À partir de quatre enquêtes empiriques resituées au sein des transformations de la société salariale, nous avons mis en évidence la fragilisation matérielle et symbolique d'une grande partie des membres des classes populaires occupant des positions subalternes. Confrontés à l'impératif social de réussite individuelle, ces individus ne peuvent se reposer que sur des dispositifs publics dont l'incitation à l'individualisation constitue un mode rhétorique et pratique d'atomisation socialisée qui tend à renforcer la logique oppressive des rapports sociaux, et à accentuer la souffrance sociale. S'accompagnant d'un déni croissant de la dignité et des attentes individuelles, cette situation conduit à une autonomie sociopsychique au mieux " contrôlée ", au pire soumise. En effet, les processus de naturalisation présents dans les dispositions individuelles permettent certes de lutter contre la souffrance, mais freinent les possibilités de luttes collectives qui viseraient à remettre en cause l'" ordre des choses ".

The multiliteracies pedagogy of the New London Group is a response to the emergence of new literacies and changing forms of meaning-making in contemporary contexts of increased cultural and linguistic diversity. This critical ethnographic research investigates the interactions between pedagogy, power, discourses, and differential access to multiliteracies, among a group of culturally and linguistically diverse learners in a mainstream Australian classroom. The study documents the way in which a teacher enacted the multiliteracies pedagogy through a series of mediabased lessons with her year six (aged 11-12 years) class. The reporting of this research is timely because the multiliteracies pedagogy has become a key feature of Australian educational policy initiatives and syllabus requirements. The methodology of this study was based on Carspecken's critical ethnography. This method includes five stages: Stage One involved eighteen days of observational data collection over the course of ten weeks in the classroom. The multiliteracies lessons aimed to enable learners to collaboratively design a claymation movie. Stage Two was the initial analysis of data, including verbatim transcribing, coding, and applying analytic tools to the data. Stage Three involved semi-structured, forty-five minute interviews with the principal, teacher, and four culturally and linguistically diverse students. In Stages Four and Five, the results of micro-level data analysis were compared with macro-level phenomena using structuration theory and extant literature about access to multiliteracies. The key finding was that students' access to multiliteracies differed among the culturally and linguistically diverse group. Existing degrees of access were reproduced, based on the learners' relation to the dominant culture. In the context of the media-based lessons in which students designed claymation movies, students from Anglo-Australian, middle-class backgrounds had greater access to transformed designing than those who were culturally marginalised. These experiences were mediated by pedagogy, power, and discourses in the classroom, which were in turn influenced by the agency of individuals. The individuals were both enabled and constrained by structures of power within the school and the wider educational and social systems. Recommendations arising from the study were provided for teachers, principals, policy makers and researchers who seek to monitor and facilitate the success of the multiliteracies pedagogy in culturally and linguistically diverse educational contexts.

The thesis consists of seven chapters with each chapter focusing on a particular aspect of the research topic. Chapter One deals with conventional preliminaries such as aim of study, method of approach, literature overview and other introductory material. Chapter Two is an an overview of the foundations of Bishop Dwane's spirituality and his church's struggle for autonomy. It also covers the origins, the nature and the purpose of Ethiopianism as the central thread in Dwane's theologizing and family history. Chapter Three reflects the attitude of the Anglican Church to African traditional culture as reflected in three historical phases - the era of total onslaught on African culture and religion, the period of accommodation, and the phase of turning a blind eye to these matters for as long as Anglicanism remains intact. Chapter Four contains Dwane's views on various cultural issues culminating in his decision to indigenize his Ethiopian Episcopal Church's liturgy and other forms of worship by incorporating traditional healers into the church and invoking the presence of Qamata and the ancestors in worship. Chapter Five analyses Dwane's prophetic spirituality as evidenced by his advocacy role in fighting for justice and human rights in this country. He relentlessly fought for the rights of those who were victimized by the government of the day, and those who were willfully discriminated against. Chapter Six is on the evolution of an authentic Xhosa spirituality, in particular, and African spirituality in general, in the Ethiopian Episcopal Church. While the main focus of the study is the evolution of Xhosa spirituality, it should be emphasized that the thrust of Dwane's theologizing extended to the evolution of other African spiritualities in the broader church. Chapter Seven is a general conclusion that highlights the main elements of Dwane's spirituality and the heritage he left behind in this regard. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

This study explores the operations of Sesotho masculinity: its dominant ideas and practices and their effects on Basotho women and men and this latter‟s resistance to a gender-ethical consciousness gaining momentum in Lesotho. It challenges a deep running belief among the Basotho that being born male necessarily means being born into a superior social position and status that is naturally and divinely sanctioned. It investigates how the dominant postcolonial discourse called sekoele (a return to the traditions of the ancestors) and the Christian churches‟ discourses of the “true”/“authentic” Christian life, framed by the classical biblical and confessional dogmatic traditions, actually support and sustain this belief and so reinforce the imbalance of power in favour of men in the order of gender relations in Lesotho. On the contrary, through the principles of the contextual theologies of liberating praxis, social construction theory, a narrative approach to therapy, gender-ethical consciousness and participatory approach, the study argues that masculinity and ways of being and thinking about men are socially constructed through historical and cultural processes and practices. It is in these processes and practices that Basotho men have been and continue to be advantaged and privileged over women. This study has challenged this situation by tracing the existence of alternative, more ethical ways of being and thinking about men in those historical and cultural processes and practices; ways which are more open to women and children and their wellbeing in the everyday life interactions. In this way, the study argues for a gender-ethical consciousness, which, in particular, invites Basotho men to engage in a reflection on their participation in a culture and practices which oppress the other, especially women and children. It invites Basotho men to accountability and responsibility. In this sense a gender-ethical consciousness is understood as watershed of masculinity in Lesotho. The participation of a group of Basotho men who offered to reflect on their relationship with the dominant masculinities, demonstrates how Basotho men are struggling to transform yet they fill us with the hope that change is possible. / Humanities Social Sciences and Theology / D. Th. (Practical Theology with specialisation in Pastoral Therapy)

Posant la question de l’enracinement napoléonien entre Rhin et Meuse (1810-1814), ce travail est, du fait de sa nature franco-allemande, différent des nombreuses études consacrées, depuis le XIXe siècle, au traitement de l’opinion publique. Il l’est également dans la mesure où il se fixe pour objectif de répondre, de manière comparative et dans un cadre transnational (France, Allemagne, Belgique, Luxembourg), à la question du rôle joué par l’opinion publique dans l’apogée du régime napoléonien (1810), puis dans son effondrement (1814). Au moyen de l’approche prônée par l’Histoire croisée, nous avons dégagé un certain nombre d’indices qui, sous l’Empire, nous semblent avoir été autant de pommes de discorde. De cette étude, il ressort tout d’abord qu’il existait des éléments structurels constituant, indépendamment de la conjoncture économique et de la politique napoléonienne, un frein à l’enracinement du nouveau régime. Il s’agit du fossé culturel et du souvenir des dominations d’Ancien Régime (Prusse, Autriche). Ensuite, les éléments relatifs à la politique (centralisation, ordre social, système économique) révèlent en quoi, indépendamment des structures et de la conjoncture, le régime napoléonien parvenait ou non à se faire progressivement accepter aussi bien des « anciens Français » que des « nouveaux Français » vivant dans les départements réunis. Enfin, les éléments conjoncturels se devaient également d’être abordés, indépendamment des précédents. Dans l’optique que soit définitivement tournée la page exagérée des histoires nationalistes, nous nous sommes attachés à écrire ce que l’on pourrait finalement considérer comme une Histoire ouest-européenne de l’opinion publique à l’époque napoléonienne. / Owing to its Franco-German nature, this historical study, which analyses the Napoleonic system’s implantation between Rhine and Maas (1810-1814), differs from the numerous studies devoted to public opinion since the 19th century. It is different in the sense that it innovatively sets out to address, from a comparative angle and within a transnational framework (France, Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg), the question of the part played by public opinion between climax (1810) and fall (1814) of the Napoleonic regime. By means of ‘Histoire croisée’, I have identified a certain number of fields which seem to have been, under the Napoleonic Empire, quite contentious issues. From this study emerges, first of all, that structural elements, independent of economic cycles and Napoleonic policies alike, curbed the new regime’s rooting. Instead, the latter was hampered both by cultural gaps and the memory of the preceding rule of the ‘Ancien Régime’ (Prussia, Austria). Second, the elements concerning the polity (centralisation, social order and economic system) reveal to what extent, independent of both structural elements and the economic situation, the Napoleonic regime succeeded, or failed to succeed, in being progressively accepted by ‘old Frenchmen’ as well as by ‘new Frenchmen’, i.e. those who had become annexed by the Republic and then found themselves being subjects of the Empire. Finally, the economic factors are addresses, independent, once again, of the previous ones. Leaving behind histories traditionally nationalist in tone, the present thesis may be considered as a Western European History on public opinion during the Napoleonic era. / Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage nach der napoleonischen Verwurzelung zwischen Rhein und Maas (1810-1814) und unterscheidet sich aufgrund ihrer deutsch-französischen Natur von vielen anderen historischen Studien, die sich seit dem 19. Jahrhundert mit der öffentlichen Meinung beschäftigen. Sie hebt sich auch in der Hinsicht ab, als dass sie eine neue Fragestellung verfolgt, nämlich jene nach der öffentlichen Meinung zwischen dem Höhepunkt (1810) und in dem Zusammenbruch (1814) des napoleonischen Regimes, der mit einem komparativen Ansatz und in einem transnationalen Rahmen (Deutschland, Frankreich, Belgien, Luxemburg) nachgegangen wird. Mithilfe des Ansatzes der Histoire croisée wird eine Reihe Themen untersucht, welche schon unter Napoleons Empire Zankäpfel gewesen zu sein scheinen. Aus dieser Studie geht als Erstes hervor, dass einige Strukturmerkmale unabhängig von der wirtschaftlichen Konjunktur und von der napoleonischen Politik die Verwurzelung des neuen Regimes begrenzten. Hierbei geht es um kulturelle Gräben und um die Erinnerung an die vorangegangene Herrschaft der vorrevolutionären Regime (Preußen, Österreich). Als Zweites wird anhand mehrerer auf die Politik bezogener Parameter (Zentralisierung, soziale Ordnung, Wirtschaftssystem) untersucht, inwieweit es dem napoleonischen Regime gelungen ist, unabhängig von strukturellen und ökonomischen Faktoren, sowohl unter „Altfranzosen“ wie auch unter der durch französische Annektionen zu „Neufranzosen“ gewordenen Bevölkerung Akzeptanz zu finden. Darüber hinaus wurden die konjunkturell bedingten Faktoren analysiert, wiederum unabhängig von den vorigen Elementen. Im Kontrast zur stark nationalistisch geprägten Historiographie des 19. Jahrhunderts wird hier eine Arbeit vorgelegt, die als eine westeuropäische Untersuchung zur öffentlichen Meinung im napoleonischen Zeitalter Napoleons betrachtet werden darf.

“The power of sex to dominate and the ability of power to obtain sex in order to dominate” is at the crux of the researchers’ investigation. The researcher problematizes the usage of power for the attainment of sexual favours. At the heart of this research is the question, what is at the root of the exploitation and “sexifying” of power by either the granter or the recipients of sexual favours. The researcher utilises various lenses in exploring the research problem. Such lenses include a social lens which zooms in at the social power possessed by men over women in society and a theological lens which zooms in on the domination of men over women in scripture. In an attempt to explore the subject at hand, the author explores the role of patriarchy, unequal opportunities between men and women and poverty as some of the primary proponents for those who offer themselves as sex objects to those in power. In most cases, it is women who are at the suffering end of poverty; it is also women who are forced to use their bodies for sex, this, therefore, means that women are doubly oppressed. Part of the socialised “sexual oppression” of women is the notion that women were created for marriage, work, labour and the pleasure of men. Anthropologically, men and women are the crown of creation and are worthy of dignity. It is, therefore, a necessity for women to reclaim their dignity. The researcher is aware of the complex nature of sex which varies from negative to positive experiences depending on the individual. In a society that views sex as a commodity and is permissive in its perception of sex, in a society that has a high rate of pornography, swinging and swapping. The researcher probes the “humanising” of sex so that it is not just a physical activity but an intimate act of love and affection. The principles for the above involves viewing sex as personal and relational; sex as exclusive and unique; sex as fruitful and productive; sex and selfless and sacrificial and an acknowledgement of sex as multi-dimensional. Though the writer comes from a religious background and is the Wesleyan tradition, though she converses with a faith community in Eersterust as part of her quantitative research; she does not evade confronting the reality of the bible as a document flawed with patriarchy, clothed in culture and set in a particular context. The author who is Wesleyan draws from this rich heritage and compares the times of John Wesley which were characterised by, “Champagne, dice or a neighbour’s spouse” to the South African context. She utilises the Wesleyan quadrilateral to draw these parallels. All these findings led the author to the conclusion that conversations, training, safe space and capacitating of those in power, those abusing power, those attracted to power must be held for the restoration of human dignity with particular reference to women. The church remains a powerful and efficient platform for the above. The Church can no longer evade her role in rectifying the damage caused by patriarchy as assumedly condoned by the bible. The church can no longer evader her role in the restoration of human dignity. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Systematic Theology)

This thesis examines the embodiment of the sexed body and the struggle of fitting into the narrow frames of what a woman is supposed to behave and look like in Japanese cinema. Using the medium of film, I, therefore, seek to produce knowledge regarding the internalized gaze of the oppressor, and self-objectification, caused by the capitalist heteropatriarchy. Thus, I am drawing from cyborg feminism, and the second wave of sexual difference theory’s concept of becoming, expanded upon by the Italian-Australian philosopher Rosi Braidotti. I further use the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of masculine domination and the American philosopher Gayle Rubin’s charmed circle, in creating a theoretical framework, and using the methods of cultural and feminist film analysis to contextualize the films and locate the subjectification of the women. The movies that I will be analyzing are the Japanese director and poet Sion Sono’s Antiporno (アンチポルノ, 2016) and the Japanese director and photographer Mika Ninagawa’s Helter Skelter (ヘルタースケルター, 2012), which both center around two women and their struggle in becoming-cyborg, in relation to power, trauma, sexuality, technology, and beauty ideals in ‘modernized’ Japan. In that sense, I will study the phenomenon of operating outside the lines of social norms of femininity and desire.

Cette recherche s’est fixé de nombreux objectifs dont le principal est celui d’explorer ‘assabeyya afin de découvrir si c'est un idiome de détresse exprimé et manifesté par de nombreuses femmes égyptiennes. Elle a ensuite cherché à savoir si ‘assabeyya est l'expression d'une souffrance émotionnelle, exprimée à travers ‘les nerfs’, et secondaire à l'exposition à de nombreux événements traumatiques violents (violence directe ou violence indirecte comme violence structurelle et symbolique / culturelle) comme dans nervios. Le troisième objectif a été de voir s'il existe une biomédicalisation de cette souffrance sociale représentée par ‘assabeyya, et enfin, le dernier objectif a été de découvrir si ‘assabeyya et trouble de la personnalité limite (TPL) sont en fait liés et s'ils résultent tous deux des conséquences traumatiques de l'exposition des femmes égyptiennes à ces nombreuses sources de violence. Des entretiens approfondis inspirés du modèle explicatif de la maladie ont été mis en place pour recueillir des informations, notamment sur le type de souffrance et l'exposition à la violence de femmes d'une banlieue du Caire (patientes psychiatriques et non psychiatriques). La présence de symptômes caractéristiques du TPL et de l’état de stress post-traumatique complexe (ESPT) a aussi été recherchée. Les entretiens se sont également déroulés auprès de professionnels de la santé mentale et de la santé plus globalement, ainsi qu’auprès de personnes ressources issues de la même communauté. L’analyse des données a permis tout d’abord de confirmer les hypothèses avancées puis de dépeindre une vision synthétique de ‘assabeyya, vision gravitant autour de la notion clé d’assujettissement. La relation de l’assujettissement à ‘assabeyya a été analysée selon l’approche tridimensionnelle de disease, illness et sickness (Kleinman et al. 1980, 2006) ainsi que les mécanismes de coping que cet assujettissement induit et les types d’agencéité qu’il inspire, dont la victimcy (Honwana 2000). Assujettissement et ‘assabeyya ont été ensuite abordés, selon l’approche ethnopsychiatrique à travers les concepts de ‘assabeyya khaldunienne (Ibn Khaldun 1986), d’aliénation et d’anomie (Durkheim 1960) ; et ethnopsychanalytique (Freud 1914-1916 ; 1961 ; Butler 1997). Enfin une approche existentielle a tenté d’explorer la relation de ‘assabeyya à l’assujettissement donnant ainsi à ‘assabeyya une portée qui dépasse le domaine de l’anthropologie et de la psychiatrie pour atteindre ceux de la politique et de la philosophie. / This research has set many objectives, the main one was to explore 'assabeyya in order to discover if it is an idiom of distress expressed and manifested by many Egyptian women. The research investigated then whether ‘assabeyya is the expression of an emotional suffering, expressed through ‘nerves', secondary to exposure to many violent traumatic events (direct or indirect violence as structural and symbolic /cultural violence) as in nervios, nevra, nervos or even nerves. The third objective was to see if there is a biomedicalization of this social suffering represented by ‘assabeyya, and finally the last objective was to discover if ‘assabeyya and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are in fact related resulting both from the traumatic consequences of Egyptian women's exposure to these numerous sources of violence. In-depth interviews based on the explanatory model of the disease were set in order to gather information on the type of suffering and exposure to violence of women in a Cairo suburb, who were psychiatric and non-psychiatric patients. The presence of characteristic symptoms of BPD and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was also investigated. In addition, interviews were conducted with mental health professionals and more broadly with health professionals, as well as with resource persons from the same community. The analysis of the data allowed, first, to confirm the hypotheses put forward, and then to depict a synthetic vision of ‘assabeyya, a vision revolving around the key notion of subjugation. The relationship between subjugation and ‘assabeyya has been analyzed according to the three-dimensional approach of disease, illness and sickness (Kleinman et al., 1980, 2006), along with the coping mechanisms induced by this subjugation and the types of agency it inspires, including victimcy (Honwana 2000). Subjection and ‘assabeyya were then analyzed according to the ethnopsychiatric approach through the concepts of Khaldunian ‘assabeyya (Ibn Khaldun 1986), alienation and anomie (Durkheim 1960); and through the ethnopsychanalytic one (Freud 1914-1916, 1961; Butler 1997). Finally, an existential approach has attempted to explore the relation of ‘assabeyya to subjugation, providing ‘assabeyya with a scope beyond the field of anthropology and psychiatry, to reach those of politics and philosophy.

Cette recherche a pour but de faire connaître et comprendre les aspects particuliers de l'expérience au travail des femmes investies dans les postes de pouvoir du sport de haut niveau au Québec, un domaine traditionnellement masculin. La théorie sociologique féministe des rapports sociaux de sexe a été retenue comme cadre théorique. Les données collectées au moyen d'entretiens semi-dirigés auprès de vingt trois (23) dirigeantes ont été analysées à l'aide du logiciel ALCESTE. La méthode utilisée est à caractère mixte. Les résultats font clairement ressortir la passion du travail dans l'univers sportif des répondantes, les motivations qui les animent à s'investir dans leur poste, les difficultés rencontrées du fait qu'elles sont des femmes, les moyens utilisés pour relever les défis rencontrés dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, leurs réalisations et, surtout les différentes stratégies qu'elles utilisent pour survivre dans ces espaces de pouvoir souvent difficiles pour les femmes. Globalement, ces résultats révèlent un vécu satisfaisant mais perfectible étant donné que la très grande majorité des répondantes donnent nettement l'impression que leur expérience est très enrichissante et qu'elle vaut la peine d'être vécue. À plusieurs égards, la situation professionnelle de certaines de ces dirigeantes paraît enviable. Les directrices de fédérations sportives et les agentes de développement régional du sport, malgré le fait qu'elles aient un horaire irrégulier, sont très satisfaites d'occuper leurs fonctions. Les officielles apprécient aussi leurs conditions de travail et surtout les avantages que leur procure le statut d'officiel international. La majorité des entraineurs affirment avoir choisi ce domaine par intérêt pour la discipline, parce qu'elles aimaient ce sport et voulaient à leur tour partager leurs connaissances. Ce qui ressort de ces analyses nous fait comprendre qu'au-delà de certaines embûches liées au fait qu'elles sont d'abord et toujours considérées comme des femmes occupant des fonctions d'hommes, et du stress de toujours devoir faire leurs preuves pour être crédibles, les femmes qui s'aventurent dans cet environnement masculin ne semblent pas le regretter même si, à l'occasion, la plupart expriment un certain nombre de frustrations. Ces résultats devraient alimenter les réflexions et les projets de ceux et celles qui sont concernés par la place des femmes dans le leadership sportif. La satisfaction élevée des dirigeantes, qui se dégage des résultats de cette recherche, devrait les inciter à poursuivre leurs efforts en vue d'accroître la participation des femmes à la prise de décision dans les structures sportives. / The aim of this research is to identify and understand the specific aspects of work experience of women in power positions in high level sports in Québec, a men traditionally dominated area. The feminist sociology theory of gender social relationships was used as theoretical framework. Twenty three (23) in-depth interviews based on semistructured questions were conducted with women executives. The software ALCESTE was used to analyze the collected data. The findings make down the following key points for the participants: the excitement to work in the sport environment, the motivations of self investment in their position, the challenges encountered in their work as women, the means used to deal with the challenges met in performing their job, the achievements and especially the different strategies used to survive in these spaces of power often difficult for women. Overall, these findings reveal a satisfactory experience but that can be improved as the large majority of respondents clearly give the impression that their experience is very positive and it is worth living through. In many ways, the professional situation of some of these executive women seems desirable. The directors of sport federations and sport regional development agents, though they have irregular working hours, are satisfied with their positions. Officials also like their work conditions and mostly the benefices that their status of international official brings. The majority of coaches claim to have chosen the job because of their interest in the sport and their willingness to share their knowledge. These findings should supply the thoughts and projects of those who are concerned by the role of women in sport leadership. The high level of satisfaction of women leaders observed during this research is an indication that additional efforts is needed to increase women participation in decision making in sport organizations.

Au Mali, les femmes rurales constituent des actrices incontournables dans la production agricole, secteur sur lequel repose l’économie du pays. Pour un développement inclusif, et partant de la logique que l’autonomisation économique des femmes entrainerait leur empowerment, les centres d’autopromotion ont été mis en place par le gouvernement malien et ses partenaires dans les cercles et les communes afin de mieux promouvoir les femmes rurales. Cette étude a pour objectif de vérifier cette prémisse en saisissant les changements au niveau de l’empowerment des femmes occasionnés par les activités d’autonomisation économique au sein des centres d’autopromotion de l’association Musow jigitugu-ton de Toubacoro et de l’union Si yiriwa de Dioïla. Sur la base d’une démarche qualitative, des entrevues individuelles et des focus group ont été réalisés avec 31 femmes, 1 gestionnaire et 10 responsables des structures partenaires. Les résultats ont montré que les activités des centres favorisent l’autonomisation économique des femmes membres, cependant, des efforts restent à fournir pour une gestion autonome des revenus générés par les femmes afin de mieux maintenir leur autopromotion. Les résultats ont également permis de montrer que l’autonomisation économique est un vecteur de l’empowerment des femmes rurales. Toutefois, ce processus reste très affecté par la domination masculine encore profondément intégrée par les femmes. On retient aussi que les approches des partenaires sont défaillantes et que des mesures doivent être entreprises pour une meilleure intégration du genre dans toutes les actions si l’on veut que les centres d’autopromotion remplissent bien leurs rôles. Mots-clés : autonomisation économique des femmes, empowerment des femmes, centre d’autopromotion, femmes rurales, domination masculine. / Rural women in Mali are essential actors in agriculture, which is the most important field of the country’s economy. To promote inclusive development and women’s economic empowerment, the Malian government and local municipalities have set “self-promotion centers” to promote rural women empowerment. This study examines the self-promotion centers of the association "Musow jigitugu-ton" of Toubacoro and the union "Si yiriwa" of Dioïla. The main objective of the study is to investigate the impact of economic empowerment activities in women's empowerment. Using a qualitative approach, individual interviews and focus groups were carried out with 31 women, 1 manager and 10 managers of the partner organisations. The results indicate that activities of the centers improved women economic empowerment who are members, but efforts are still needed to manage the income generated by women in order to maintain their self-promotion. The results also show that economic empowerment is a vehicle for the empowerment of rural women. However, this process is still very much affected by the male dominance deeply integrated by women. Partners' approaches are failing in this regard and some measures must be taken to integrate gender approach in all actions if self-promotion centers are to fulfill their roles. Keywords: women economic empowerment, women empowerment, self-promotion center, rural women, male dominance.