No / This paper examines the problem of effectively regulating the labour relations practices of multinational corporations. It focuses on the activities of the McDonald's Corporation in a number of European countries. The findings suggest that public and private codes of conduct have a very limited effect and that determined and well-resourced corporations can not only undermine regional forms of regulation - such as that provided by the European Union - but also, and to a considerable extent, national-level regulation. This is particularly evident in the area of independent trade union representation. Although its aim of avoiding collective bargaining and union recognition wherever possible is only partially successful, McDonald's appears to have developed a number of highly effective strategies for limiting the presence of trade unions at restaurant level, particularly in avoiding or undermining statutory works councils and union representation rights.

Franchising is the primary force in the growth and survival of the hospitality industry. Franchise systems contain legally independent, economically interdependent, and politically affective franchise organizations. Strategic management in hospitality franchise systems with emphasis on implementation methods is investigated in the present study. Impact of sources of power (economic and noneconomic), held by the franchisors, on franchisees’ strategy implementation process and eventual performance are also included in this study. Single unit Quick Service Restaurant (OSR) franchisees from six different concepts have participated in this study. A total of ten research hypotheses are empirically tested using various statistical procedures. The current study demonstrates that implementation plays an important role in determining performance (satisfaction) of an organization. It also shows that sources of power impact organizational performance (satisfaction) whether measured as revenues or profits. The QSR franchisees’ satisfaction with franchise arrangements is affected by the nature power sources. The results indicate that some implementation models are more effective than others, and different performance objectives demand different implementation models. The "match" between the outcome objectives and the implementation model is essential to achieve the desired performance. Different sources of power (coercive, legitimate, referent, and information) have varying effects on organizational performance, financial or nonfinancial. Originality of the instrument is one of the major methodological contributions of the study. Positive and statistically significant results achieved in the current study offer empirical validity to the instrument. Another major contribution is the confirmation of earlier studies by several authors on relation between power and satisfaction, and power and performance using the hospitality industry setting. The results also indicate that for long term survival, the OSR franchisees must consider different implementation models and their congruence with the nature of power present in the franchise system. / Ph. D.

[pt] A forma de estruturação e gerenciamento dos canais de distribuição constitui para as firmas uma importante fonte de vantagem competitiva. Em linha com a sua visibilidade, o franchising vem atraindo a atenção de pesquisadores das mais diversas linhas teóricas, interessados em aprofundar a compreensão quanto as suas implicações econômicas e estratégicas. Esta pesquisa visa contribuir para ampliar os entendimentos quanto aos fatores que influenciam a adoção e o desenvolvimento do sistema, assim como da relação entre o seu grau de utilização e o desempenho das firmas. Com base na revisão da literatura, desenvolveu-se um modelo estrutural utilizando fatores preconizados pelas teorias da escassez de recursos, custos de transação e da agência. Esta modelagem do problema permitiu o teste das relações hipotetizadas e a mensuração das contribuições dos fatores na explicação do franchising e do desempenho das firmas. A investigação empírica utilizou informações de domínio público sobre 88 redes de fast food que operam no Brasil. De forma geral, os resultados corroboraram diversas proposições teóricas quanto aos efeitos dos fatores selecionados sobre do nível de utilização do franchising pelas firmas. Adicionalmente, revelou-se um impacto conjunto dos fatores antecedentes e da forma de estruturação das redes sobre o desempenho dos franqueadores. A análise da influência da maturidade das firmas permitiu diferenciar a importância relativa das relações estruturais do modelo entre franqueadores novos e maduros. Finalmente, foram discutidas as implicações acadêmicas e gerenciais das conclusões, bem como apontadas sugestões para futuras pesquisas. / [en] The distribution channel structuring and management represents to firms an important source of competitive advantage. Measure with its visibility, franchising has captured the attention of researchers from a wide variety of theoretical backgrounds, interested in deepening the understanding of its economic and strategic implications. This research aims at providing further comprehension about the factors that lead to the franchising adoption and development as well as the relationship between its level of utilization and companies´ performance. Based on literature review, a structural model was developed using factors nourished by the resource scarcity, transaction costs and agency theories. This problem-modeling approach allowed the testing of hypothesized relationships and the measuring of factors the contributions to the explanation of franchising and the performance of companies. The empirical investigation was developed using public information regarding 88 fast food chains operating in Brazil. Overall, the findings offered support for several theoretical propositions concerning the effects of each selected factors over the use if franchising level. Furthermore, the results revealed a combined impact of the selected factors and the network structure on franchisors´ performance. The examination of the company´s experience influence allows differentiating the relative importance of some structural relationships among young and mature franchisors. Finally, the academic and managerial implications of the conclusions were discussed and suggestions for future studies were provided.

Employee turnover in the U.S. fast food industry has been high, averaging rate 150% per annum. The purpose of the correlational design study was to examine the relationships between job satisfaction factors, job dissatisfaction factors, and employee turnover intentions among fast food employees to determine whether a statistically significant relationship exists between these variables. The population for the study consisted of 144 fast food restaurant employees working in the East Coast in the United States. The theoretical framework was Herzberg's 2-factor motivation-hygiene needs theory, which describes job satisfaction factors and job dissatisfaction factors. Internet survey data of 144 participants were analyzed using Pearson-product correlation coefficients and multiple linear regressions analysis. The study findings revealed statistically significant relationships between job satisfaction factors and employee turnover intentions (p < .01), and job dissatisfaction factors and employee turnover intentions (p < .01). Among the job satisfaction factors, responsibility had a stronger relationship with employee turnover intentions (-.52) compared with other factors. Under job dissatisfaction factors, company policy had a stronger relationship with employee turnover intentions (-.52) compared with other factors. In addition, criterion variance of employee turnover intentions associated with combined job satisfaction factors was stronger (35%) than were the combined job dissatisfaction factors (31%). The study findings are designed to inform fast food restaurant managers in taking actions to reduce employee turnover, resulting in improved business financial sustainability and long-term growth.

Problématique et objectifs : Quels sont les comportements et les choix alimentaires d’un travailleur du secteur de la restauration rapide, continuellement exposé à des aliments majoritairement frits ou ultra-transformés? Peu de données sont disponibles pour répondre à cette question. L’étude de cas de la rôtisserie participante permettra de générer des données exploratoires afin de décrire les comportements alimentaires des employés et d’identifier les déterminants individuels, sociaux et contextuels susceptibles de les influencer. Méthodologie : Des entrevues individuelles intégrant des photographies d’aliments consommés au travail, prises par les participants, ont été menées dans une rôtisserie de type restaurant-minute. La grille d’entretien est inspirée du modèle socio-écologique de Zorbas et al. (2018). L’analyse des verbatims faite avec le logiciel NVivo combine une approche inductive et déductive. Des histoires de cas ont été produites pour chacun des participants afin de synthétiser les données. Une approbation éthique fut obtenue. Résultats : Un total de 17 participants, répartis en termes de genre, âgés de 18 à 53 ans, ayant de 6 mois à plus de 20 ans d’expérience à différents postes ont participé à l’étude. Tous les participants consomment de façon épisodique ou régulière des aliments ou des boissons en provenance des lieux du travail. La solution pour pallier leurs ressources limitées en temps, argent, compétences culinaires et au peu de motivation reliée à l’acte culinaire est de s’alimenter à partir de l’offre alimentaire en milieu de travail. Celle-ci s’avère être très accessible et peu coûteuse. La praticité, le goût, l’accessibilité et le prix des aliments sont prioritaires à la santé dans le processus de choix alimentaires de ces travailleurs. Les conditions de travail et les normes sociales contextuelles à l’emploi imposent aux travailleurs une pression supplémentaire à la consommation d’aliments au travail. Des attitudes ambivalentes y sont reliées. Conclusion : Un emploi en restauration rapide est susceptible d’exercer une influence défavorable sur l’alimentation des travailleurs. Ces derniers ne sont pas supportés dans l’adoption d’habitudes plus saines. Au fil du temps, le tout peut mener à des patrons alimentaires délétères pour la santé. Ces connaissances mettent en évidence le défi de développer des interventions pour les protéger d’un environnement alimentaire difficilement modifiable. Ces actions devraient agir sur l’ensemble des déterminants tant individuels que contextuels. / Context and objectives : What are the behaviors and choices of fast-food workers, those who are continuously exposed to fried and ultra-processed food? Few data are currently available. This case study of a chicken fast food restaurant aimed to describe workers’ food behaviors at work and to identity individual, social, and contextual determinants of influence. Method : Individual interviews using pictures of food and beverages eaten at work and taken by fast food workers of a chicken fast food restaurant was used. The interview guide was based on a socio-ecological model adapted by Zorbas et al. (2018). Analysis of verbatims was made with NVivo with an inductive and deductive approach. Case stories were written for data synthesis purpose. Ethics approvals were obtained. Results : Seventeen male and female fast-food workers from 18 to 53 years and working from 6 months to over 20 years at different positions participated in this study. All participants ate food or drank beverages from work on an occasional or regular basis. They generally are time and money constrained with few culinary skills and motivations. This leads them to eat food that is of easy access and cheap at work. Commodity, taste, accessibility, and price are more important than health in the decision-making process. Labor conditions and contextual social norms at work impose additional pressure on workers to consume food at work, despite ambivalent attitudes. Conclusion : Working in a fast-food restaurant is likely to exert an unfavorable influence on the diet of workers. They are not supported in adopting healthier habits. This can lead to unhealthy eating patterns over time. Those evidence highlight the challenges of developing interventions to protect people working in a food environment that is difficult to modify. These actions should act on all determinants, both individual and contextual.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The business format, franchising, can be defined as "the granting of a licence for a predetermined financial return by a franchising company (franchisor) to its franchisees. The grant entitles them to make use of a complete business package, including training, support and the corporate name (branding and logos). Thus enabling them (franchisees) to operate their own businesses to exactly the same standards and format as the other units in the franchise chain." (Grant 1985, p4 as cited by Altinay, L. 2004) Franchising as a business model can be seen in essence as a proven business model that is sold as a "best practices knowledge" model to franchisees. Although the "best practices" approach is at the core of franchising no formal methodology was found to exist to guide the development thereof. The lack of a formal methodology in this regard has given rise to various self-designed so-called "project management" approaches as found to be applied in the development of franchise outlets. This mini-thesis sets about testing the theoretical and practical integration of a formal project management approach, in fast food franchising market. Both from a theoretical and practical point of view it was found that the integration of a formal project management methodology and franchising as a business model would improve the functionality of franchising as a whole. By developing a formal methodology in a course for the franchising model, better control over the limited scarce resources (money, time, quality and people) at its disposal can be obtained, allowing optimal growth through proper development, planning, monitoring and delivering of business outlets. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die besigheids formaat, naamlik agentskap, kan beskryf word as: die vergunning van 'n lisensie teen 'n voorafbepaalde finansiële tarief deur die maatskappy, aan sy agentskappe. Die vergunning leen hulle daaraan toe om gebruiksnut van die hele pakket te kan benut, insluitende opleiding, ondersteuning en korporatiewe naams- (handelsmerk en logo) gebruik. Sodoende bevoeg die gebruiksnut die agentskappe om hulle eie besighede tot dieselfde standaarde en formaat as die ander agentskappe in die groep te bedryf. (Grant 1985, p4 soos aangehaal deur Altinay, l.2004) Agentskap as 'n besigheids model kan beskou word in wese as 'n erkende besigheids model, wat verkoop word as 'n "beste kennis praktyk" model, aan die organisasie se agentskappe. Alhoewel die "beste kennis praktyk" metode, aan die kern van agentskap is, is geen formele metodologie gevind wat die ontwikkeling daarvan reguleer nie. Die tekort aan 'n formele metodologie in die aanwending van agentskap het tot gevolg gehad dat verskeie self ontwikkelde sogenaamde "projek bestuur" metodes in gebruik geneem is in die ontwikkeling van verskeie agentskappe. Hierdie mini-tesis is daartoe gemik om teoretiese en praktiese integrasie van 'n formele projek bestuur metodiek in die kits kos agentskap mark te beproef. Beide van 'n teoretiese en praktiese perspektief was dit bevind dat die integrasie van 'n formele projek bestuur metodologie en agentskap as 'n besigheids model, die funksionele toepassing van agentskap as 'n geheel sal bevorder. Deur die daarstelling van 'n formele agentskap kursus bied dit die organisasie beter kontrole oor hulle beskikbare skaars hulpbronne (geld, tyd, kwaliteit en mense), wat optimale groei bevorder weens die ontwikkeling van verbeterde ontwikkeling, beplanning, toesighouding, en lewering metodes.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: McDonald's is world renowned for the benchmark standards it sets in operations management. This is evidenced by the numerous references in operations management textbooks over the last 10-15 years. However, since 1999, McDonald's has not been able to link this operations excellence to creating shareholder value. In fact, the McDonald's share price has declined by 64 % over the last 4 years. In comparison, Wendy's (McDonald's biggest competition in the US fast food market) share price has increased by 2 % over the same period. Understanding why McDonald's has not been able to link operational excellence and the creation of shareholder value is the reasoning behind this mini-thesis. The hypothesis is that there are a number of factors. which influence shareholder value, and operational excellence is but one of these factors. A literature survey was conducted in order lO understand the underlying theories which link operational excellence and shareholder value creation. Evidence supporting this hypothesis is then presented and discussed. In Chapter 3, McDonald's ability to deliver operational excellence is evaluated against the evidence presented in operations management textbooks and other sources. The success of McDonald's in delivering perfonnance in the other factors affecting shareholder value is then discussed in Chapter 4 and compared to its biggest competition. Firstly, the share price of McDonald's is compared to its biggest competition (Wendy's), then the strategy of McDonald's and its impact on shareholder value creation is discussed, along with McDonald's ability to implement the other important factors and drivers, namely customer value creation, efficiency of value delivery and direct financial impact on shareholders. As a result of the above evidence. it was found that there are two basic reasons why McDonald's has not been able to link operational excellence and shareholder value creation: 1. Relative to its competition, McDonald's has not demonstrated sufficient competence in the other factors, which influence shareholder value creation. These factors are: customer value creation and the efficiency of customer value delivery. This is further evidenced by the financial output measures of McDonald's relative to its competition. 2. McDonald's ability in delivering operational excellence has diminished recently. This is evidenced by falling ratings in customer satisfaction surveys. The above reasons are evidenced by customer satisfaction survey results, comparative financial results and a number of non-direct driver results. In order to increase shareholder value creation, it is recommended that McDonald's change the focus of its strategy from operations to the creation of customer value. In order to support this change, the organisational structure and business processes will have to be changed by top management, who must be the crusaders of this change. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: McDonald's is bekend vir die maatskappy se wereldklas bedryfs bestuur standaardc. Die standaarde word tel kens na verwys in menige bedryfs bestuur handboeke oor die afgelope 10 tot 15 jaar. McDonald's kon egtcr nie daarin slaag om die hoe bedryfsbetuur standaarde in aandeelhouer waarde te omskep nic. Die waarde van die McDonald's aandele het met 64% gedaaJ oor die afgelope 4 jaar. In kontras het Wendy's (McDonald's se grootste mededinger in die Amerikaanse kitskos mark) se aandeel pryse met meer as 2% gestyg oor dieselfde peri ode. Die redc vir hierdie studie is dan juis om te bepaal waarom McDonald's nie hul voortrcflike bestuurs standaarde kon koppel aan stygende aandeelhouer waarde nic. Die hipotese is dat daar 'n aantal faktore is wat die aandeelhouer waarde van 'n maatskappy bepaal en dat bedryfs bestuur standaarde maar net een van hierdie faktore is. 'n Literatuur studie is gedoen om te bepaal wat die verwantskap is tussen puik bedryfsbetuur standaarde en die skepping van aandeelhouer waarde. Die bewyse vanuit die literatuurstudie is dan gebruik om die hipotese mee te toets. In Hoofstuk 3 is die vennoe van McDonald' s om hoe bedryfsbestuur standaarde te handhaaf evalueer aan die hand van die literatuur studie. McDonald's se sukses in die implementering van die ander faktore wat lei tot verhoogde aandeelhouer waarde is in Hoofstuk 4 bespreek en terselfde tyd vergelyk met die verrnoens van sy grootste mededingers. Eerstens is die aandeelprys van McDonald's met die van sy grootste mededinger (Wendy's) vergelyk en tweedens is die strategie van McDonald's en die impak daarvan op aandeelhouer waarde bespreek. Ander belangrike faktore soos kliente waarde skepping. effektiwiteit van waarde toevoeging en direkte finansiele impak op aandeelhouers is ingesluit in die bespreking. Daar is gevind dat daar twee hoofredes is waarom McDonald's nie daarin geslaag het om bedryfs bestuur uitmuntenheid te omskep in aandeelhouer waarde nie: 1. McDonald's het in vergelyking met sy mededingers nie goed genoeg gedoen m.b.t. die ander faktore wat aandeelhouer waarde bernvloed nie. Hierdie faktore is kliente waarde skepping en effektiwiteit van waarde toevoeging. 2. McDonald's se bedryfs bestuur standaarde het begin afneem. Dit word gestaaf deur laer waarderings in klante tevredenheids bepalings. Die onvermoe van McDonald' s om die bogenoemde faktore te implementeer word deur die klante tevredenheids bepalings, vergelykende finansiele resultate en 'n aantaJ indirekte maatstawwe gestaaf. Daar word dus voorgestel dat McDonald's sy stralegiese fokus moet verskuif vanaf bedryfs bestuur optimisering na kliente waarde skepping. Die organisasie struktuur en besigheids prosesse van McDonald's sal dus deur bestuur herorganiseer moet word om die verandering in strategie te kan ondersteun.

<p>Protecting public health is the most legitimate use of zoning, and yet there is minimal progress in applying it to the obesity problem. Zoning could potentially be used to address both unhealthy and healthy food retailers, but lack of evidence regarding the impact of zoning and public opinion on zoning changes are barriers to implementing zoning restrictions on fast food on a larger scale. My dissertation addresses these gaps in our understanding of health zoning as a policy option for altering built, food environments. </p><p>Chapter 1 examines the relationship between food swamps and obesity and whether spatial mapping might be useful in identifying priority geographic areas for zoning interventions. I employ an instrumental variables (IV) strategy to correct for the endogeneity problems associated with food environments, namely that individuals may self-select into certain neighborhoods and may consider food availability in their decision process. I utilize highway exits as a source of exogenous variation .Using secondary data from the USDA Food Environment Atlas, ordinary least squares (OLS) and IV regression models were employed to analyze cross-sectional associations between local food environments and the prevalence of obesity. I find even after controlling for food desert effects, food swamps have a positive, statistically significant effect on adult obesity rates.</p><p>Chapter 2 applies theories of message framing and prospect theory to the emerging discussion around health zoning policies targeting food environments and to explore public opinion toward a list of potential zoning restrictions on fast-food restaurants (beyond moratoriums on new establishments). In order to explore causality, I employ an online survey experiment manipulating exposure to vignettes with different message frames about health zoning restrictions with two national samples of adult Americans age 18 and over (N1=2,768 and N2=3,236). The second sample oversamples Black Americans (N=1,000) and individuals with high school as their highest level of education. Respondents were randomly assigned to one of six conditions where they were primed with different message frames about the benefits of zoning restrictions on fast food retailers. Participants were then asked to indicate their support for six zoning policies on a Likert scale. Subjects also answered questions about their food store access, eating behaviors, health status and perceptions of food stores by type. </p><p>I find that a message frame about Nutrition and increasing Equity in the food system was particularly effective at increasing support for health zoning policies targeting fast food outlets across policy categories (Conditional, Youth-related, Performance and Incentive) and across racial groups. This finding is consistent with an influential environmental justice scholar’s description of “injustice frames” as effective in mobilizing supporters around environmental issues (Taylor 2000). I extend this rationale to food environment obesity prevention efforts and identify Nutrition combined with Equity frames as an arguably universal campaign strategy for bolstering public support of zoning restrictions on fast food retailers.</p><p>Bridging my findings from both Chapters 1 and 2, using food swamps as a spatial metaphor may work to identify priority areas for policy intervention, but only if there is an equitable distribution of resources and mobilization efforts to improve consumer food environments. If the structural forces which ration access to land-use planning persist (arguably including the media as gatekeepers to information and producers of message frames) disparities in obesity are likely to widen.</p> / Dissertation

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HIS - Carmen Lucia Rodrigues Alves.pdf: 1078309 bytes, checksum: 1d380777dc66c76acec9d69121b423ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study approaches the production process of McDonald´s fast food chain, recovering the way their meals are produced, the technology invested on them, the definitions about color, scent, taste, as well as the labor relations, from worker´s functional structure, to employees´ selection and training in order to allow them to accomplish all functions that substantiate the production process. By analysing McDonald´s products advertising, this study also focus on the ideology it diffuses, particularly due to the fact that McDonald´s is a fast food chain of global extent / Este estudo aborda o processo de produção da cadeia de fast-food McDonald s, resgatando a forma de produzir seus alimentos, a tecnologia investida, as definições sobre cor, aroma, gosto; as relações de trabalho, desde a estrutura funcional dos trabalhadores, a seleção dos funcionários e o treinamento para cumprir todas as funções que concretizam o processo produtivo. Enfoca, também, através da análise da propaganda de seus produtos, a ideologia que veicula, particularmente por ser uma cadeia de âmbito global

近年來，速食業在台灣的營收約占餐飲業的三成以上，已成為台灣最具影響力的餐飲業之一。有許多文獻在探討有關影響速食店設點策略的因素，其中包括在地市場的情況以及與其他廠商之間的競爭條件。除此之外，多篇文獻亦指出，為解決總公司與分店之間的資訊不對稱問題，加盟系統是速食業者最常使用的解決方案。雖然競爭與加盟議題對於台灣速食業相當重要，但大多數的實證文獻都聚焦在歐美地區的案例。本研究藉由實證上探討台灣速食業的獨特性，以補足文獻上的缺漏。結果顯示，人口越密集和平均年齡越低的地區，存在越多的速食店。除此之外，本研究也發現摩斯漢堡在較大及有高比例兒童人口的市場，傾向遠離麥當勞以避免競爭。最後，實證結果亦指出，台灣麥當勞傾向加盟那些位於人口較少的地區，但是加盟與否和該分店提供的附加服務較無關。 / With shares over 30% in the restaurant market, the fast-food industry has recently become one of the most influential restaurant businesses of Taiwan. The literature has much discussed factors that affect the location strategies of fast-food companies such as the state of local competition conditions. In addition, some studies mentioned that a franchise system is the most common solution to the problem of asymmetric information between headquarters and restaurants for the fast-food industry. Although competition and franchising issues are significant in the Taiwanese fast-food industry, most empirical studies focus on cases in Europe and America. This study fills that gap by exploring empirically the unique features of this industry in Taiwan. The results show that more fast-food outlets are concentrated in more crowded districts or those where the population is averagely younger. The analyses also indicate that MOS Burger tends to move away from McDonald’s when the market size is large or when proportion of children in the district is high. Finally, McDonald’s in Taiwan tends to franchise the outlets in districts which are less populated, but have a low correlation with the auxiliary services provided by outlets.