This research aims to contribute to the knowledge gap about opposition and support parties’ competitive behaviour in minority situations where no party have a majority in the parliament. Two Swedish parties - the Centre Party and the Left Party - will be examined to answer the two overarching research questions. Namely, 1) how does the competitive behaviour of parties vary in relation to a party’s role as a support party or opposition party? And 2) does the result support the cartel party thesis or the model of classic opposition? The competitive behaviour was measured in regards to counter proposals, standpoints and reservations on the governmental propositions. This was done through a quantitative content analysis of committee reports during four terms of office. The results indicate that both parties were more competitive during their time in opposition compared to in support status. This supports the model of classic opposition and rejects the cartel party thesis.

The main objective of thesis ''Narcoterrorism: Crossroads between drug trade and political violence'' is to describe and analyze the phenomenon of narcoterrorism, a concept that combines in its core the politically-motivated violence, the illicit drug trade, and the use of terrorist methods. The goal will be to establish a comprehensive theoretical framework for the various types of narcoterrorism and the different supportive types that may occur between the politically-motivated or ideological groups, and the drug-trafficking criminal groups. This framework will be later primarily tested on the case of Colombia, where various warring ideological and criminal groups will be observed and analyzed. Other cases that will be secondarily used to further prove the established assumptions, will be focusing on other countries which seen in recent history a surge of political or criminal violence, and are either manufacturing or trafficking illegal drugs. These will include Peru, Mexico, and Afghanistan. In the final section of the thesis, the theoretical framework will be assigned to real historical cases, and a question of the prerequisites of narcoterrorist emergence will be discussed.

Both the Bavarian and Austrian societies have been undergoing a broad process of change since 1945: they have experienced a long period of economical growth, a rise of standards in terms of social welfare and education, and thus a value change and a switch to at least partly postmaterial society. Accompanying this change, however, there has also been more public disapproval towards the official policies, the number of people going to the polls has sunk and so has the number of people who are likely to become involved in party politics. Particularly the big, dominant catch-all parties, such as CSU (Christian Social Union of Bavaria) and ÖVP (Austrian People's Party), have been losing their voters and members. As the thesis shows, the developments in both societies are quite similar, as the political culture of Bavaria and Austria - in spite of certain differences - shares many common characteristics. Also, both CSU and ÖVP did partly manage to adapt to the new circumstances, particularly in terms of party funding. Anyway, they did not fully follow the pattern of cartelisation to pursue this adaptation. This reveals the link between postmaterialist change and the development to cartel party to be only partly valid; however, both theories have proved to be helpful in understanding processes taking...

Esta dissertação se debruça sobre a trajetória de Raúl Prebisch entre 1930-1943, período conhecido na historiografia argentina como a década infame. Objetiva-se capturar como o jovem economista construiu uma exitosa carreira nos escalões superiores da burocracia estatal argentina valendo-se de sua origem social entre os Uriburu de Tucumán (família tradicionalmente vinculada ao poder desde os tempos coloniais), das relações de amizade e colaboração especializada com os responsáveis pela restauração conservadora da década de 1930 e da alta cotação de seus conhecimentos num cenário de emergência econômica. Em meio às repercussões negativas da crise de 1929 sobre a economia argentina e o ressurgimento das forças políticas oligárquicas, que buscaram na ciência econômica sua fonte de legitimidade, Prebisch se capitalizou como a liderança do processo de modernização do Estado ao dispor de uma rede privilegiada de contatos que possibilitou o acesso às novas oportunidades de colocação na burocracia, além de projetá-lo como mediador entre as novas demandas estatais, o poder executivo e os jovens economistas da Universidade de Buenos Aires. / This dissertation focuses on the trajectory of Raúl Prebisch between 1930 and 1943, a period known in Argentine historiography as the \"infamous decade\". It aims to capture how the young economist built a successful career in the upper echelons of the Argentine state bureaucracy using the social origins among the Uriburu of Tucumán (family traditionally linked to power since colonial times), friendship and technical collaboration with those responsible for the conservative restoration of the 1930s and his highly esteemed knowledge in an emergency economic scenario. In the circumstances of the negative repercussions of the 1929 crisis on the Argentine economy and the resurgence of oligarchic political forces, which sought the economic science as their source of legitimacy, Prebisch capitalized himself in the leadership of the process of modernization of the State by having a privileged network of contacts that enabled him to control the new opportunities of placement in the bureaucracy and projected him as a mediator between the new state demands, the executive branch and the young economists of the University of Buenos Aires.

寬恕政策為政府打擊卡特爾不可或缺的重要工具，為了維持市場競爭公平性，各國相繼將其引入法條之中，該政策透過廠商主動揭露涉案行為，使得政府可有效掌握證據將其處置。本文建立兩種賽局模型並分別利用子賽局完全均衡及序列均衡的概念，嘗試討論一般情況下寬恕政策的效率及納入資訊不對稱情形下的政策有效性，並由兩模型推論出：實行寬恕政策且廠商主動申報聯合行為為社會最有效率的均衡、透過政府制定適當的罰鍰區間引導下，主動申報聯合行為的行為可視為一區隔廠商型態的訊號。 / The leniency policy plays an indispensable role in thwarting cartel formation. To maintain the fairness of market competition, most countries successively bring this policy into their antitrust legislation. After the enforcement of the policy, the involved firms may have incentive to self-report and provide evidences to the Antitrust Authority. Therefore, the authorities can get enough evidences to convict those firms of being cartel members. In this paper, we develop two kinds of game theoretical model and use the concept of subgame perfect equilibrium and sequential equilibrium to discuss the efficiency of leniency policy in general conditions, and the effectiveness of the policy under the condition of information asymmetry. We show that it is efficient to the society and the authorities when the cartel members self-report under the enforcement of leniency policy. Moreover, by setting up an appropriate fine payment, self-reporting can be a signal for the authorities to segment the type of the involved firms.

為了維護全球經濟的穩定與公平，近年來各國無不致力於反壟斷政策的執行，以期有效打擊卡特爾式的企業聯合行為。本文從三種不同的環境條件下，逐一探討採取聯合行為的廠商和反托拉斯政府之間的互動情況。透過本研究可發現，廠商在以利潤為優先考量下，來決定是否採取聯合結盟，以及合法或非法的合作型態。此外，為了朝全社會效率極大的目標邁進，本文針對三種環境設定下的均衡結果進行效率性的比較，得知其差異的成因在於政府和廠商報酬差異的大小。 / In order to keep the stability and fairness of global economy, most of the authorities around the world have been fighting for cutting down cartels by implementing Antitrust/Competition Law. In this paper, we analyze the interaction between joint ventures and antitrust authorities in three different cases. And we find that profit always takes priority in firms’ decision, no matter how the economic environment changes. Finally, in discussing social utility, we compare efficiency among the three cases, and reach our conclusion that the difference of government’s and firm’s return causes the efficiency or non-efficiency of those optimal strategies.

Définies comme des pratiques contractuelles abusives dans les rapports entre professionnels, les pratiques restrictives amoindrissent considérablement la capacité concurrentielle du partenaire commercial. Le droit de la concurrence et plus particulièrement, le droit des pratiques anticoncurrentielles peut constituer une voie de droit permettant la répression de ces comportements. L’étude menée permet de s’interroger sur l’efficacité de l’entente et des abus de domination, entendus comme concepts d’accueil, afin de lutter contre les pratiques restrictives. Alors même que les abus de domination présentent des points de convergence importants avec la notion de «pratique restrictive », l’appréhension est profondément nuancée. Les exigences textuelles inhérentes à la démonstration de l’abus de position dominante (102 TFUE et art. L.420-2, al. 1er du Code de commerce) sont drastiques et l’appréciation de l’abus de dépendance économique en droit français (art. L.420-2, al. 2 du Code de commerce) est si étroite qu’elle ne permet pas de faciliter la captation positive des pratiques restrictives. En outre, la preuve de la restriction de concurrence est difficile à rapporter en présence de comportements qui atteignent, le plus souvent, le simple partenaire contractuel et non le marché entendu dans sa globalité. Paradoxalement, si l’entente apparaît comme un concept peu ressemblant dans ses composantes à la notion de «pratique restrictive », l’appréhension y est privilégiée. Afin de faciliter la mutation de la pratique en comportement concerté, les autorités de concurrence procèdent à une lecture généreuse du critère de la concertation. La restriction de concurrence fait également l’objet d’une appréciation compréhensive. Que l’appréhension soit opérée au titre de l’entente ou des abus de domination, des pistes de réflexion sont proposées afin de perfectionner le traitement concurrentiel des pratiques restrictives. / Defined as unfair contractual practices in relations between professionals, restrictive practices significantly undermine the competitiveness of the trading partner. Competition law and, more specifically, antitrust law can be a remedy to the suppression of these behaviours. The study raises questions about the effectiveness of the cartel and abuse of dominance in the fight against restrictive practices. The analysis tends to gauge their understanding through the prism of the two concepts that are cartels and abuse of dominance. Even as abuse of dominance have important points of convergence with the concept of “restrictive practice”, apprehension is deeply nuanced. Textual requirements inherent in the demonstration of the abuse of dominant position (102 TFUE andart. L.420-2, al. 1 of the Commercial Code) are drastic and appreciation of the abuse of economic dependence in French law (art. L.420-2, al. 2 of the Commercial Code) is so narrow that it does not facilitate the positive uptake of restrictive practices. In addition, evidence of the competition restriction is difficult to bring in conduct that reach, in most cases, the mere contractual partner and not the market heard in its entirety. Paradoxically, if the cartels appears to be a bit like concept in its components to the concept of “restrictive practice ", apprehension is preferred. To facilitate the transfer of practice concerted behaviour, competition authorities proceed to a generous reading of the meeting of minds. Competition restriction is also the subject of a comprehensive appreciation. That apprehension is made under the cartel or abuse of dominant position, actionable insights are proposed to improve the competitive treatment of restrictive practices.

Submitted by Guilherme Pereira (guilherme.pereira@gvmail.br) on 2011-08-17T19:55:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação de mestrado - versão final banca examinadora.pdf: 1033125 bytes, checksum: 76847bbe49637f495c3fa47ce72a9607 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-08-18T11:57:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação de mestrado - versão final banca examinadora.pdf: 1033125 bytes, checksum: 76847bbe49637f495c3fa47ce72a9607 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-08-18T12:03:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação de mestrado - versão final banca examinadora.pdf: 1033125 bytes, checksum: 76847bbe49637f495c3fa47ce72a9607 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-02 / A pesquisa desenvolvida pretendeu analisar dois dos instrumentos jurídicos que compõem a atual política de combate a cartel brasileira (Acordo de Leniência e Termo de Compromisso de Cessação de Prática - TCC), com o objetivo de verificar se os mesmos estão funcionando de forma integrada e eficiente em prol da dissuasão da prática de cartel na economia brasileira, e preservação da concorrência. Nesse sentido, no Capítulo I se contextualiza o problema enfrentado a partir da demonstração da divergência existente entre o Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) e a Secretaria de Direito Econômico (SDE) em relação às condições que devem permear a celebração de um TCC em prol da preservação da política de Acordo de Leniência, além do que se demonstra a relevância do seu estudo e a metodologia empregada. Nos Capítulos II e III o problema central da pesquisa é enfrentado por meio da análise dos objetivos dos institutos jurídicos do Acordo de Leniência e TCC, da sua relação de complementaridade no âmbito de uma política de combate a cartel eficiente, e da posição da SDE e do CADE acerca da aplicação desses instrumentos. Por fim, após percorrer todo esse caminho, no Capítulo IV conclui-se com respostas às seguintes questões formuladas: i) A regulação atual do TCC implica em potenciais prejuízos ao programa de Acordo de Leniência? Se positivo, quais?; ii) A despeito da regulação atual do TCC, a forma como o CADE vem aplicando este instituto jurídico tem desprestigiado o programa de Acordo de Leniência?; iii) Há algum indício e/ou prova de que os agentes econômicos têm, estrategicamente, se utilizado mais dos TCCs em detrimento do Acordo de Leniência? Se positivo, esse fato é prejudicial à política brasileira de combate a cartéis?; iv) Há medidas que podem ser adotadas para aperfeiçoar os instrumentos que compõem a política de combate a cartéis brasileira (Acordo de Leniência e TCC)?

Submitted by Cristiane Roberta Franco da Cruz Rego (cristiane.rego@braskem.com) on 2018-05-14T20:46:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Rego FGV mestrado profissional biblioteca digital.pdf: 1100282 bytes, checksum: cb859577287a95cc2058f90db22d20fe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-05-14T21:16:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Rego FGV mestrado profissional biblioteca digital.pdf: 1100282 bytes, checksum: cb859577287a95cc2058f90db22d20fe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-05-15T13:23:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Rego FGV mestrado profissional biblioteca digital.pdf: 1100282 bytes, checksum: cb859577287a95cc2058f90db22d20fe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-15T13:23:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Rego FGV mestrado profissional biblioteca digital.pdf: 1100282 bytes, checksum: cb859577287a95cc2058f90db22d20fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-27 / O presente trabalho de conclusão de mestrado visa contribuir para esclarecer conceitos, propor novos caminhos e fomentar o debate a respeito da busca pela reparação de danos como forma de desestimular a prática de cartel. Para tanto, foram observados alguns os cartéis já condenados e alguns casos ainda em andamento no CADE, bem como a legislação do Brasil e de outras jurisdições. A primeira parte contém breve explicação sobre o Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência e infrações à ordem econômica, bem como a configuração e a punição do cartel perante o CADE. A segunda parte identifica as implicações do Acordo de Leniência e do Termo de Cessação de Conduta - TCC, bem como o prazo de prescrição para propositura de ação indenizatória. Além disso, descreve as características da ação judicial e as dificuldades que precisarão ser enfrentadas, com destaque para a questão do cálculo do dano. Na terceira parte deste trabalho, são apresentadas contribuições de medidas que, se adotadas, poderão desestimular a prática 9de cartel e aumentar o enforcement da reparação de danos à concorrência. Algumas poderão ser implementadas de imediato e outras dependerão de alteração legislativa. Neste aspecto, também foi realizada a análise do projeto de lei do senado que visa alteração a Lei de Defesa da Concorrência – LDC (Lei nº 12.529/2011), para estimular o ajuizamento de ações visando ressarcimento de danos decorrentes de infrações à ordem econômica. Por fim, o trabalho contém três anexos, sendo o primeiro deles referente à legislação aplicável às regras de prazo e contagem de prescrição no Brasil e em outras jurisdições. O segundo anexo trata de jurisprudência, listando, de forma exemplificativa, algumas ações coletivas e ações indenizatórias individuais, bem como traz exemplos de protestos para interromper a contagem do prazo de prescrição. / This dissertation aims to contribute to clarify concepts, discuss practical cases, propose new ways and foster debate regarding the search for damages as a way to discourage cartel practice. In order to do so, we have observed the already convicted cartels and the cases still in progress at CADE and the laws of Brazil and other jurisdictions. The first part contains a brief explanation of the Brazilian System of Defense of Competition and infractions to the economic order, as well as the configuration and punishment of the cartel before CADE. The second part identifies the implications of the Agreement of Leniency and the Term of Cessation of Conduct - TCC, as well as the limitation period for filing a claim. In addition, it describes the characteristics of the lawsuit and the difficulties that will need to be faced, with emphasis on the issue of the calculation of damages. In the third part of this work, contributions of measures are presented that, if adopted, could discourage the practice of cartel and increase the enforcement of the reparation of damages to the competition. Some may be implemented immediately and others will depend on legislative change. Finally, the work contains three annexes, the first of which refers to the legislation applicable to the rules about period limitation and counting of statute limitation in Brazil and in other jurisdictions. The second annex deals with jurisprudence, listing the main issues discussed in collective actions and individual indemnification actions, as well as showing examples of protests to stop the counting of the period of limitation. The last annex contains an analysis of the Senate bill drafting that seeks to amend the Competition Law - LDC (Law nº 12.529/2011), to stimulate the filing of actions to recover damages arising from breaches of the economic order.

La promotion de l’innovation est une valeur pour différents pays. À cette fin, ils font usage de diverses techniques juridiques pour inciter les entreprises à viser et à générer de nouveaux produits, services ou technologies. Au Brésil, la propriété intellectuelle est considérée comme une des institutions juridiques les plus aptes à préserver l’intérêt des entreprises à continuer à innover. Cependant, la période suivant l’accord ADPIC a révélé que la propriété intellectuelle a failli à sa tâche de consolider de modèle de développement par l’innovation dans le pays. Cette frustration n’est un phénomène limité au Brésil, comme nous le percevons en évaluant d’autres économies héritières du sous-développement. Au lieu d’une ample diffusion technologique, nous observons le renforcement d’une espèce de «cartel de la connaissance», avec une influence mondiale. La surprotection des droits de propriété intellectuelle s’ajoute au discours de la réduction de l’intervention concurrentielle, découlant de l’influence de l’École de Chicago. La thèse part du présupposé que ce contexte décrit n’est pas en accord avec l’idéologie constitutionnellement adoptée au Brésil, nécessitant de promouvoir une action renouvelée du Conseil Administratif de Défense Économique (CADE). La présente recherche a pour objectif de formuler une fonction régulatrice de l’innovation par l’application du droit brésilien de la concurrence. L’enquête a eu un caractère interdisciplinaire, impliquant plus particulièrement des connaissances du droit et de l’économie. Nous avons conduit une analyse des jugements rendus par les autorités de la concurrence brésilienne et européennes relatifs à la protection de l’innovation et des droits de propriété intellectuelle. L’analyse comparative avec l’expérience européenne a permis de constater que les apports de l’économie industrielle contemporaine peuvent introduire des analyses économiques plus réalistes, sans perdre de vue la sécurité juridique dans l’intervention concurrentielle. Ainsi, nous comprenons que le CADE présente des compétences constitutionnelles et légales pour intervenir, de façon renouvelée, dans des cas impliquant l’industrie de haute technologie, en privilégiant les structures économiques plus inclusives et en réduisant les barrières à l’entrée des marchés. / The promotion of innovation is a value widely pursued by the most different countries, which implement various legal techniques to ensure the necessary incentives for companies that succeed in generating new products, services and technologies. In Brazil, intellectual property is considered one of the most suitable legal institutes to better preserve the interest of companies in continuing to innovate. However, the period following Brazil’s accession to the TRIPS Agreement revealed that it did not meet the expectations of consolidating the innovation development model in the country. This frustration is not a phenomenon restricted to Brazil, as one can perceive in evaluating other economies with inheritances of underdevelopment. In lieu of a broad technological diffusion, what was observed is the consolidation of a "knowledge cartel," with global influence. The "overprotection" of intellectual property rights is added to the narrative of a reduction in competitive intervention, resulting from the influence of the Chicago School. Thus, this thesis assumes that the context previously described is not in accordance with the constitutionally adopted ideology, making it necessary to promote a renewed action of the Brazilian Administrative Council of Economic Defense (CADE, in Portuguese). The research aimed to formulate a regulatory function of innovation by means of the Brazilian Competition Law mechanisms. The research had an interdisciplinary character, involving, especially, knowledge of Law and Economy. An analysis of cases judged by Brazilian and European competition authorities on the protection of innovation and intellectual property rights was carried out. The comparative analysis with the European experience showed that the contributions of the contemporary industrial economy can introduce more realistic economic analyzes, without losing sight of the legal security in the competitive intervention. Thus, it is understood that CADE has constitutional and legal powers to intervene, in a renewed way, in cases involving the high technology industry, prioritizing more inclusive economic structures and reducing high barriers to entry in the markets in question. / A promoção da inovação é um valor amplamente perseguido pelos mais diferentes países, os quais se utilizam de diversas técnicas jurídicas para garantir os estímulos necessários às empresas que tenham sucesso em gerar novos produtos e serviços ou novas tecnologias. No Brasil, considera-se a propriedade intelectual como um dos institutos jurídicos mais aptos a preservar o interesse das empresas em continuar inovando. Entretanto, o período subsequente à adesão ao Acordo TRIPS revelou que este não cumpriu com as expectativas de consolidar o modelo de desenvolvimento via inovação no país. Essa frustração não é fenômeno restrito ao Brasil, conforme se percebe ao avaliar outras economias com heranças do subdesenvolvimento. No lugar da ampla difusão tecnológica, o que se verificou foi a consolidação de uma espécie de “cartel do conhecimento”, com influência global. Assim, a “superproteção” dos direitos de propriedade intelectual se soma à narrativa de redução de intervenção concorrencial, decorrente da influência da Escola de Chicago. A presente tese parte do pressuposto de que esse contexto descrito não está de acordo com a ideologia constitucionalmente adotada, fazendo-se necessário promover uma atuação renovada do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE). A pesquisa teve como objetivo formular uma função reguladora da inovação por meio da aplicação do Direito Brasileiro da Concorrência. Para tanto, a investigação teve caráter interdisciplinar, envolvendo, especialmente, conhecimentos do Direito e da Economia. Foi realizada uma análise de casos julgados pelas autoridades da concorrência brasileira e europeias, versando sobre a proteção da inovação e de direitos de propriedade intelectual. Em face disso, a análise comparativa com a experiência europeia permitiu constatar que os aportes da Economia Industrial contemporânea podem introduzir análises econômicas mais realistas, sem perder de vista a segurança jurídica na intervenção concorrencial. Assim, infere-se que o CADE apresenta competências constitucionais e legais para intervir, de maneira renovada, em casos que envolvam a indústria de alta tecnologia, priorizando estruturas econômicas mais inclusivas e reduzindo as elevadas barreiras a entrada.