule and the glial cells of the Central Nervous System (CNS) possess these molecules. One of the possible changes to occur due to HIV infection is the language change, as the processing of this occurs in the CNS. Of all the dimensions of language, semantics is the part that understands the meaning of words in both comprehension and production. This dimension can influence the reading process. Objective: To compare the performance of HIV-infected children by vertical transmission and children with low HIV risk in activities of receptive vocabulary and reading of words and pseudowords and Family Environment Resources (RAF) that may be involved in learning , To identify: the relationship between the severity of the disease with the receptive vocabulary and reading, considering CD4 and viral load (CV), CDC (Centers for Disease Control) classification, adherence and time of medication use; The economic classification of children with HIV and their relationship with RAF and o, performance in receptive and reading vocabulary. Method: The study population was 11 children with HIV and 20 children with low HIV risk, aged 8 years and 10 years. For the evaluation we used the Vocabulary Test for Figures USP (TVfusp-139o) and the Test of Competence of Reading of Words and Pseudowords (TCLPP). The economic classification of the children and the RAF evaluation were performed through two questionnaires answered by those responsible, considering that these factors may be involved with school learning. Results: There was a difference between the groups for the RAF and vocabulary variables, and the group with low HIV risk presented a significantly superior performance to the HIV group. The questions related to the trips that the child performed, the presence of toys, newspapers, books and magazines at home were the ones that differed. There was no difference for the reading variable. There was no correlation between clinical and laboratory variables and vocabulary. Although not significant, there was a positive correlation between the CDC classification and reading. Conclusion: HIV-positive children have lower vocabulary performance and significantly lower RAF; no difference was found in reading; the resources of the family environment that can possibly contribute to the school learning are the presence of objects, toys, books and magazines at home and walks realized in the last 12 months; all laboratory and clinical variables did not show a significant correlation with vocabulary performance, ie there was no correlation between viral load, CD4 cell count, CDC score, adherence and medication with vocabulary performance; the majority of those with HIV were in the economic classification C or D (82.1%); there was a positive correlation for the economic classification and the RAF score and the economic classification and performance in reading and strong tendency between the economic classification and the vocabulary.

The aim of this study was to examine the relations between aspects of subjective social class, academic performance, and subjective wellbeing in first-generation and veteran students. In recent years, both student veterans and first-generation students have become topics of interest for universities, counselors, and researchers, as they are growing in numbers on university campuses. These groups face a variety of barriers to completing their academic degrees. One area with little investigation is the influence of subjective social class on these individuals. Therefore, various facets of subjective social class (Subjective Social Status, Beliefs in a Just World, Protestant Work Ethic, Materialism, Classism, and Financial Literacy) were examined to better understand their relationships with student subjective wellbeing and academic performance. Using several analyses, non-first generation student veterans, first-generation student veterans, and first-generation non-veteran students were compared based on their social class beliefs, attitudes, and priorities, as well as subjective wellbeing and academic performance. Results include several key findings. First, support was found for the Classism Attitudinal Profile’s position within the social class nomological network. Second, the subjective social class variables of materialism, financial literacy, and classism co-varied with participant’s college outcome expectations. Third, the three groups were found to differ in their subjective social class attitudes concerning status, materialism, classism, just world beliefs, financial ability, and social support. Fourth, subjective social class was confirmed to be a useful variable to consider when exploring academic performance and wellbeing. Overall, subjective social class and economic cultures appear to be useful constructs to consider when working with clients and conducting research.

This investigation is a response to the lack of research concerning the use of language in social service reports. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of language in childcare investigations. This is a qualitative study that looks at four Childcare investigation reports, recorded in the city of Malmö, with the purpose of examining the role of language in the investigation process. Furthermore, the study investigates what demands are placed on parents based on Bordieau´s notion of capital. This study also looks at how the language used in these reports can either be interpreted as accessible or inaccessible. According to the results, the language used in the investigations is characterized by difficult words and native concepts which places a certain requirement on the families involved to comprehend an academic language. Furthermore, the fact that the language in these reports is framed by an establishment separate from those affected by the investigation should be considered as a limitation to the families involved. It is of importance to consider how a Childcare investigation can often invoke emotional responses in those involved, as well as how the investigation process can mean personal exposure for the families in question. Consequently, for the social worker, this might entail a very complex work situation with tasks that can include high demands and difficulties fulfilling expectations. Another point to consider is that the investigator and the family are part of the investigation process under very different conditions, where one is there to assess whereas the other is the one being assessed. Therefore, it is of outmost importance to reflect on how their positions may vary based on their social class.