Nós determinamos a influência da alcalose e acidose metabólica induzida sobre o ritmo de prova, gasto energético e desempenho durante um teste contrarrelógio de ciclismo de 4 km (TCR). Após um estudo preliminar (N=7) determinando as doses ótimas de cloreto de amônio (NH4Cl), bicarbonato de sódio (NaHCO3) e placebo (carbonato de cálcio, CaCO3), 11 ciclistas amadores realizaram um TCR de 4 km 100 min após ingerirem 0,15 g·kg-1 de NH4Cl, 0,3 g·kg-1 de NaHCO3 ou 0,15 g·kg-1 de CaCO3 (desenho de medidas repetidas, contrabalançado e duplo-cego). Comparado com placebo, a ingestão de NaHCO3 resultou em uma alcalose sanguínea pré-exercício (pH: + 0,06 ± 0,04, [HCO3-]: + 4,7 ± 2,6 mmol?L-1, excess de base: + 4,6 ± 2,4 mmol?L-1, P<0,05), enquanto que o NH4Cl resultou em uma acidose sanguínea (pH: - 0,05 ± 0,04, [HCO3-]: - 5,5 ± 2,9 mmol?L-1, excesso de base: - 5,3 ± 2,5 mmol?L-1, P<0.05), com essas diferenças permanecendo durante todo o teste. Apesar de nenhum desconforto gastrointestinal severo, os participantes adotaram um ritmo de prova significativamente mais conservador em NH4Cl comparado com placebo e NaHCO3, que foi acompanhado por uma redução na taxa de gasto energético anaeróbio (~ -14 %, P<0,05) e menor trabalho anaeróbio total (~ -13 %, P<0,05). Consequentemente, o desempenho foi prejudicado em NH4Cl (~ -7 %) comparado com as demais condições (P<0,05). O lactato plasmático, VCO2 e a PetCO2 foram menores e a VE/VCO2 maior durante o TCR em acidose do que em placebo e alcalose (P<0,05). Entretanto, não houve diferença para essas variáveis entre placebo e NaHCO3 (P<0,05). A acidose metabólica induzida diminuiu o ritmo de prova e o metabolismo anaeróbio, além de prejudicar o desempenho durante um TCR de 4 km, independente de desconforto gastrointestinal / We determined the influence of induced metabolic alkalosis and metabolic acidosis on pacing, energy expenditure and performance during a 4-km cycling time trial (TT). After a preliminary study (N=7) determining the optimal ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), and placebo (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) doses, 11 amateur cyclists performed a 4-km TT 100 min after ingesting either 0.15 g·kg-1 of body mass of NH4Cl, 0.3 g·kg-1 of NaHCO3 or 0.15 g·kg-1 of CaCO3 (double-blind, counterbalanced and repeated-measures design). Compared with placebo, the NaHCO3 ingestion resulted in a pre exercise blood alkalosis (pH: +0.06 ± 0.04, [HCO3-]: +4.7 ± 2.6 mmol?L-1, base excess: +4.6 ± 2.4 mmol?L-1, P<0.05), while NH4Cl resulted in a blood acidosis (pH: -0.05 ± 0.04, [HCO3-]: -5.5 ± 2.9 mmol?L-1, base excess: -5.3 ± 2.5 mmol?L-1, P<0.05), with these differences remaining throughout the trial. Despite no gastrointestinal distress, participants adopted a significant more conservative pacing in NH4Cl compared with placebo and NaHCO3, which was accompanied by a reduced anaerobic energy expenditure rate (~ -14 %, P<0.05) and lower total anaerobic work (~ -13 %, P<0.05). Consequently, the performance was less in NH4Cl (~ -7 %) compared with other conditions (P<0.05). Plasma lactate, VCO2 and PetCO2 were lower and the VE/VCO2 higher during the TT in acidosis than in placebo and alkalosis (P<0.05). However, there was no difference for these variables between placebo and NaHCO3 (P>0.05). Induced metabolic acidosis slows pacing, decreases anaerobic metabolism and impairs performance during a 4-km TT, independent of gastrointestinal distress

À travers l’analyse de la vie des protagonistes, le malaise et le dysfonctionnement socio-politique, économique et culturel des post-indépendances, cette étude met en exergue les différentes formes de violences dans les romans suivants : The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born, Fragments d’Ayi Kwei Armah, Kill Me Quick, Going Down River Road, The Cockroach Dance et The Big Chiefs de Meja Mwangi et Dangerous Love de Ben Okri. La thématique de la désillusion s’incruste comme un leitmotiv dans tous ces romans. L’omniprésence de la désillusion permet de montrer le caractère violent de la perte des illusions. L’émergence des régimes dictatoriaux après l’indépendance dans plusieurs pays africains où la corruption, le clientélisme et l’affairisme sont érigés en mode de gouvernement entraînent une dissonance profonde et un malaise sans précédent. Si ces violences puisent, d’une part, leur origine dans la déstructuration de la vie sociopolitique, économique et culturelle causée par la colonisation, elles sont dues, d’autre part, aux dysfonctionnements de la société post-indépendante. Ces violences, ces dissonances et la tyrannie du pouvoir atteignent leur sommet dans un pays imaginaire, vraisemmblablement le Rwanda, où la cruauté des massacres et l'absurdité de l'idéologie de l'Hutu Power appelant au génocide des Tutsi dépassent l'entendement humain / Through the analysis of the daily life of the protagonists, the socio-political, economic and cultural post-independence dissonance and malaise, this study spotlights the different forms of violence as portrayed in Ayi Kwei Armah’s The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born, Fragments, Meja Mwangi’s Kill Me Quick, Going Down River Road, The Cockroach Dance, The Big Chiefs and Ben Okris’ Dangerous Love. The theme of post-independence disillusionment is pervasive in all these novels. The omnipresence of this disenchantment enables to point out the violence which is inherent in the loss of illusion. The dictatorial regimes which emerge in many African states, after independence, lead to a great and deep dissonance and unprecedented malaise: corruption, embezzlement and nepotism become the norms of ruling. If this violence finds its roots, on the one hand, in the violent socio-political, economic and cultural disorganisation of traditional African society by colonisation, it is also, on the other hand, due to post-independence disjuncture and bitterness. Tyranny of power, dissonance and violence have plunged an imaginary country, probably Rwanda , into an extreme violence where the cruelty of the massacres and the absurdity of Hutu Power's ideology exhorting Hutu people to exterminate the Tutsi are beyond all understanding

Malgré l’hétérogénéité qu’une classe de FLE peut représenter, il existe un élément communément partagé par les apprenants coréens et japonais et ce, quels que soient le niveau, leur spécialité d’études ou encore la durée de leur séjour en France, à savoir le sentiment de ne pas bien ou suffisamment bien parler le français. Ce constat et l’insécurité qu’il occasionne sont souvent basés sur des critères subjectifs, découlant de l’idée associée à un type de français idéalisé ainsi que de l’objectif d’apprentissage qu’ils sont censés atteindre. Mais cette dépréciation et l’auto-dépréciation qu’elle entraîne quant à leur niveau de français peuvent également être engendrées par les attitudes des locuteurs autochtones qui leur font ressentir leur lacune, ceci pouvant finir au demeurant, par un sentiment de malaise à des degrés plus ou moins variés, notamment selon leur vécu communicatif avec ces derniers. A partir du moment où leurs expériences communicatives sont marquées par un jugement dépréciatif répétitif à l’égard de leur français, l’auto-dépréciation renforcée par une hétéro-dépréciation finit par générer un malaise certain qui se transforme peu à peu en une sorte d’agent défavorisant qui tirerait sa force d’un apprentissage du français aux résultats contestés. Même si les deux publics partagent une attitude linguistique dépréciative, des normes communicationnelles ou encore un dispositif linguistique semblables, les enquêtes dévoilent que les caractéristiques du malaise ressenti par les apprenants coréens ne sont pas toujours similaires à celles des apprenants japonais, puisque leurs français n’est pas appréhendé de la même manière par les interlocuteurs autochtones français. / Despite the existing heterogeneity in the class of “French as a foreign language”, there is an element shared by both Korean and Japanese learners, regardless of their study level, field of study, or the duration of their stay in France : a common feeling of not being able to speak French well enough. That observation and the resulting insecurity it causes are often based on subjective criteria, resulting from the idea of an idealized French as well as the learning goals they are supposed to reach. But this depreciation and self-depreciation can also be caused by the attitudes of native speakers which make the learners feel their weakness. From the moment their communicative experiences are marked by a repetitive disparaging judgment towards their French, self-depreciation reinforced by hetero-depreciation eventually generates some discomfort which gradually transforms itself into a kind of a penalizing agent that would take its strength from learning French with questionable results. Even if both public shares a similar depreciative linguistic attitude, communicative standards or similar linguistic dispositions, investigations show that the characteristic unease felt by Korean learners is not always similar to that felt by Japanese learners, as their French is not apprehended in the same way by French native speakers.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-06-09T13:53:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6611581 bytes, checksum: c211426580c5968c831b220686a8f8f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-09T13:53:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6611581 bytes, checksum: c211426580c5968c831b220686a8f8f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-30 / The microclimate consequences of a particular place to demonstrate that he as urban growth and exploitation of natural resources are increasing unfortunately. The weather is the most important component in maintaining the ecological balance. And his study becomes complex due to the various facets that involve him, turning indispensable interdisciplinary study, it could help in the reduction and / or more efficient solution of the urban problems. Studies of this order become relevant to planning and environmental management, which arouses interest for research on the thermal field of urban areas. The problem of this research is related to concern about anthropogenic implications on the local microclimate. It is known that human actions on the microclimate and the lack of proper planning of a particular place, can contribute to the thermal discomfort of users and demand higher energy costs. The present search, has as main objective to analyze the field thermal the Campus IVUFPB, located in the city of Rio Tinto-PB. In this case, seeks if relate the anthropogenic actions with the main thermal problems, detected on site. To obtain microclimate data, were installed in similar (which takes into account the type of soil cover, in this case, coating in cementitious composition) points, measuring equipment, in six points within the campus IV- UFPB, in dry season (from March 04 to April 7, 2015) and during the rainy season (from 09 June to 13 July 2015), totalizing 35 days in each measurement period. From the analysis and management of the data obtained, the presence of heat islands was detected within the study area as well as the rise in temperature in places with low circulation of winds and decreased moisture and the low individuals presence of arboreal. The results allowed the elaboration of suggestions with proposed thermal environmental, as; the ceramic roof replacement, in the hottest areas for green cover; replacing paving stones and interlocked block, per tread grass, that provide the minimization of thermal effects identified in the Campus IV-UFPB. With this, this research, can to corroborate to reveal the adverse effects of the anthropogenic actions that provoke microclimatic modifications in the thermal field of Campus IV-UFPB, making a relation with its urban components. / As consequências microclimáticas de um determinado local demonstram o quão desastrosamente o crescimento urbano e a exploração dos recursos naturais vêm aumentando. O clima é o componente mais importante na manutenção do equilíbrio ecológico. E seu estudo se torna complexo devido às diversas facetas que o envolvem, tornando imprescindível o estudo interdisciplinar que pode auxiliar, na diminuição e/ou solução mais eficiente das problemáticas do meio urbano. Estudos dessa ordem se tornam relevantes para o ordenamento e a gestão ambiental, o que desperta interesse para pesquisas sobre o campo térmico de áreas urbanas. A problemática desta pesquisa está relacionada com a preocupação sobre as implicações antrópicas sobre o microclima local. Sabe-se que as ações antrópicas sobre o microclima e a falta de planejamento adequado de um determinado local, podem contribuir para o desconforto térmico dos usuários e demandar maiores custos energéticos. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar o campo térmico do Campus IV-UFPB, localizado na cidade de Rio Tinto-PB. Nesse caso procura-se relacionar as ações antropogênicas com as principais problemáticas térmicas, detectadas no local. Para a obtenção de dados microclimáticos, foram instalados, em pontos semelhantes (que levam em consideração o tipo de recobrimento do solo, neste caso, revestimento de composição cimentícia), equipamentos de medição, em seis pontos dentro do campus IV-UFPB, no período seco (de 04 de Março a 07 de Abril de 2015) e no período chuvoso (de 09 de Junho a 13 de Julho de 2015), somando-se 35 dias em cada período de medição. A partir da análise e ordenamento dos dados coletados, ficou constatada a presença de ilhas de calor dentro da área de estudo, bem como o aumento de temperatura em locais com pouca circulação dos ventos e a diminuição da umidade em locais com pouca presença de indivíduos arbóreos. A análise dos resultados permitiu elaborar sugestões com propostas termo ambientais do tipo, substituição de telhado cerâmico, nas áreas mais quentes, por telhado verde extensivo; a substituição de paralelepípedos e blocos intertravados, por piso grama que proporcionem a minimização dos efeitos térmicos identificados, no Campus IV-UFPB. Com isso, esta pesquisa, pode vir a corroborar no desvendar dos efeitos adversos das ações antropogênicas, que provocam alterações microclimáticas no campo térmico do Campus IV-UFPB, fazendo uma relação com seus componentes urbanos.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-18T15:45:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Katia da Rocha Neves.pdf: 642559 bytes, checksum: 6e769e8fbed7f307d302b2c25dae6abb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T15:45:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Katia da Rocha Neves.pdf: 642559 bytes, checksum: 6e769e8fbed7f307d302b2c25dae6abb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The overpopulation of dogs in urban areas causes serious problems to public health and animal welfare. Alternative methods of contraception have been widely discussed, but there is still controversy regarding the painful effects of sclerosing agents. This study aimed to characterize the degree of discomfort caused by chemical castration by zinc gluconate intratesticular injection and compare it with the conventional procedure of orchiectomy, taking into consideration both behavioral and biochemical parameters, and also to evaluate the degree of sensitivity of such parameters. This study was conducted in the city of Recife, Brazil, between April and December 2013. Nineteen male dogs were randomly divided into three groups: G1 (control – subjected to anesthesia only), G2 (orchiectomy) and G3 (zinc gluconate intratesticular injection). The evaluations were performed at five different moments ( M0 , M1 , M2 , M3 and M4 ) , in which were evaluated plasma cortisol , serum glucose , stress leukogram ( neutrophils / lymphocyte ) and pain level according to the Melbourne Scale. No significant differences in the concentrations of cortisol and leukocyte count were found. The degree of discomfort was higher in G2, despite not exceeding the mild pain score according to the Melbourne Scale. Serum glucose concentration was statistically higher in G3 compared with G2, even though both were similar to the control group. In face of the results it was concluded that chemical sterilization causes similar discomfort to that generated by orchiectomy procedure and can be used as a routine procedure in the control of fertility in dogs. / A superpopulação de cães nos centros urbanos ocasiona sérios problemas de saúde pública e bem-estar animal. Métodos alternativos de contracepção têm sido bastante discutidos, mas ainda existe polêmica no que diz respeito ao efeito álgico dos agentes esclerosantes. Este trabalho teve o propósito de caracterizar o grau de desconforto causado pela castração química por meio da injeção intratesticular de gluconato de zinco e comparar com o procedimento convencional da orquiectomia, levando-se em consideração parâmetros comportamentais e bioquímicos, além de avaliar o grau de sensibilidade de tais parâmetros. O presente estudo foi conduzido na cidade do Recife, Brasil, entre os meses de abril a dezembro de 2013. Dezenove cães machos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos: G1 (controle – submetidos apenas à procedimento anestésico), G2 (orquiectomia) e G3 (injeção intratesticular de gluconato de zinco). As avaliações foram realizadas em cinco diferentes momentos (M0, M1, M2, M3 e M4), onde foram avaliados cortisol plasmático, glicose sérica, leucograma de estresse (neutrófilos/linfócitos) e grau de desconforto por meio da Escala de Melbourne. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas concentrações de cortisol e contagem de leucócitos. O grau de desconforto foi maior no G2, apesar de não ultrapassar o escore de dor leve segundo a Escala de Melbourne. A concentração sérica de glicose foi estatisticamente maior no G3 quando comparada com o G2, embora ambos tenham sido semelhantes ao grupo controle. Diante dos resultados concluiu-se que a esterilização química causa um desconforto similar àquele gerado pelo procedimento de orquiectomia, podendo ser utilizado como procedimento de rotina no controle da fertilidade de cães.

La perception sensorielle est propre à chaque individu. Elle découle du patrimoine génétique (qui définit les récepteurs sensoriels), mais varie en fonction de la maturation et de l’expérience d’un individu. En ce sens, l’étude du bébé nous a permis de tester à la fois 1) l’effet de la maturation, en comparant la perception des bébés avec celle des adultes et 2) l’effet de l’expérience sensorielle précoce, en comparant la perception sensorielle de bébés nés à terme ou prématurés pour un même âge donné. Nos résultats ont souligné une perception sensorielle plus étendue chez le bébé que chez l’adulte, via la perception de stimulations tactiles très fines ou encore la perception d’ultrasons, qui ne sont plus perçus à l’âge adulte. Les mécanismes de maturation des organes sensoriels et de « recentrage sensoriel » envers les stimulations pertinentes, pouvant intervenir au cours du temps, ont été présentés. Nous avons également montré une réactivité particulièrement marquée des bébés prématurés, en comparaison avec les bébés nés à terme. Différents mécanismes sous-jacents potentiels tels qu’une adaptation de la sélectivité neuronale aux stimulations environnementales, une plasticité cérébrale conservée/retardée, ou encore le développement d’une hypersensibilité ont été discutés. En sus du cœur de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’ « Umwelt » social du bébé, en étudiant 1) ses capacités de perception et de discrimination des odeurs corporelles humaines et 2) sa capacité à s’exprimer sur sa perception sensorielle. Nous avons montré que le bébé est un être très réceptif à son monde social, capable de discriminer entre les odeurs de ses partenaires sociaux. De plus, le bébé est également très expressif sur sa perception sensorielle, notamment via l’utilisation d’un répertoire vocal complexe (au-delà des pleurs), dont certains types de vocalisations pourraient refléter son état de confort ou d’inconfort. Les résultats de cette thèse ouvrent de nombreuses pistes de réflexion en termes d’adaptations des pratiques néonatales. / Sensory perception is specific to each individual. It results from the gene pool (which defines the sensory receptors), but varies depending on maturation and experience. In this sense, the study of babies has enabled us to test both 1) the effect of maturation by comparing the babies’ sensory perception to those of adults and 2) the effect of early stage sensory perception by comparing the sensory perception of preterm and full-term infants at a same post-conception age (i.e. term-aged infants). Our results underlined a larger sensory perception in babies than in adults, through the perception of very subtle tactile stimulations, or else the perception of ultrasounds, that cannot be perceived by grown-ups. The mechanisms of the maturation of sensory organs and of ‘’sensory recentering‘’ towards relevant simulations that can happen in the course of time have been presented. We have also shown a particularly strong reactivity of preterm babies in comparison to full-term babies. Various potential subjacent mechanisms such as a neuronal selectivity adaptation to environmental stimulations, a maintained/ delayed cerebral plasticity or else the development of a hypersensitivity have been discussed. In addition to the core of this thesis, we have taken an interest in the baby’s social “Umwelt” and have studied 1) his abilities in perception and discrimination between human body odours and 2) his ability to express his sensory perception. We have shown that babies are very responsive to their social world, capable of discrimination between different social partners’ odours. Furthermore, babies also are highly expressive when it comes to their sensory perception, especially through the use of a complex vocal repertoire (beyond cries/tears). Indeed, some types of these vocalisations could reflect his state of comfort or discomfort. The results of this thesis open numerous grounds for thought in terms of neonatal care adaptations.

In recent years, luxury consumption has expanded and grown significantly in comparison to past years. Today luxury is more accessible by society than ever before. Various studies have shown and proven how luxury consumption tends to have negative effects on individuals. The negative circumstances that emerge as consequences can be of cognitive character, but also in the form of financial, personal, social and/or professional problems, debt, and compulsive purchases. In addition to these findings, recent studies have also shown that people are ready to compromise in a variety of ways such as saving more money, working overtime, or withdrawing from essential expenses.  For these various reasons, the purpose of this study is to identify possible experienced motives that can work as reasons for luxury consumption amongst the young Swedish population. Furthermore, this study aims to examine regret in relation to this type of consumption. The literature review of this study covers subjects of cognitive dissonance, regret theory, possessions and the extended self and the motives hedonic, symbolic and instrumental. The research method applied in this study is of a qualitative character. The data collection was executed through the use of semi structured interviews where a total number of fifteen young Swedish individuals chose to participate. The results of this study reveal that luxury consumption can be based on the hedonic motive where pleasure, joy, satisfaction or reaching a desired goal are common reasons. Moreover, the results of this study also reveal that luxury consumption can be based on the symbolic motive, where individuals desire to symbolise/express themselves, impress others, seek confirmation, to fit in and/or follow hidden norms in society. Furthermore, luxury is desired for the pure quality, where the high price of luxury products equals higher perceived quality.  Moreover, regret in this type of consumption is regularly occurring. The reasons for regret can be caused by the product itself, by comparison to other possible alternatives or because of impulsive/compulsive/stressful decisions. This feeling of regret can exist in the form of cognitive dissonance, that is a feeling of discomfort for a small number of participants. For a larger number of participants, the feelings are separated, where regret is a more rough and painful feeling. Solutions to suppress these feelings are through giving away the products to be used, persuade the mind that the purchase is deserved, or to shed a positive light at the purchase by looking at it as additional knowledge/ experience. / Under de senaste åren konsumeras lyx mer, och har blivit mer tillgängligt för allmänheten i jämförelse till tidigare år. Ett flertal studier har visat på hur lyxkonsumtion tenderar att ha negativa effekter på individer. De negativa omständigheterna som framträder som konsekvenser av lyxkonsumtion kan vara av en kognitiv karaktär, men även i form av finansiella, personliga, sociala och/eller professionella problem, skuldsättning, och kompulsiva köp. Dessutom visar studier även att människor är redo att kompromissa på olika sätt som att spara mer pengar, jobba övertid eller att utebliva nödvändiga utgifter. För dessa diverse anledningar är syftet med denna studie att identifiera möjliga upplevda drivkrafter för lyxkonsumtion för det unga svenska samhället. Vidare ämnar studien även att undersöka ånger i förhållande till denna typ av konsumtion. Teorigenomgången för denna studie behandlar ämnen om kognitiv dissonans, regret theory, ägodelar och det förlängda jaget samt motiven hedonic, symbolic samt instrumentell. Empiriinsamlingen skedde genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod som i sin tur bestod av femton semistrukturerade intervjuer med svenska ungdomar som lyxkonsumerar. Resultaten av denna studie visar på att lyxkonsumtion kan ske med anledning av hedonistiska aspekter där glädje, nöje, tillfredsställelse eller en avklarad målsättning var vanligt förekommande anledningar. Fortsättningsvis visar studien även att symboliska motiv var en vanlig drivkraft för lyxkonsumtion, där individer strävar efter att symbolisera/uttrycka sig, imponera på andra, få bekräftelse, passa in i samhället samt följa osynliga normer. Utöver detta var lyx eftersträvat på grund av kvalitet, där höga priset av lyxprodukter förutsätter högre upplevd kvalitet.  Avslutningsvis påvisar resultaten av denna studie att ånger inom denna typ av konsumtion är vanligt förekommande. Orsakerna för ånger kan bero på själva produkten, på jämförelse av produkten med andra alternativ eller på grund av impulsiva/kompulsiva/hastiga beslut. Känslan av ånger kan vidare vara i form av en kognitiv dissonans, som i sin tur betecknas som en känsla av obehag av en liten del av deltagarna i denna studie. För en större del av deltagarna var känslorna åtskilda, där ånger var en grövre och mer smärtsam känsla. Lösningar för att dämpa detta obehag är genom att ge bort produkten för användning, övertala sig själv att köpet är förtjänat, eller genom att omvandla köpet till ytterligare erfarenhet/lärdom.

Driving comfort is considered a key factor for broad public acceptance of automated driving. Based on continuous driver/passenger monitoring, potential discomfort could be avoided by adapting automation features such as the driving style. The EU-project MEDIATOR (mediatorproject.eu) aims at developing a mediating system in automated vehicles by constantly evaluating the performance of driver and automation. As facial expressions could be an indicator of discomfort, a driving simulator study has been carried out to investigate this relationship. A total of 41 participants experienced three potentially uncomfortable automated approach situations to a truck driving ahead. The face video of four cameras was analyzed with the Visage facial feature detection and face analysis software, extracting 23 Action Units (AUs). Situation-specific effects showed that the eyes were kept open and eye blinks were reduced (AU43). Inner brows (AU1) as well as upper lids (AU5) raised, indicating surprise. Lips were pressed (AU24) and stretched (AU20) as sign for tension. Overall, facial expression analysis could contribute to detect discomfort in automated driving.

MENVSC (Climatology) / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences / Heat waves are warm extreme temperature events that have environmental and socio-economic impacts in many regions across the world. Negative impacts of warm extreme temperatures over South Africa necessitate the need to study the nature of heat waves. Observations and satellite datasets are analysed in the investigation of the nature and trends of heat waves over South Africa in the present (1983-2012) and future (2010-2039, 2040-2069, 2070-2099) climates. Case study and composite analysis of National Centers for Environmental Prediction datasets were done using the Grids Analysis and Display Systems to get an in-depth understanding of the structure of heat waves in South Africa. Future climate model output obtained from the Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model was used for future heat wave trends in South Africa. The simulations were made using the Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5. Heat waves are unusual events in the present climate (1983-2012) over much of the country, with 20 of the selected 24 stations experiencing an average of less than one heat wave per season. Heat waves are also more frequent and last longer during warm phase of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) than in cool phase of ENSO with the north-east being the most prone region. Composite analysis of 500 hPa omega indicates subsidence over the interior of South Africa in both phases of ENSO. Heat waves in South Africa are localized and associated with a middle level high pressure system that persists over the interior inducing anticyclonic flow and subsidence. The anticyclonic circulation over a region experiencing heat wave weakens with decreasing height over land areas which may be due to frictional forces at the surface and the high is placed further south-east at the surface. Advection of dry continental northerly winds also contributes to high maximum temperatures during heat waves in the interior. Maximum temperatures are expected to increase drastically from the present-day climate to the 2070 – 2099 period, with an average increment of about 8°C during DJF in much of the central interior. As a result, heat wave occurrences are expected to be higher in the future warmer climates when climate change signal is higher. Most increases are expected for heat waves lasting for a week than those lasting for over 2 weeks. CCAM outputs also indicated that heat waves in South Africa are expected to last longer and become more intense during the future warmer climates. Longer lasting and more intense heat waves are expected over the Karoo than in other parts of the country.

Revisorer har i uppdrag att granska huruvida företagsledningens antagande om fortsatt drift stämmer eller inte. Bedömningen leder till en anmärkning i revisionsberättelsen vid tvivel om fortsatt drift, alternativt en utebliven anmärkning om tvivel inte uppstår vid granskningen. Svenska revisorer har dock problem att upptäcka de risker som indikerar konkurs. Träffsäkerheten vid anmärkningar och uteblivna anmärkningar är generellt sett låg vilket lämnar ett stort utrymme för förekomsten av s.k. typ I- och typ II-fel. Felbedömningarna och den låga träffsäkerheten medför problem för intressenter, såsom investerare och kreditgivare. Intressenterna varnas då inte om företagets fortlevnadsproblem och får därmed ingen möjlighet att vidta åtgärder för att undkomma negativa ekonomiska konsekvenser. Tidigare empiriska studier visar att revisorers bedömningar influeras av känslor såsom komfort och diskomfort. Studier visar även att erfarenhet och kompetens, struktur och bedömning samt granskningstid inverkar på fortsatt driftbedömningar samt i vilken grad revisorer upplever komfort och diskomfort i bedömningen. Revisorer uppvisar ibland en oproportionerlig tillit till företagsledningarna vilket åskådliggör en partiskhet och oberoendeproblematik i fortsatt driftbedömningarna. Tidigare studier har dock mestadels tillämpat generaliserbara tillvägagångssätt. Hur revisorer själva beskriver fortsatt driftbedömningarna och dess problematik är, så vitt vi vet, oklart. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och analysera de tillvägagångssätt och de förklaringar som några svenska auktoriserade revisorer anger ligger till grund för svårigheter i fortsatt driftbedömningar. Studien genomfördes hösten 2020 med en abduktiv forskningsansats och sex semistrukturerade digitala videointervjuer. Vidare användes en tematisk analysmetod för att sammanställa de transkriberade intervjuerna. Trots att de till synes är erfarna och kompetenta anger de tillfrågade revisorerna att fortsatt driftbedömningarna är svåra och medför diskomfort. Revisorerna beskriver att deras syn på och användning av standarden ISA 570 varierar med anledning av bland annat tolkningssvårigheter. De önskar ändå inte mer riktlinjer i standarden med anledning av att utrymmet för den professionella bedömningen då minskar. Revisorerna beskriver att de upplever tidsbrist i granskningen och de anger dokumentationskrav som en tidstjuv. Fortsatt driftbedömningarna influeras även av individuella känslor enligt revisorerna och en upplevd diskomfort måste reduceras genom dialog med kollegor, företagsledningen och interna experter för att övergå i komfort. Revisorerna anser inte att typ I- och typ II-fel är felaktiga bedömningar såsom teorin beskriver och vi kan därmed konstatera att skillnader mellan teori och praktik föreligger. Revisorerna beskriver att typ II-fel beror på plötsliga händelser som i princip är omöjliga att förutspå eftersom bedömningen innefattar framtiden. Argumentet om att framtiden är inte går att förutspå håller däremot inte då investerare ofta åskådliggör att detta faktiskt är möjligt. Revisorernas beskrivningar av fortsatt driftbedömningen genomsyras genomgående av ett företagsfokus framför ett intressentfokus vilket indikerar en oberoendeproblematik. / Auditors are tasked with examining whether the management´s assumption of going concern is correct or not. The assessment leads to a remark in the auditor´s report in case of doubt about going concern, or alternatively a lack of remark if doubt does not arise during the audit. However, Swedish auditors have problems discovering the risk that indicate bankruptcy. The accuracy of remarks in the field of going concern is generally low, which leaves a lot of room for the occurrence of so-called type I and type II errors. The misjudgements and the low accuracy cause problems for stakeholders, such as investors and lenders. Stakeholders are then not warned about the company´s survival problems and thus were not given the opportunity to take measures to escape negative financial consequences. Previous empirical studies show that auditors´ assessments are influenced by emotions such as comfort and discomfort. Studies show that experience and competence, structure and judgement such as audit time influence going concern assessments and the extent to which auditors experience comfort and discomfort in the assessment. Auditors sometimes show a disproportionate trust in the management skills of companies, which illustrates a bias and an independence problem in going concern assessments. Previous studies, however, mostly apply generalizable approaches. How the auditors themselves describe the going concern assessments is, as far as we know, unclear. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the approaches and explanations given by some Swedish certified public auditors as a basis for difficulties in going concern assessments. The study was conducted in the autumn of 2020 with an abductive research approach and six semi-structured digital video interviews. Furthermore, a thematic analysis method was used to compile the transcribed interviews. Despite the fact that they seem to be experienced and competent, the auditors consulted state that going concern assessments are difficult and lead to discomfort. The auditors describe that their views on and use of the standard ISA 570 vary due to, among other things, difficulties of interpretation. However, they do not want more guidelines in the standard due to the fact that the scope for the professional judgement then decreases. The auditors describe that they experience a lack of time in the audit and they state documentation requirements as a time thief. Going concern assessments are also influenced by individual feelings according to the auditors and a perceived discomfort must be reduced through dialogue with colleagues, company management and internal experts in order to achieve comfort. The auditors do not consider that type I and type II errors are incorrect assessments as the theory describes and we can thus state that there are differences between theory and practice. The auditors describe that type II errors are due to sudden events that are impossible to predict because the assessment includes the future. The argument that the future is unpredictable can be questioned because investors often illustrate that this actually is possible. The auditors´ descriptions of the going concern assessment are permeated throughout by a company focus rather than a stakeholder focus, which indicates bias and independence issues.