abstract: Component simulation models, such as agent-based models, may depend on spatial data associated with geographic locations. Composition of such models can be achieved using a Geographic Knowledge Interchange Broker (GeoKIB) enabled with spatial-temporal data transformation functions, each of which is responsible for a set of interactions between two independent models. The use of autonomous interaction models allows model composition without alteration of the composed component models. An interaction model must handle differences in the spatial resolutions between models, in addition to differences in their temporal input/output data types and resolutions. A generalized GeoKIB was designed that regulates unidirectional spatially-based interactions between composed models. Different input and output data types are used for the interaction model, depending on whether data transfer should be passive or active. Synchronization of time-tagged input/output values is made possible with the use of dependency on a discrete simulation clock. An algorithm supporting spatial conversion is developed to transform any two-dimensional geographic data map between different region specifications. Maps belonging to the composed models can have different regions, map cell sizes, or boundaries. The GeoKIB can be extended based on the model specifications to be composed and the target application domain. Two separate, simplistic models were created to demonstrate model composition via the GeoKIB. An interaction model was created for each of the two directions the composed models interact. This exemplar is developed to demonstrate composition and simulation of geographic-based component models. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Computer Science 2019

Uppsatsen handlar om hur mäklaren påverkar på ansvarsfördelningen för faktiska fel i fastighet mellan en köpare och säljare. Vilka fel som köparen kommer att ansvara för enligt 4:19 JB utgår från vad denne hade kunnat finna vid en normal undersökningsplikt. Undersökningsplikten kan även utökas om köparen får varnande besked att ett fel kan föreligga. Undersökningsplikten kan även reduceras ifall köparen får lugnande besked eller det bagatelliseras om den specifika egenskapen samt om utfästelser görs. Motsattvis reduceras eller utökas säljarens felansvar. Säljaren står även ansvarig för fel denne svikligt undanhåller för att utnyttja köparens okunskap. Mäklaren har en upplysningsplikt enligt 16 § FML och ska upplysa om fel denne känner till eller misstänker. Det är oberoende om informationen framkommit till mäklaren från annan part eller om mäklaren själv har vetskap om det genom exempelvis tidigare erfarenheter. Mäklaren ska även verka för att säljaren lämnar upplysningar som kan vara av betydelse för köparen. Det kan ske genom en s.k. frågelista. Utifrån sammanställning av författningar, praxis och doktrin har det framkommit att mäklaren genom sina skyldigheter kan påverka ansvarsfördelningen. Mäklaren kan påverka ansvarsfördelningen i bägge riktningar för en köpare och säljare, dvs. att det leder till en förskjutning av ansvaret för faktiska fel i fastigheten. Mäklaren påverkar ansvaret genom sin upplysningsplikt. Köparen kan få en utökad undersökningsplikt genom att mäklaren lämnar varnande besked till köparen om fel denne misstänker. Köparen kan också få reducerad undersökningsplikt genom att mäklaren lämnar lugnande besked. Motsatsvis innebär det ett reducerat eller utökat ansvar för säljaren. Det innebär att mäklarens uttalande till en köpare har samma innebörd som säljarens uttalande i fråga om ansvarsfördelningen mellan köparen och säljaren. / The essay is about how the broker affects the distribution of responsibilities for factual faults in properties between a buyer and a seller. Which faults the buyer will be responsible for according to 4:19 JB is based on what the buyer could have discovered in a normal investigation duty. This duty of inquiry may also be extended if the buyer receives a warning message pointing to that a fault may exist. The extension of what the buyer is responsible of may also be reduced if the buyer receives a calming message or the specific attribute is being trivialized or if a specific attribute is being pledged. By contrast, the seller’s liability of faults is reduced or increased. The seller is liable for faults, which he fraudulently refuses to exploit due to the byer’s lack of knowledge. The broker has a duty to provide information according to 16 § FML and shall disclose any faults he is aware of or suspects. It is independent whether the information has been disclosed to the broker from another person or if the broker himself knows about it through previous experiences. The broker must also act in order for the seller to provide information that may be of importance to the buyer. This can be done through a list of questions. Based on the compilation of constitutions, practices and doctrine, it has been found that the broker can, through his obligations, affect the distribution of responsibilities. The broker can affect the distribution of responsibilities in both directions for a buyer and a seller, i.e. that it leads to a shift of responsibilities for actual faults in the property. The broker affects the responsibility through his duty of disclosure. The buyer can also get a reduced duty to investigate due to a calming message from the broker. By contrast, it implies reduced or increased liability for the seller. This means that the broker’s statement to a buyer has the same meaning as the seller’s statement regarding the division of responsibility between the buyer and seller.

No description available.

Исследование посвящено исследованию развития работы брокеров на фондовом рынке в современных условиях. Предметом исследования являются экономические отношения, связанные с исследованием издержек и рисков, возникающих между инвестором и рыночной структурой в момент совершения инвестиционных операций. Основной целью магистерской диссертации является разработка комплексной концепции развития доступной для инвестора ликвидности в кризисные ситуации на рынках и в экономике. В заключении подводятся итоги проведенного исследования, даются практические рекомендации для сокращения торговых издержек в существующих реалиях нашего рынка. / The research is devoted to the study of the development of brokers in the stock market in modern conditions. The subject of the study is the economic relations associated with the study of the costs and risks that arise between the investor and the market structure at the time of investment transactions. The main goal of the master's thesis is to develop a comprehensive concept for the development of liquidity available to investors in crisis situations in the markets and in the economy. In conclusion, the results of the study are summarized, and practical recommendations are given to reduce trading costs in the current realities of our market.

Even in the days of an ever closer European union, Europe contains no less than four different legal cultures with respect to real estate conveyances: the Latin-German notary system, the deregulated Dutch notary system, the lawyer/solicitor system, and the Scandinavian licensed real estate broker system. The latter is of particular interest in that Scandinavian brokers play a far larger role in real estate transactions than their European counterparts.This paper examines and compares the Swedish real estate broker and the Latin notary. The Swedish broker is required by law to act as an impartial intermediary, to provide counseling to both parties, and to assist in drawing up all contracts and other documents necessary for the transaction at hand. To that end, the broker must be active and observant of the particular needs of the parties to the present transaction, always striving to enable them to reach equitable and practical agreements so as to prevent future disputes. In other words, the broker is required to tailor the transaction to fit the needs of the buyer and seller.The Latin notary profession prevails in large parts of the world, particularly the Latin-German parts of continental Europe, and Latin America. While there are divergences in the notarial laws of all countries, the similarities are greater still, and it is correct to speak of a single profession throughout all these countries. The notary carries out several important functions, the nexus of which is the authentication of legal documents. In the preparation of these documents, the notary is required to provide impartial counseling in order to tailor the transaction at hand to fit the will and needs of the parties. To uphold the integra fama of the profession, and to safeguard the proper performance of the notarial functions, lawgivers in all countries emphasize the importance of impartiality and integrity. There are national divergences as to the specific rules of conduct related to impartiality, particularly those concerning what activities are considered incompatible with the notariat, but they rest on common principles. Most importantly, not only must the publica fides be honored, it must be seen in the eyes of the public to be honored. The organization and regulation of the notary profession raises important economic issues, particularly with regard to competition/monopoly and market failures. The discussion of the regulation or deregulation of the notariat is by no means settled. Comparing the two professions, it is striking to see the enormous similarities in the legal frameworks and their respective rationales. Two common features are of particular interest. Firstly, both the Swedish broker and the Latin notary are required to assist the contracting parties in the contract phase, drawing up any necessary documents and counseling the parties as to the implications of the transaction. In that respect, both professions function as tailors to the transaction. Secondly, both the broker and the notary are required to act impartially and independently – impartially visavi the contracting parties, and independently in order to preserve the public faith in the independence and integrity of the professions.The similarities can be summarized as a function on the real estate market: impartial counseling and contract-engineering. This function exists alongside other functions, such as the brokers’ traditional matchmaking, or the registration of property rights. This functional approach may prove very useful in all kinds of analyses of the real estate market, whether of political, legal, or economic nature. For instance, with respect to the merits and/or necessity of the Swedish impartiality rule, those wishing to amend the law and introduce a system of overtly partial brokers acting solely on behalf of their principal have to face the question of what is to become of counseling for the principal’s counterpart. Should the counterpart be forced to choose between hiring their own legal counsel or make do without? Further, those wishing to contest the mandatory notarial intervention in real estate transactions have to face the same question: what is to happen to impartial counseling, given not only to the client but also to the client’s counterpart? Both instances illustrate the common feature shared by the two examined professions: impartial contract-engineering and counseling. To complete the picture and cover the whole arena of real estate transactions, the next logical step is therefore to compare and analyze different systems for registration of property rights. Doing so will hopefully achieve a tool for examining the real estate market that will prove useful indeed, particularly in future discussions concerning European harmonization.

No description available.

ITC/USA 2008 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fourth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 27-30, 2008 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / The integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) and Test and Training Enabling Architecture (TENA) projects are working to understand how TENA will perform in a Telemetry Network System. This paper discusses a demonstration prototype that is being used to investigate the use of TENA across a constrained test environment simulating iNET capabilities. Some of the key elements being evaluated are throughput, latency, memory utilization, memory footprint, and bandwidth. The results of these evaluations will be presented. Additionally, the paper briefly discusses modeling and metadata requirements for TENA and iNET.

不動產仲介契約由來已久，民國八十五年到八十八年間政府制訂各種不動產經紀業之相關法規及不動產仲介契約範本，以求衡平仲介人與買賣雙方當事人間法律關係。 對於不動產仲介契約法律性質究竟屬於居間契約抑或是委任契約，學說屢屢爭執不下，反映在實務上亦無法達成共識。然此定性卻為實務審於契約條款適法性之前提要件，因此，本文首要討論的即是不動產仲介契約之法律關係，究為何屬。除此之外，傳統的居間契約，通說均認為係屬單務契約，本文認為在仲介人負有積極活動義務下，似有深究之必要。 其次，本文以為現行的契約範本，仍有若干約款無法清楚界定當事人間權利義務關係，實有加以討論及修改之必要。再者，消費者欲透過不動產仲介業者尋找適當的交易相對人，除仲介人擁有較多之交易資訊外，更看重仲介人本身之專業與經驗，因此不動產仲介人對於標的物現況說明書之解說及調查義務更顯的重要，而仲介人應與調查之項目為何，調查之射程範圍均有詳述之必要。更有甚者，針對「斡旋金」及「要約書」相關法律問題，亦為本文討論之重點。 除契約責任外，消費者保護法第七條無過失責任是否適用於一切服務，素有爭議；縱使認為不動產仲介業者居於服務提供者之地位，應依消費者保護法對於一般消費者就其服務負擔無過失責任，所負擔之責任範圍應如何界定，是否會與賣方所應負擔之責任發生重疊。上述種種問題，本文均分別一一釐清，希冀一方面加深消費者對於仲介契約之瞭解以減少訟累，並建議相關修正提供仲介業者參考，以真正落實契約公平正義之要求，另一方面就目前實務上所發生之問題，歸納提出可能之解決方式，期望能夠對於不動產仲介實務，提供符合時代潮流之資訊。

我國銀行保險起始於一九九○年代，正式發展則於二○○一年金融控股公司法通過之後，期間經過許多金融保險法規的修訂與鬆綁，使得我國銀行保險業務蓬勃發展。時至今日，銀行保險已成為壽險業界最重要之行銷管道。 就市場現況觀之，銀行保險大多採取轉投資保經代公司或簽訂銷售協議模式經營：前者為三方架構之間接模式，亦即銀行透過保險經紀人（或代理人）公司，間接與保險公司進行業務合作；後者為兩方架構之直接模式，亦即銀行直接與保險公司進行業務合作。因應上述市場運作，主管機關雖訂有相關監理法令以資規範，但仍產生下列問題： 1. 銀行銷售保險商品之法律依據為何？ 2. 銀行保險業務究竟為銀行或保險公司業務？監理管轄如何劃分？ 3. 銀行保險業務發生法律爭議，銀行通路之責任歸屬是否明確？ 4. 銀行通路之權責是否與其實質利益相符合？ 5. 銀行轉投資保險經紀人或代理人公司是否妥當？ 6. 銀行銷售保險商品過程，消費者資訊及隱私權之保護是否產生缺漏？ 本文以為，此等法律疑義若無法釐清，將嚴重影響消費者權益、市場發展與監理效率。本文建議主管機關應修訂相關法規，調整現行銀行保險之經營架構、開放銀行得兼營保險經紀人及保險代理人業務、確認銀行職員或理財專員之登錄公司為銀行，以建立權責相符的銀行保險架構。如此方能避免消費爭議，創造消費者、銀行及保險公司三贏之局面。 / Bancassurance was introduced in Taiwan in the 1990s and officially recognized by the regulatory authority after the enactment of the Financial Holding Company Act in 2001. Thanks to a series of regulatory reforms and de-regulation, it grew significantly in business volume. Today, bancassurance is the most important channel for life insurance companies. In light of market practices, two kinds of business models are currently adopted by banks for their bancassurance business: i.e. investing insurance intermediary companies or signing marketing agreement. The former, a tripartite model, benefits banks indirectly to carry on bancassurance through their insurance intermediary (broker or agent) subsidiaries; the later, a bilateral model, means that banks can enter into an agreement directly with insurance undertakings to sell insurance products. Responding to the market practices, certain regulations for bancassurance are promulgated by the regulatory authority. However, there still exist some legal issues as obstacles and hurdles against the market, including the legal basis of bancassurance, the allocation of the regulatory jurisdiction, the accountability and responsibility of banks, the appropriateness of bank’s holding an insurance intermediary company, the leakage in the protection of consumers’ interests and privacy in sales and so on. It may result in negative impacts toward the protection of consumer interests, the development of the market, and the effectiveness of the supervision system if the aforesaid can not be clarified. It is submitted that the regulatory authority shall revise the relevant regulations to adjust operation mechanism in market, let banks operate the same as an insurance broker (or agent), and confirm that bank employee shall register as insurance solicitors of banks. Under such a scenario, banks could be fully responsible as a distribution channel, so that consumption issues could be avoided and an all-wins relation among consumer, bank and insurance company could be achieved.

Relevance has become one of the key priorities for accounting policy, and implies that accounting should have an impact on the economic decision-making of accounting users. Despite the increased importance given to users, however, little is known concerning the properties of such relevance in practice. Furthermore, the lack of insight into the practices of users has been mitigated with a theoretical perspective of decision-making which supports an insufficient understanding of how stock markets function and how accounting users behave. This dissertation contributes to the emerging interest in the sociology of financial analysis by following users in their pursuit of relevance. By theorising financial analysis as a social and institutional practice, this dissertation investigates not only how accounting is relevant but also how such relevance is influenced by the particular setting of accounting users. Furthermore, the understanding of relevance as located within the activities leading up to a decision is here extended by emphasising the continuous activities of users and therefore also the role of accounting in the management of their decisions. Based on in-depth field studies targeting the activities of (sell-side) equity research analysts and equity sales brokers, this dissertation presents four papers addressing different notions of accounting, users and relevance. Theoretical insights are drawn from sociology and include actor-network theory, dramaturgy and text-and-conversation-theory. The studies find that the organisation of the sell-side industry necessitates a use of accounting which accentuates the links between accounting, users and investments recommendations. This dissertation concludes that, in order to produce and sustain such links, relevance becomes (a) mediated by a variety of elements, (b) based on the production of differences, and (c) mutually constitutive for accounting and users. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>