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[pt] Desde a formação da cidade do Rio de Janeiro o saneamento sempre foi uma questão crítica para o processo de urbanização e até hoje os espaços, como as favelas, sofrem de graves problemas no que diz respeito a esse serviço. A tese em questão tem como objetivo investigar a relação entre as injustiças ambientais produzidas por essas desigualdades espaciais e as soluções trazidas pela mobilização comunitária para o acesso ao saneamento, aproximando o olhar para a favela de Nova Holanda, no conjunto de favelas da Maré. A pesquisa traz evidências a partir de dados coletados por entrevistas e observação participante sobre o papel dos moradores e de organizações da sociedade civil na reivindicação de direitos não garantidos pelo poder público na área do saneamento básico. Pressupõe-se que as injustiças ambientais são consequência dessa estrutura social comandada por atributos raciais determinados que privilegiam historicamente uma parcela da população. Ao evidenciar essa relação é possível pensar em processos de tomadas de decisão e participação popular que abarque a diversidade identitária como papel fundador de narrativas que incluam os moradores como sujeitos de direitos. / [en] Since the formation of the city of Rio de Janeiro sanitation has always been a critical issue for the urbanization process and until today marginalized regions such as favelas suffer from serious problems regarding this service. The thesis in question aims to investigate the relationship between the environmental injustices produced by these spatial inequalities and the solutions brought about through social mobilization, taking a closer look at the Nova Holanda slum, in the Maré group of favelas. The research brings evidence from data collected through interviews and participant observation about the role of residents and civil society organizations in claiming rights not guaranteed by the government in basic sanitation. It is assumed that environmental injustices are a consequence of this social structure commanded by certain racial attributes that historically privilege a portion of the population. By highlighting this relationship, it is possible to think of decision-making processes and popular participation that embrace identity diversity as a founding role in narratives that include residents as subjects of rights.

Denna studie syftar till att belysa samhällsaktörers perspektiv kring gruvbrytning av kritiska råvaror i led med klimatomställningen. Studien undersöker hur samhällsaktörer belyser effekterna av en eventuell kommande gruvetablering i byn Vittangi i norra Sverige. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem samhällsaktörer, i kombination med en tematisk analys, har olika rättvisekonflikter undersökts för att skapa en insikt och ge ett nyanserat kritiskt perspektiv. Analysen av resultatet har utgått från teorin av miljörättvisa och påvisar flertalet målkonflikter som uppstått i samband med den potentiella gruvetableringen i Vittangi. Slutsatserna tydliggör intressekonflikter och baseras på hur det påverkar aktörerna, vilket synliggör perspektiven på gruvbrytning av kritiska råvaror som ett led av klimatomställningen. / This study aims to shed light on the perspectives of social actors regarding the mining of critical raw materials in connection with climate change. The study examines how social actors highlight the effects of a possible future mine establishment in the village of Vittangi in northern Sweden. Through semi-structured interviews with five social actors, in combination with a thematic analysis, various justice conflicts have been investigated to create insight and to provide a nuanced critical perspective. The analysis of the result has been based on the theory of environmental justice and demonstrates the majority of goal conflicts that arose in connection with the potential mine establishment in Vittangi. The conclusions clarify conflicts of interest and are based on how they affect the actors, which makes the perspectives visible on the mining of critical raw materials as part of the climate transition.

This thesis investigates the reception of the updated directive, Energy Performance of Building Directive, from the EU. The focus of the study is to analyse eight referral responses from chosen stakeholders and investigate their perspectives on the updated directive, negative and positive, any specific interests, are there any patterns that emerge in their responses and what are their concerns regarding the possible impact on society. The intention is to map the possible outcomes in society, focusing on social sustainability, including issues such as economic impact, social justice, and community impact.    The empirical material in this study is eight different referral responses on the updated version of the Energy Performance of Building Directive. The chosen methodical approach for this study is document analysis and thematic analysis. The findings are presented in four themes and later analysed and discussed through the lens of the chosen theoretical framework, which is environmental justice.    The findings show a large focus on accessibility to housing, resources and cost efficiency, excessive regulation and micromanagement, and the need for financial support and incentives. The stakeholders fear that the number of details in the Energy Performance of Building Directive will sub-optimise Sweden’s production. Even though the directive states that this initiative will protect the most vulnerable groups in society, the stakeholders fear it will aggravate the situation due to increased rents and economic burdens in general for the whole society.    This study concludes that such details should be discussed at the national level and it is important to include an environmental justice approach to avoid increasing the current inequalities and ensure that the needed transition will not be made at the expense of vulnerable segments of the population.

In response to climate change, economic instability, and rapid urbanization, the notion of urban resilience has gained prominence in city planning and governance. Urban resilience is the ability of a system to adapt to new baseline conditions developing as a result of disturbances. This study is focused on one of urban resilience’s sub-tenets, ecological resilience. Ecological resilience is the ability of a system to sustain ecosystem services following a disturbance (i.e. droughts, flooding, heat waves). The health of the environment prior to a disturbance informs post-disturbance ecological resilience. An already stressed and unbalanced system, or an ecosystem with degraded health, is predisposed to vulnerabilities and exposure to disturbances. Environmental injustice is a significant gauge of latent environmental harm, and subsequently degraded ecosystem functionality. This study explores the spatial distribution and correlation between socioeconomic and environmental burdens in the largest majority Black neighborhood in the City of Orlando, Parramore. Through a lens of environmental justice, identifying where environmental, social, and economic harm is amplified and who is affected provides greater contextual information for the focus of future resilience strategies, the process through which they are devised and implemented, and their connection to land use planning and policy.

当代佛教如何参与现代环境危机这一公共社会议题是本文的问题意识，参与佛教与人间佛教的环保参与实践及其理论阐述正是现代社会较有影响力的佛教环保实践。 / 本文首先研究参与佛教的生态正义与人间佛教的心灵环保这两种类型在环保进路上的不同特征，参与佛教的环保以社会抗议、公义的分配制度及文化批判的社会正义诉求为其特征，人间佛教主要团体则以心灵净化、节约资源等行动表现出心灵环保的特点；接着将生态正义与心灵环保放入自然、经济、政教关系等社会处境进行剖析，最后对参与佛教的生态正义与人间佛教的心灵环保这两种佛教环保类型进行对比。 / 通过两种类型的比较研究探讨佛教参与环保的进路与趋势，冀望两种参与类型的彼此关照，互相学习和进行整合作为佛教参与环保的愿景，即多维视野的佛教生态参与模式，同时兼顾与结合社会与个体、正义与心灵等多维角度，共同推进从社会结构层面的抗争与心灵文化的变革，探索佛教智慧如何更好的参与现代社会环境危机以寻找出路。 / Buddhism has involved in environmental protection on the local as well as global level. This thesis seeks to explore how and why the Buddhist modern movements, particularly Engaged Buddhism and Humanistic Buddhism adopt different approaches to environmental issues. The comparative study of these two Buddhist movements and their respective approaches to environment protection attempts to characterize and contrast the two different approaches as Eco-Justice and Eco-Spirituality and to analyze them in terms of their cultural, economic, political and social contexts. / Though the approach of Eco-Justice adopted by Engaged Buddhism focuses on social justice and the approach of Eco-Spirituality adopted by Humanistic Buddhism concentrates on spiritual cultivation, this thesis attempts to argue that they provide contrasting yet complementary approaches to environmental protection. The dialogue between Engaged Buddhism and Humanistic Buddhism on environmental issues will enrich each other and contribute to the Buddhist engagement of environmental protection as a whole. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 梁容. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-196) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Liang Rong. / 致谢 --- p.i / 目录 --- p.iii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Abstract --- p.v / 引 言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 佛教与生态之研究概览 --- p.3 / Chapter 第一节 --- 现代生态危机出路之探寻：佛教的救渡 --- p.3 / Chapter 第二节 --- 佛教与生态问题之俯瞰：学术研究概述 --- p.6 / Chapter 第三节 --- 类型学之研究方法 --- p.20 / Chapter 第四节 --- 论文之篇章结构 --- p.28 / Chapter 第二章 --- 参与佛教的环保正义（eco-justice）之实践与论述：以泰国为例 --- p.31 / Chapter 第一节 --- 前言 --- p.31 / Chapter 第二节 --- 参与佛教的环保实践 --- p.33 / Chapter 第三节 --- 环保正义的佛教之理论建构及社会论述：佛使比丘自然即法的佛教理论 --- p.53 / Chapter 第四节 --- 资本主义社会文化批判与佛教社会经济发展观：萧素乐佛教之现代社会论述 --- p.64 / Chapter 第五节 --- 结语：参与佛教环保正义类型之展望与反思 --- p.76 / Chapter 第三章 --- 人间佛教的心灵环保（eco-spirituality）之实践与论述：以台湾为例 --- p.82 / Chapter 第一节 --- 前言 --- p.82 / Chapter 第二节 --- 慈济“预约人间净土：行动与理念 --- p.84 / Chapter 第三节 --- 法鼓山“心灵环保：行动与理念 --- p.100 / Chapter 第四节 --- “心灵环保进路的分析：宗教意义及社会涵义 --- p.113 / Chapter 第五节 --- 结语：人间佛教心灵环保类型之展望与反思 --- p.150 / Chapter 第四章 --- 两种类型比较与展望：参与佛教的环保正义与人间佛教心灵环保 --- p.153 / Chapter 第一节 --- 两种佛教环保类型比较的视野 --- p.154 / Chapter 第二节 --- 生态正义与心灵环保两种类型的比较研究 --- p.157 / Chapter 第三节 --- 整合与超越：两种类型的互相对话与互相取鉴 --- p.176 / 结 语 --- p.180 / 参考资料与书目 --- p.183

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