This study aims to explore communication deviances and strategies in the negotiation discourse of Malaysian-Australian business encounters, from both a linguistic and nonlinguistic perspective. Specifically, it sees miscommunications/deviances as factors that may hinder the business communication process and prevent the negotiators from achieving their objectives. The study also focuses on strategies, or those discourse skills which promote successful business negotiation. The research method is based on the analysis of discourse generated from initial 'perception' interviews, business meetings, and post-meeting 'follow-up' interviews. The research involved a cross-section of Malaysian and Australian business people from various industries; such as tourism, information technology, hospitality and financial services. The initial 'perception' interviews were intended to gather data on the prior experiences of Malaysian and Australian businesspeople, both in terms of the reported difficulties and strengths in their business interactions and dealings in Western Australia. In the second stage of the analysis, the deviances which signalled miscommunication in the negotiation were identified in the recorded meeting data. Also identified were the strategies which were used by the negotiators to increase the likelihood that their goals will be achieved. The objective of the research was then to interpret why these strategies were being used, and their influence on the negotiation process. From the data a pattern emerged in the way that deviance occurred, and the way that strategies were being performed. This has made it possible to group deviance and strategies and present the findings thematically. Altogether, five themes identified, these were: Management of topics, Building rapport; Ethical business conduct; Building recognition; Styles in business practice. The study has shown that business communication discourse reflects the embedded culture of its speakers. Topic management was also found to play an important role in the business meetings as it enabled the participants to more effectively lead their discussion towards its intended goal. Both the deviance and strategies have been managed by the business negotiators in the way they select the appropriate topic categories in order to effectively maintain the discussion throughout the meeting.

本論文系就朱熹禮學巨著－－儀禮經傳通解中之家禮部分，作全面之研討；蓋禮之於 人者大矣，孔子有言曰：「不學禮，無以立．」是禮可使吾人品節詳明而德性堅定也 ．朱子亦嘗為言：「凡禮有本有文，自其施於家者之，則名分之守，愛敬之實，其本 也；冠昏喪祭儀章度數者，其文也．其本者，有家日用之常禮，固不可以一日而不修 ；其文又皆所以紀綱人道之終始，雖其行之有時，施之有所，然非講之素明，習之素 熟，則其臨事之際，亦無以合宜而應節．」是家禮諸儀節，最切於人倫日用，故得以 綱紀人道之終始，而彰顯禮之功效．全文凡分七章． 第一章：緒論，就朱子生平議禮考禮之背景，探求珠子編修儀禮經傳通解之經過及其 規模，並對參與編修之門人、學友略作考述．第二章：論家禮第一單元之士冠禮及冠 義．就士冠禮之文分章解析，且依其儀節之進退，酬答之言辭，輔以冠義篇所闡述之 義以為說．第三章：論家禮第二單元之士昏禮及昏義．此章之研究方法與步驟，與上 章相同．第四章：論家禮第三單元之內則篇．內則本為禮記第十二篇，朱子謂此必古 者學校教民之書，宜以次於昏禮，故取以補經而附以傳記之說，以成斯篇．其經、傳 之規模既立，亦依前章之例，解析其編次體例，並分章論述，以抽繹其要義．第五章 ：論家禮第四單元之內治篇，此乃朱子輯錄經籍史冊雜書中，凡言人君所以統理其工 廷內院之法者，集結而創為此篇；亦分編有經、傳之文．此章之研究方法及步驟，與 上章相同．第六章：論家禮第五單元之五宗篇，此亦朱子蒐編古籍之中，凡言宗子之 法以治族人者，所創之新篇；篇中除朱子所釐析之章目闕「右某某」之稱謂外，體例 一如前二篇．此外，家禮第六單元之親數記，即爾雅釋親篇文，文中僅載閨門三族親 戚之名號，故附於本章之末．此篇研究方法及步驟，與上二章相同．第七章：結論， 融合前述各章所論之要義，全面觀照朱子編修家禮一貫用心之所在，並評述其作用與 得失影響．

魏、晉間任誕之風流行，然而儒家之禮，非但未在此思潮下衰弱，反而藉由士人熱烈 之議論，益見發展．針對此一思想特色，故筆者乃思從史料、典籍著手，從社會、政 治、文化之角度作一通盤檢討，以明於魏、晉政局紛亂、社會失序之際，禮所顯現之 意義及其在人類群體綱紀中之適切性． 本篇論文共分六章研討如下： 第一章：緒論．論述研究動機、方法，及外緣問題之概述． 第二章：共分為四節．從社會風氣，以及實際環境之需要，考察士人論議禮之背景． 第三章：共分為三節，就士人本身之意識型態及行為，探求禮於當時社會之定位． 第四章：共分為五節，就以喪服議為主之論題，作一內容分析． 第五章：共分為三節．據上述之肉容分析，探求魏、晉禮論之特質． 第六章：結論．

Darbą atliko Ana Loiba, Vilniaus pedagoginio universiteto Socialinių mokslų fakulteto Sociologijos ir politologijos katedros studentė. Darbo tema „Viešosios paslaugos Sodroje: darbuotojų ir klientų santykiai (Vilniaus skyriaus atvejis)“. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti viešųjų paslaugų teikimą Valstybinio socialinio draudimo fondo valdybos įstaigose darbuotojų bei klientų santykio aspektu (Vilniaus skyriaus atvejis). Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Apibendrinti kultūros sąvokos ypatumus, išskiriant organizacijos kultūros vaidmenį jos veikloje; 2. Išskirti aptarnavimo kultūros valstybinėse įstaigose ir visuomenės (kliento) santykio reikšmę, pabrėžiant valstybės tarnautojo vaidmenį etikos kontekste. 3. Išsiaiškinti kaip vertinamos Valstybinio socialinio draudimo fondo valdybos įstaigose, teikiamos viešosios paslaugos. 4. Aptarti viešųjų paslaugų teikimą, Valstybinio socialinio draudimo fondo valdybos įstaigose, darbuotojo ir kliento santykio aspektu (Vilniaus miesto atvejis). Darbo objektas – Valstybinio socialinio draudimo fondo valdybos įstaigų teikiamos viešosios paslaugos, išskiriant aptarnavimo kultūros padėtį, bei joms skiriamo įvertinimo Valstybinio socialinio draudimo fondo įstaigose darbuotojų bei klientų nuomonės. Tyrimo metu paaiškėjo, kad: 1. Darbuotojų ir klientų santykiai visų respondentų vertinami teigiamai. 2. Pagrindinė priežastis apsilankyti Valstybinio socialinio draudimo fondo valdybos įstaigose yra asmeniniai reikalai. 3. Klientų aptarnavimo tvarka „Sodros“ įstaigose... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The work was made by Ana Loiba, student of Sociology and polithology cathedral of Social sciences faculty of Vilnius pedagogical university. Theme of the work is “The public services in SODRA: relations between employees and clients (the case of Vilnius department). The purpose of the work is to analyse the presentation of public services in the offices of National social insurance fund department in the aspect of workers and clients relation (the case of Vilnius department). Tasks of the work: 1. To summarize the specialties of the concept of the culture, excluding the culture organization’s role in its activity. 2. To distinguish the meaning of the role of service’s culture in the national offices and society (client), emphasizing the role of polity’s employee in the context of ethics. 3. To ascertain how are evaluated the presented public services in National social insurance fund department offices. 4. To discuss the presentation of public services in the offices of National social insurance fund department in the aspect of workers and clients relation (the case of Vilnius department). The object of investigation ins the presented public services in the offices of National social insurance fund department excluding the situation of service’ culture and the evaluation that is imposed to them in the offices of National social insurance fund department, the opinion of employees and clients. During the investigation in emerged that: 1. Relations between employees and clients... [to full text]

The goal of this Thesis is to uncover, characterize, analyze, describe and define selected contemporary rules of etiquette, international business and diplomatic protocol in international business and diplomatic practice and point out the greatest deficiencies witnessed in practice. The research subject of this Thesis is, thus, the formal aspect of international business and diplomatic cooperation. Its output consists of recommendation on how to correctly apply these rules in practice. I would also like my paper to significantly contribute to the general knowledge of this fascinating and commonly useful knowledge. The structure of the Thesis as it was drawn up in context of its goals consists of three main chapters, introduction and conclusion. The first part of the Thesis deals with Social Etiquette. This part is not conceived as general rules of social intercourse. Instead, it concentrates mainly on the elaboration of contemporary general rules of social intercourse and etiquette to in the context of business and entrepreneurial activities, i.e. Business Protocol. The Thesis would also like to provide answers to the following questions: What is the current standard of social intercourse in the Czech Republic? What are the contemporary rules of social intercourse in the Czech Republic and how do they differ from the etiquette abroad? Can we claim that these rules are being observed? What leads our managers, businessman, diplomats etc. to observing these rules? In my Thesis I strive to evaluate contemporary rules applicable to social, business and diplomatic events as well as in written communication and to draw attention the lack of their knowledge. Another partial goal of the Thesis consists of using carried out analyses, evaluations, inquiries via questionnaires and comparative analyses to point out the differences in the rules of social intercourse, conduct and negotiation in different territories. The working hypothesis of this part of the paper is to indicate on the basis of the above mentioned allegations the relationship between the behaviour and conduct of managers of different provenience and the fact that they have different cultural background. Culture is learned not inherited. It is derived from the social environment not from genes and it must be clearly distinguished from human character and the character of individual people. Significant attention is, therefore, paid to the study of international customs and conventions, especially those of the countries which the representatives of Czech firms, enterprises and institutions most come into contact with. The presented Thesis does not have the ambition to come up with a definitive cookbook as to how to conduct oneself in a given situation within a given territory; it merely strives to point out the pitfalls, misunderstandings and blunders in conduct and barriers in communication and in business or any other professional negotiations. Unlike legal acts the rules of Etiquette are not binding. Laws apply to all and the state prosecutes their infringement. Unlike laws, the rules of Etiquette are not enforceable. Their only form of enforcement is the social pressure which the society effectuates on the individual. Thus, the standards of social conduct only apply to those willing to abide by them. The presented paper is an aggregate of the rules and its author's views. Another author's standpoint may differ. The second part of the Thesis concentrates on the sphere of Diplomatic Protocol in international business and diplomatic practice. The presented paper aims at describing the existing system of Foreign Service and diplomatic activities, presenting the diplomatic representations, consulates, missions and other representatives abroad, their functioning as well as their immunities and privileges. Diplomatic Protocol concerns the formal, not the material, content of international relations. Formal rules of social conduct in intercourse with diplomatic representatives of other countries, the etiquette and the ceremonies applied to the intercourse with these representatives form an integral part of the Diplomatic Protocol. In the initial part I define the very term Diplomatic Protocol and I strive to specify is subject. Successively I address individual respective parts of Diplomatic Protocol and diplomatic practice, such as the methods of establishing diplomatic relationships, the roles of diplomatic missions, ranks of diplomatic representatives and their immunities and privileges, the procedure related to the conferment of agrément and the termination of activity of the head of a diplomatic mission, official visits of foreign guests, organisation of international conferences, diplomatic correspondence, consular activities etc. In the course of its elaboration the presented Thesis should also offer answers to the following questions: What is the current international form, role and significance of the Diplomatic Protocol? What leads states to observing signed conventions? Which diplomatic immunities and privileges are at the moment among the most abused or violated? For the accomplishment of the goals set out in this Thesis I shall strive to outline the scale of theoretic approaches and based on the effective layout and international practice express my own conclusions. Among others, the paper also aims at promoting the development of skills of the current diplomat and acquainting them with the norms of diplomatic correspondence. The aforementioned part of the Thesis also sets out another rather easily attained objective: due to the inexistence of comprehensive publications on this topic to become a handbook and reference manual not only for the young adepts of this profession but for all who for some reason take interest in Diplomacy. It was an ambition of the author to assemble and explain terms, which those interested in the practical aspects of Foreign Service, may be confronted with. The paper reflects current diplomatic practice and takes into account Czech circumstances. The author is endeavouring to mediate the information and knowledge she gained through years of practice at representative offices abroad gained during her practical experience at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and through more than 20 years of practice in academic research and instruction of this area.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar, sob a perspectiva antropológica, representações envolvidas no universo simbólico da etiqueta a partir de um campo privilegiado de observação empírica - os cursos de etiqueta oferecidos na cidade de São Paulo nos anos de 1990 - e, também, de instrumentos midiáticos como sites, livros, programas televisivos que constroem um repertório cultural do qual o público se utiliza para consumir tal bem simbólico. Analisamos, por fim, de que forma os aspectos conflitivos e simbólicos que emergem nesse campo polissêmico nos ajudam a compreender a "teia de significados" construída pelos sujeitos envolvidos nessa prática cultural. / The aim of the present study is to anaylise the representation involved in the symbolic universe of etiquette from an anthropological view, based on a privileged field of empirical observation - the etiquette courses taking place in the city of São Paulo in the 1990´s - and also on the media (web sites, books, magazines and tv programmes), which build a cultural fund that provides the public with such symbolic goods. At last we have analysed how the symbolic and conflitive aspects that come out from this varied help us to understand the "web of meanings" created by the individuals involved in this cultural practice.

This thesis analyzes the concept of Friendship in Aristotle&rsquo / s Nicomachean Ethics with its main aspects. Book VIII and Book IX of the Nicomachean Ethics are devoted specifically to the concept of Friendship to explore the moral and political aspects of it. Friendship has been one of the prominent topics for moral philosophers and hence contemporary discussions lead the Nicomachean account of friendship come to the fore. Thus, the main features of friendship in the Nicomachean Ethics as well as contemporary perspectives and discussions on that topic will be analyzed and explored in depth.

The most prolific woman writer of belle époque Brazil, Júlia Lopes de Almeida is remembered chiefly for her proto-feminist novels like A Falência (1901). This essay extends critical analysis to the heretofore overlooked Livro das Noivas (1896), a domestic manual once reprimanded by Jeffrey Needell as counterproductive to the feminist cause. With theoretical references to Genette, Agamben, Butler, Woolf, Ludmer, and others, it contextualizes Noivas within late 19th-century discourse on women’s education and the tradition of conduct literature, ultimately determining that Almeida subverts the conventions of the latter in defense of the former. Like João Luso, who declared Noivas a “curso” for soon-to-be-married women, this essay reads the book as a remedial addendum to the superficial education that left women unprepared to confront what Almeida and her liberal contemporaries deemed their responsibility to ensure the nation’s future by supplying it educated and healthy sons. In a deep analysis of the author’s extended dedication to her husband, Filinto, this essay moreover redresses Needell’s division of Noivas from Almeida’s novels. Rather than an aberration, the manual is a companion piece to the author’s fictional corpus. As a performative dissimulation of moral femininity, it compensates for Almeida’s unorthodox and, for the time, questionably “feminine” career. / text

Šiame darbe siekiama nustatyti, kaip skirtingos lyties ir skirtingo amžiaus grupių žmonės vertina atsiprašymo svarbą tarnybinėse, socialinėse ir asmeninėse situacijose. Kalbinių situacijų dalyvių santykiai taip pat skirtingi: oficialūs dalykiški, neoficialūs darbiniai, neutralūs ar draugiški. Analizuojami 8 kalbinių situacijų anketiniai duomenys, kuriuos pateikė 100 respondentų (50 moterų ir 50 vyrų, po 20 asmenų kiekvienoje amžiaus grupėje: iki 20 m., 20–35 m., 36–50 m., 51–65 m. ir per 66 m.). Duomenys rodo, kaip respondentai vertina situaciją. Daugumos respondentų nuomone tarnybinėms situacijoms, kurios vyksta mokslų sferoje, o aukštesnio statuso asmuo atsiprašo žemesnio statuso asmens, yra būdingas atsiprašymas. Analogiškoje situacijoje žemesnio statuso asmuo gali ir neatsiprašyti. Situacijoje, kurioje nenurodytas įstaigos pobūdis, žemesnio statuso adresatas atsiprašymo nesulauks. Esant lygiaverčiams santykiams atsiprašymo gali būti ir nesulaukta. Moterų nuomone, atsiprašyta bus tik dviejose tarnybinėse situacijose, vienoje nebus atsiprašyta, o kitoje gali ir neatsiprašyti. Vyrų nuomone, tarnybinės situacijos reikalauja dar mažesnio kalbos etiketo laikymosi, išskyrus darbinius santykius. Tiek moterys, tiek vyrai, socialinėse situacijose įžvelgia didesnę atsiprašymo tikimybę, išskyrus situaciją, kurioje gresia didesni materialiniai nuostoliai, nors kaltė ir yra tokia pat akivaizdi. Tuomet vietoj atsiprašymo gali būti sulaukta net akiplėšiško puolimo. Asmeninėse... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this work is to establish how people of different gender and age value the importance of apologies in official, social and personal situations. The relationships of participants in linguistic situations are also various: formal official, informal official, neutral or friendly. There is analyzed the data of 8 linguistic situations survey, which is presented of 100 respondents (50 women and 50 men by 20 persons in each age group: to 20 years, 20-35, 36-50, 51-65 and over 66 years old. The data of the survey shows how respondents estimate the situation. The majority of respondents thinks that for official situations, which happens in sphere of science and the person with higher status apologizes the person with lower status the apology is common. Therefore in analogical situation the person with lower status may not apologize. In situation, where the type of the institution is not directed, the apology will not be given by lower status addresser. The apology could not be expected in situations of equal relationships. Women think that apologize is needed only in two official situations, in one of the given situations will not be apologized while in other it could not be apologized. Men think that official situations require keeping less linguistic etiquette, except in informal official situations. Women as well as man in social situations see more likelihood apologizing, except situation, where is faced the bigger material damages, though the guilty is obvious. Then... [to full text]

Baigiamojo magistro darbo tema – „Aptarnavimo sferos (viešojo maitinimo) darbuotojų ir klientų požiūrių į elgesio kultūrą ir etiketą analizė“. Darbe nagrinėjami aptarnavimo sferos (viešojo maitinimo) darbuotojų požiūriai į tuose pačiuose restoranuose dirbančių darbuotojų elgesio kultūrą ir etiketą bei klientų, besilankančių konkrečiuose restoranuose, požiūriai į juose dirbančių darbuotojų elgesio kultūrą ir etiketą. Aptarnavimo sferos (viešojo maitinimo įstaigų: restoranų) darbuotojų ir klientų požiūriai į tuos pačius veiksnius (darbuotojų elgesį, laikyseną, kalbėjimą, išvaizdą, bendrą restoranų aplinką) nesutampa, todėl nagrinėjama, kurios elgesio kultūros ir etiketo taisyklės yra svarbiausios aptarnaujančiam darbuotojui, o kurios – aptarnaujamam klientui. Pirmoje baigiamojo darbo dėstymo dalyje „Elgesio kultūros, etiketo ir kokybės vadybos sąveika“ dalyje atlikta lyginamoji elgesio kultūros, etiketo, etikos ir protokolo sąvokų analizė, kuri parodė esminius šių sąvokų panašumus ir skirtumus, bei atskleista kokybės vadybos sąsaja su elgesio kultūra ir etiketu. Antroje dalyje „Viešojo maitinimo įstaigų (restoranų) darbuotojų elgesio kultūra ir etiketas“ išanalizuota darbuotojų elgesio kultūrą formuojantys veiksniai, taip atskleidžiamas reikšmingas aptarnaujančio personalo vaidmuo restorane. Trečioje praktinėje dalyje „Viešojo maitinimo (restoranų) darbuotojų (aptarnaujančio personalo) ir klientų požiūriai į elgesio kultūrą ir etiketą“ atliktos aptarnavimo sferos (viešojo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject matter of this Master’s thesis is „An analysis of the attitude towards the behaviour and etiquette of the service sector (public catering companies) employees and clients“. The paper deals with the service sector (public catering) employees’ attitude towards the behaviour and etiquette demonstrated by the employees working at the same restaurants, and with the attitude of the clients who visit specific restaurants towards the behaviour and etiquette demonstrated by the restaurant staff. The attitude of the service sector (public catering companies) employees and clients towards the same factors (employee behaviour, manners, way of speaking, appearance, and the overall atmosphere of the restaurant) is different; therefore, an analysis of which behaviour and etiquette rules are the most important for the employees providing services and for the clients receiving such services was undertaken. Section one of the final thesis titled „Liaison of behaviour, etiquette and quality management“ contains a comparative analysis of the concepts of behaviour, etiquette, ethics and protocol, which revealed considerable similarities and differences between the above-mentioned concepts, and relevation of liaison of quality management with behaviour and etiquette. Section two titled „Behaviour and etiquette of the public catering companies (restaurants) staff“ contains an analysis of the factors determining the employee behaviour, and the important role of the employees providing... [to full text]