With today's increased digitalization, organizations face the challenge of finding new and more effective ways for employees to collaborate, communicate and save documentation through digital tools. The purpose of this study was to investigate implementation of a digital communication tool in a large private international organisation. The study has combined the perspectives of implementation project leaders and users of the tool, in order to get a full understanding of the implementation process. The following research questions were addressed: How can we understand the process of implementing digital tools from a project leader perspective? How does the user perspective add to the understanding of the process of implementing new digital tools? The study involved eight semi-structured interviews withproject leaders and users. A thematic analysis of the data was conducted. Results show that there is a discrepancy between the project leaders’ understanding of implementing digital tools and the users’ understanding. Project leaders and users had differing views on the precise nature of the problems that needed to be solved by the new digital tool. Linked to this,project leaders had a longer-term organisational perspective on the problems to be solved, whilst users had a shorter-term focus on their own work within the organisation and the immediate technical needs thrown up by this. These different perspectives were reflected in the two groups’ different views on the success, or otherwise, of the implementation process.

Microcomputer software users require varying degrees of instructional assistance to effectively operate the software they purchase. Chapter I recognizes that this demand for quality documentation places a burden upon software suppliers to expend additional time, energy, and money to satisfy users. This research recommends a set of procedural guidelines for microcomputer software suppliers to follow as a means of supplementing basic documentation techniques. Literature regarding microcomputer software documentation is an item of increasing demand in today's technical marketplace. The literature review, Chapter II, reveals that the most significant improvement in the documentation process has been the development of two specific reference standards, physical layout and instructional components. Chapter III describes the research experiment used in obtaining information regarding the documentation associated with two current microcomputer word processing programs. Four university students provided background information regarding the personal characteristics, attributes, associated with a given user population. The research experiment evolved from a comprehensive documentation review to a structured data collection process. Chapter IV indicates that the discrepancy between actual and expected research gains justifies improving data collection techniques and recommending specific procedural guidelines for future documentation reviews. The final chapter provides a detailed analysis of the research experiment and conclusions related to the documentation's effectiveness. Additionally, it proposes procedural guidelines designed to improve the experiment's data collection techniques. These guidelines can help future documentation writers more accurately gauge user capabilities and limitations. / Master of Science

Tangible and intangible heritage values of cultural landscapes are becoming lost or transforming under the threat of rapidly changing landscapes. Researcher-oriented documenting methods are missing significant meanings of landscapes for local communities. Community-based methods can reveal both tangible and intangible heritage of landscapes without missing important values for local communities. This dissertation study proposed a community-based mixed method research to reveal and document cultural heritage or other values from the perspective of local community members in the case study area of Findikli in Rize/Turkey. Findikli's cultural landscape is under the threat of rapidly changing landscape due to newly introduced agriculture practice - tea production. To reveal lost or transformed tangible and intangible heritage meanings of the Findikli's cultural landscape, multiple community-based research methods were used for collecting data from local residents as well as those with family or community connections to the area. Community workshops, individual and group interviews, and surveys gathered information on the social and cultural relationships, as well as locations of past and present agricultural activities, land uses and built structures. Analysis of family and community photographs and aerial imagery, as well as community produced land use and cognitive maps helped place these in spatial relationship to the landscape. Results of this dissertation study made contributions to case study area with a rich archive of Findikli's traditional tangible and intangible landscape elements, and to cultural landscape studies with a method of discovering traditional cultural heritage and landscape values under the threat of change and a guidance to document them with the community-based methods to increase quality and quantity of information. / Ph. D. / Physical and social values of cultural landscapes are becoming lost or transforming under the threat of rapidly changing landscapes. Documenting physical and social values of landscapes via researchers’ point of view is missing some significant meanings of landscapes for local communities. Engaging community in the revealing landscape meanings process provides more information compared to researchers’ perspective studies. This dissertation study proposed a community-based mixed method research to reveal and document cultural heritage or other values from the perspective of local community members in the case study area of Findikli in Rize/Turkey. Findikli’s cultural landscape is under the threat of rapidly changing landscape due to newly introduced agriculture practice –tea production. To reveal lost or transformed socially and culturally important meanings of the Findikli’s cultural landscape, multiple community-based research methods were used for collecting data from local residents as well as those with family or community connections to the area. Community workshops, individual and group interviews, and surveys gathered information on the social and cultural relationships, as well as locations of past and present agricultural activities, land uses and built structures. Analysis of family and community photographs and aerial imagery, as well as community produced land use helped place these in spatial relationship to the landscape. Results of this dissertation study made contributions to case study area with a rich archive of Findikli’s traditional physical and social landscape elements, and to cultural landscape studies with a method of discovering traditional cultural heritage and landscape values under the threat of change and a guidance to document them with the community-based methods to increase quality and quantity of information.

International relations as well as multilingual organisations and institutions rely upon translation. In this particular field, translators are mostly concerned with different types of specialised documents, such as legal acts, technical reports and press statements. Due to the high precision and clarity requirements that are associated with these texts, terminology appears to be one of the most difficult aspects when it comes to translating specialised documents. This difficulty is the main focus of this study. More specifically, the aim is to describe and analyse how equivalents of specialised terms in the source language can be found in the target language and to study translation strategies that can be applied when translating international relations terminology. In order to obtain the primary data used in the study, NATO’s new strategic concept from 2010 was translated from French to Swedish. The concept is supposed to guide the organisation during a ten-year period. Throughout the translation process both lexical and textual sources were used. The analysis was made in the light of different translation theories and models, which include Vinay and Darbelnet’s (1977) “direct” and “indirect” translation techniques, as well as Cabré’s (1992) theories and methods on terminology. The results show the complexity of the subject, and most importantly, that parallel texts, that is to say specialised documentation, can play an important role when it comes to translating specialised terms, since many of them are not to be found in ordinary dictionaries.

Les études sur le patrimoine architectural bénéficient aujourd'hui de nombreuses méthodes numériques qui ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour la conservation, l'analyse et le partage des connaissances, en particulier sur les sites complexes. Ces nouveaux outils se banalisent aujourd'hui, mais à quel point sont-ils désormais nécessaires voire indispensables pour les études architecturales et archéologiques ? Comment s'inscrivent-ils dans les différentes étapes du travail ?Nous aborderons ces questions principalement à propos de deux terrains d'expérimentation : le site de Saint-Syméon-le-stylite en Syrie et l'abbaye de Saint-Michel de Cuxa en France. La méthodologie mise en œuvre pour l'analyse et la restitution des élévations se fonde sur les outils et techniques numériques d'acquisition et de gestion d'information tridimensionnelle et sur leur mise en relation avec les problématiques archéologiques pour construire un dialogue entre ces deux domaines. A partir de cette réflexion, nous avons élaboré un protocole de travail à l'échelle de l'étude monographique d'un édifice spécifique du site de Saint-Syméon « La Résidence ».Cette recherche s'appuie sur une combinaison de plusieurs outils numériques appliquées à l'édifice en vue de son analyse et en les utilisant comme instrument privilégié d'aide à la réflexion archéologique, et non comme une fin en soi.La principale contribution de cette thèse porte sur la méthodologie de l'intégration de ces outils à l'approche archéologique. Cette approche met en valeur plusieurs axes, le dynamisme et l'interactivité du travail, le contexte interdisciplinaire et collectif, l'objectif de la documentation et la diffusion. / Nowadays, the heritage architectural studies benefit of the contributions of diverse digital methods and open new perspectives for the conservation, the analyses and the knowledge sharing especially on complex sites. Those new tools and techniques have become common and very useful presently, but how much they become common or indispensable for architectural and archeological studies? How do they fit into the different phases of the research work?We will discuss these principal questions by working mainly on two experimented sites, the site of Saint-Simeon the stylite in Syria and the abbey of Saint-Michel de Cuxa in France. The methodology used for the analysis and the elevation restoration is based on the digital tools and acquisition techniques and of three-dimensional information management and also on their setting relation with archaeological issues to build a dialogue between these two domains. Based on this reflection, we have developed a work protocol in scale of monographic study of a specific building in Saint Simeon site “the Residence”. This research is based on a combination of digital tools applied on this building for its analysis and by using them as a privileged instrument to support archaeological reflection, not an end in itself.The main contribution of this thesis focuses on the methodology and the ethics of the use of 3D digital service in archaeological approach, from the filed acquisition till the restitution representations. This approach highlights several axes, dynamism and interactivity of the work, the multidisciplinary and the collectivity context, the objective of documentation and diffusion.

Stöd från kollegor och chefer är två viktiga faktorer till bra arbetsmiljö. Ett annat viktigt stöd är dokumentation. Att vid osäkerhet kunna finna svar och information som är dokumenterat kan leda till minskad oro och en känsla av trygghet. Dokumentation kan föras på olika sätt beroende på behov och förutsättning. I detta projekt har dokumentationsbehovet hos en städenhet undersökts och analyserats. Denna rapport är resultatet av ett examensarbetet som ägde rum under våren 2019 på civilingenjörsprogrammet Teknisk design på Luleå tekniska universitet. Den kommunala städenheten utför städning och golvrengöring i de flesta lokaler där kommunal verksamhet bedrivs i Piteå kommun. Städenheten har i dagsläget 85 fastanställda och 8 vikarierande städare i organisationen som utför städning inom fyra olika geografiska områden i kommunen. För att få ihop sina arbetstimmar är flera av städarna schemalagda i fler än ett arbetsobjekt. I dagsläget är det städarnas uppgift att själva sätta ihop scheman för när olika typer av städning ska ske på deras arbetsobjekt. Dokumentationen sker oftast i pappersformat och schemats utformning varierar både från utseende och till innehåll mellan arbetsobjekt. Med anledning av att dessa scheman är i pappersformat blir det också svårt för arbetsobjekt att ta inspiration från varandra gällande schemats innehåll och struktur. Att variationen på dessa scheman är så stor trots att de egentligen innehåller samma typ av information leder till en osäkerhet bland städarna. Under projektet har städarna fått besvara en enkät som innehöll en stor bredd på frågor, bland annat hur de upplever stöd, motivation och arbetsbelastningar. Dessa frågor användes till att kartlägga hur städarna upplevde olika ämnen inom organisationen. Observationer har också utförts på städarna där de har genomfört storstädningar och allergistädningar. Städenheten hade även arbetsplatsträffar och en utbildning för nya städare under projektets gång vilket gjorde det möjligt att även observera dessa tillfällen. En workshop där städarna fick reflektera och besvara olika diskussionsfrågor kopplade till dokumentation och information genomfördes i slutet av projektet för att samla in städarnas tankar för att använda till idé- och konceptgenerering. Projektet har resulterat i ett lösningsförslag på ett digitaliserat dokumentationsverktyg som städenheten kan ta vidare till utvecklingsarbete. Lösningsförslaget flyttar den i dagsläget stängda och låsta dokumentationen i pappersformat till ett mer öppet och lättåtkomligt digitaliserat dokumentationsverktyg. Verktyget ger städarna möjlighet att bland annat lära av varandra oberoende av arbetsobjekt, få ett stöd vid osäkerhet samt få in en gemensam struktur och rutin inom hela städenheten som skulle kunna förbättra den osäkerhet som i dagsläget finns gällande dokumentation. Implementering av ett dokumentationsverktyg åt städarna skulle bidra med enhetlighet, förbättrad arbetsmiljö och en möjlighet att bevara kunskap och information inom organisationen. Den kunskap och information som i dagsläget är person- och byggnadsbunden skulle kunna bevaras och hjälpa städenheten växa samt bibehålla status och konkurrenskraft om den dokumenterades. Ett digitaliserat dokumentationsverktyg skulle kunna vara lösningen till det behovet. / Support from colleagues and managers are two important factors to a good work environment. Another important support is documentation. Finding answers and information that is documented in cases of uncertainty can lead to reduced concern and a sense of security. Documentation can be carried out in different ways depending on the need and prerequisites. During this project the need of documentation at a cleaning unit have been investigated and analyzed. This report is the result of a master thesis project that took place during spring of 2019 at the Master of Science program in Industrial Design Engineering at Luleå University of Technology. The municipal cleaning unit carries out cleaning and floor cleaning in most premises where municipal activities are conducted in the municipality of Piteå. The cleaning unit currently has 85 permanent and 8 temporary cleaners in the organization who perform cleaning in four different geographical areas in the municipality. To get the required working hours several of the cleaners are schedule in more than one workplace. At the moment it is the cleaners task to assemble schedules when different types of cleaning are to be performed on their workplace. The documentation usually takes place in paper form and the design of the schedule varies from appearance to content between workplaces. Since these schedules are in paper form it is also difficult for workplaces to take inspiration from each other regarding the content and structure of the schedule. The fact that the variation on these schedules is so great even though they contain the same type of information leads to an uncertainty among the cleaners. During the project, the cleaners had to answer a survey that contained a wide range of questions to get an understanding on their thoughts regarding support, motivation, workloads among others. These questions were used to map how the cleaners experienced different topics within the organization. Observations have also been made on the cleaners where they have carried out major cleaning and allergy cleaning. The cleaning unit also had workplace meetings and an education for new cleaners during the project, which made it possible to also observe these occasions. A workshop where the cleaners had to reflect and answer various discussion issues related to documentation and information was carried out at the end of the project to collect the cleaners thoughts to use for idea and concept generation. The project has resulted in a solution proposal for a digitized documentation tool that the cleaning unit can carry on to development work. The solution proposal moves the now closed and locked documentation in paper format to a more open and easily accessible digitized documentation tool. The tool gives the cleaners the opportunity to, among others, learn from each other independently of workplace, get a support in case of uncertainty and get a common structure and routine within the whole cleaning unit that could improve the uncertainty that currently exists regarding documentation. Implementing a documentation tool for the cleaners would contribute with structure, uniformity, improve work environment and an opportunity to maintain knowledge within the organization. The knowledge and information that now is locked to people and workplaces could be preserved and help the cleaning unit grow and maintain status and competitiveness if documented. A digitized documentation tool could be the solution to that need.

Estudo apoiado em revisão bibliográfica sobre o surgimento e evolução da Documentação Jurídica no Brasil tendo como foco os aspectos relacionados à noção de documento que podem auxiliar na organização da informação a partir da interface da com a Documentação otletiana, sua base fundadora. A revisão compreende os fundamentos históricos que motivaram o nascimento da Documentação na Europa, o seu surgimento no Brasil e a influência otletiana na fundação e evolução da Documentação Jurídica. Para referendar a dimensão de documento na Documentação Jurídica, explora-se a noção de documento na Documentação otletiana, no Direito e na Diplomática e estabelece-se o cotejamento entre as características e pontos de convergência. Conclui-se que a Documentação Jurídica surgiu na esfera do Serviço Público Federal no ínterim do final da década de 1930 e início da década de 1940, quando a penetração da Documentação otletiana e sua influência ocorrem na esfera da área Pública. A análise sobre a noção de documento demonstrou que a concepção apresentada no Direito e na Documentação otletiana se apresenta de modo convergente e complementar e que a Diplomática possibilita a identificação de subsídios informativos e teóricos que podem auxiliar na organização da informação jurídica. / Study supported by literature review about the birth and evolution of Legal Documentation in Brazil focusing on aspects related to the notion of document that can assist in the organization of information from the documentation with the otletiana interface, its founder base. The review covers the historical background which led to the birth of the documentation in Europe, his birth in Brazil and otletiana influence in the founding and evolution of the Legal Documentation. To endorse the size of paper in the Legal Documents, explores the notion of document in otletiana documentation in Law and Diplomacy and sets up the comparison between the characteristics and focal points. We conclude that the legal documentation appeared in the sphere of the Federal Public Service in the meantime the late 1930s and early 1940s, when the penetration of otletiana Documentation and its influence occur in the sphere of public area. Analysis of the notion of document showed that the design presented on Law and otletiana documentation is presented in a convergent and complementary and that the Diplomatic enables the identification of informative and theoretical support that can assist in the organization of legal information.

Many studies on children's participation in the documentation process are car- ried out through observations. The purpose of this study has been, that by ask- ing the preschool teachers, through a survey, to give their perspective on the question of whether children's participation can contribute with the develop- ment activities. The answer to this question has been obtained by sending out a questionnaire to a number of preschools within a county in Sweden. By using questions that have been asked from a socio-cultural perspective and a child's perspective, the respondents have replied based on their situation. Another the- oretical concept that has gained focus in this study is pedagogical documenta- tion. By combining these two perspectives with pedagogical documentation, the answers have been interpreted in order to get a result of how the respond- ents believe that the children's participation in the documentation process can contribute to development activities. The result of the studies have shown that the preschool teachers have a great interest in pedagogical documentation, however the resources and knowledge of the subject are not sufficient, further education of the subject is needed. / Många undersökningar om barns deltagande i dokumentationsprocessen utförs genom observationer. Syftet med denna undersökning har varit att, genom att fråga förskollärarna genom en enkät, få deras perspektiv i frågan om barns del- tagande kan bidra med verksamhetsutveckling. Svaret på denna fråga har er- hållets genom att skicka ut en enkät till ett visst antal förskolor inom en kom- mun i Sverige. Genom att använda frågor som har ställts utifrån ett sociokul- turellt perspektiv och ett barns perspektiv har respondenterna svarat utifrån de- ras situation. Ett annat teoretiskt begrepp som fått fokus i denna undersökning är pedagogisk dokumentation. Genom att kombinera dessa två perspektiv med pedagogisk dokumentation har svaren tolkats för att få ett svar på hur respon- denterna anser att barnens deltagande i dokumentationsprocessen kan bidra till verksamhetsutveckling. Resultatet av studien har visat att förskollärarna har ett stort intresse för pedagogisk dokumentation, men att resurserna och kunskapen i ämnet är inte tillräckliga och vidare utveckling i ämnet krävs.

Estudo apoiado em revisão bibliográfica sobre o surgimento e evolução da Documentação Jurídica no Brasil tendo como foco os aspectos relacionados à noção de documento que podem auxiliar na organização da informação a partir da interface da com a Documentação otletiana, sua base fundadora. A revisão compreende os fundamentos históricos que motivaram o nascimento da Documentação na Europa, o seu surgimento no Brasil e a influência otletiana na fundação e evolução da Documentação Jurídica. Para referendar a dimensão de documento na Documentação Jurídica, explora-se a noção de documento na Documentação otletiana, no Direito e na Diplomática e estabelece-se o cotejamento entre as características e pontos de convergência. Conclui-se que a Documentação Jurídica surgiu na esfera do Serviço Público Federal no ínterim do final da década de 1930 e início da década de 1940, quando a penetração da Documentação otletiana e sua influência ocorrem na esfera da área Pública. A análise sobre a noção de documento demonstrou que a concepção apresentada no Direito e na Documentação otletiana se apresenta de modo convergente e complementar e que a Diplomática possibilita a identificação de subsídios informativos e teóricos que podem auxiliar na organização da informação jurídica. / Study supported by literature review about the birth and evolution of Legal Documentation in Brazil focusing on aspects related to the notion of document that can assist in the organization of information from the documentation with the otletiana interface, its founder base. The review covers the historical background which led to the birth of the documentation in Europe, his birth in Brazil and otletiana influence in the founding and evolution of the Legal Documentation. To endorse the size of paper in the Legal Documents, explores the notion of document in otletiana documentation in Law and Diplomacy and sets up the comparison between the characteristics and focal points. We conclude that the legal documentation appeared in the sphere of the Federal Public Service in the meantime the late 1930s and early 1940s, when the penetration of otletiana Documentation and its influence occur in the sphere of public area. Analysis of the notion of document showed that the design presented on Law and otletiana documentation is presented in a convergent and complementary and that the Diplomatic enables the identification of informative and theoretical support that can assist in the organization of legal information.

Cette thèse examine les convergences et divergences le long de l'histoire de la documentation muséale dans trois galeries nationales en Angleterre, au Canada et aux États-Unis. Elle met en évidence un modèle commun, émanant plus particulièrement des deux types d'institutions apparues en Angleterre au 17e siècle : les musées publics, fondés sur des principes scientifiques et populistes, et la galerie privée, ancrée dans des traditions élitistes. Les galeries nationales analysées constituent un modèle hybride, en conflit avec ces deux formats antagonistes, mais leurs similitudes les plus frappantes résident dans l'évolution de leurs pratiques respectives de la documentation des œuvres d'art. La lutte continue afin d'intégrer véritablement la technologie dans la documentation d'art trahit l'héritage difficile entre ces deux modèles opposés. Tout au long des trajectoires uniques à chacune des institutions étudiées, peu de preuves montrent que les technologies optiques ou numériques ont eu des répercussions importantes sur les méthodologies ou les philosophies de la documentation des œuvres d'art. Au contraire, on observe que la documentation de forme numérique repose toujours sur une approche minimale de recueil de données, sur un groupe restreint de personnes habilitées à les collecter et sur un accès limité à ces données. Cette recherche renforce l'argumentation pour une redéfinition de la documentation des œuvres d'art pour repenser ses stratégies et ses philosophies directrices, pour poser un nouveau regard sur la recherche dans les collections et pour élargir l'intégration des technologies numériques dans ces processus. / This research examines the divergences and convergences across the histories of three national galleries, in England, Canada and the United States, providing evidence of a common model that emanates particularly from two types of institutions that appeared in England during the 17th century: public museums founded on scientific and populist principles, and private art galleries anchored in elitist traditions. The national galleries compared in this study constitute hybrids in conflict with the original antagonistic models. But their most striking similarities reside in the evolution of their respective documentation practices. The continued struggle to truly integrate technologies in the documentation of art betrays the difficult heritage between these two opposing models. Throughout the unique historical trajectories of these institutions, there was little proof that optical or digital technologies had had important repercussions on the methodologies or the philosophies of the documentation of works of art. On the contrary, it was observed that documentation, even in digital form, continued to rely on minimal standards of data gathering, restricted groups of persons trained to collect data, and limited access to any data captured. This research reinforces the need to redefine museum documentation in order to rethink its strategies and guiding philosophies, to enable new research into museum collections, and to enlarge the integration of digital technologies into the process.