Participatory sensing systems need to gather information from a largenumber of participants. However, the openness of the system is a doubleedgedsword: by allowing practically any user to join, the system can beabused by an attacker who introduces a large number of virtual devices.This work proposes a hardened registration process for participatory sensingto raise the bar: registrations are screened through a number of defensivemeasures, towards rejecting spurious registrations that do not correspondto actual devices. This deprives an adversary from a relatively easytake-over and, at the same time, allows a flexible and open registrationprocess. The defensive measures are incorporated in the participatorysensing application. / Deltagande avkännings system behöver samlas från ett stort antal aktörer.Systems öppenhet är dock en dubbelsidigt värd: Genom att låta alla praktiskaanvändare deltagit, kan system utnyttja en av angripare som introducera ett stortantal virtuella enheter. I det här arbetet föreslå en härda registreringsprocess fördeltagare att identifiera höjning av ribban: registrering screenas genom ett antaldefensiva åtgärders, för att avvisa falska registreringar som inte motsvara aktuellaenheter. Detta berövar en motståndare från en relativt lätt övertagande och gersamtidigt en flexibel och öppen registreringsprocess. De defensiva åtgärdernainförlivas i deltagande avkännings applikation.

Die Covid-19 Pandemie hat gezeigt, wie stark die Ausbreitung von Infektionskrankheiten von der Dynamik der menschlichen Mobilität bestimmt wird. Gleichzeitig eröffnet die anhaltende Explosion an verfügbaren Mobilitätsdaten im 21. Jahrhundert einen viel genaueren Blick auf die menschliche Mobilität. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir verschiedene Ansätze, wie moderne Mobilitätsdaten zusammen mit Modellierung ein tieferes Verständnis des Zusammenspiels von menschlicher Mobilität und der Ausbreitung von Infektionskrankheiten ermöglichen. Wir verwenden Mobilitätsdaten um zu zeigen, dass landesweite Mobilitätsmuster während der Covid-19 Pandemie in Deutschland komplexe strukturelle Veränderungen durchlaufen haben. Wir stellen einen räumlich heterogenen Rückgang der Mobilität während Lockdown-Phasen fest. Vor allem beobachten wir, dass ein deutlicher Rückgang der Fernreisen während der Pandemie zu einem lokaleren Netzwerk und einer Abschwächung des “Small-World”-Effekts führt. Wir zeigen, dass diese strukturellen Veränderungen einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Ausbreitungsdynamik von Epidemien haben, indem sie die epidemische Kurve abflachen und die Ausbreitung in geografisch weit entfernte Regionen verzögern. Des Weiteren entwickeln wir eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung des Ausbruchsursprungs anhand von hochaufgelösten geografischen Bewegungsdaten. Abschließend untersuchen wir, wie repräsentativ Mobilitätsdatensätze für das tatsächliche Reiseverhalten einer Bevölkerung sind. Wir identifizieren verschieden Arten von Verzerrungen, zeigen ihre Spuren in empirischen Datensätzen, und entwickeln einen mathematischen Rahmen um diese Verzerrungen abzuschwächen. Wir hoffen, dass unsere Studien in dieser Arbeit sich als hilfreiche Bausteine erweisen für ein einheitliches Verständnis von menschlicher Mobilität und der Dynamik von Infektionskrankheiten. / The Covid-19 pandemic demonstrated how strongly infectious disease spread is driven by the dynamics of human mobility. At the same time, the ongoing explosion of available mobility data in the 21st century opens up a much finer view of human mobility. In this thesis, we investigate several ways in which modern mobility data sources and modeling enable a deeper understanding of the interplay of human mobility and infectious disease spread. We use large-scale mobility data captured from mobile phones to show that country-wide mobility patterns undergo complex structural changes during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany. Most prominently, we observe that a distinct reduction in long-distance travel during the pandemic leads to a more local, clustered network and a moderation of the “small-world” effect. We demonstrate that these structural changes have a considerable effect on epidemic spreading processes by “flattening” the epidemic curve and delaying the spread to geographically distant regions. Further, we show that high-resolution mobility data can be used for early outbreak detection. We develop a novel method to determine outbreak origins from geolocated movement data of individuals affected by the outbreak. We also present several practical applications that have been developed based on the above research. To further explore the question of applicability, we examine how representative mobility datasets are of the actual travel behavior of a population. We develop a mathematical framework to mitigate these biases, and use it to show that biases can severely impact outcomes of dynamic processes such as epidemic simulations, where biased data incorrectly estimates the severity and speed of disease transmission. We hope that our studies in this thesis will prove as helpful building blocks to assemble the emerging, unified understanding of mobility and infectious disease dynamics.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar as estratégias de marketing implementadas pela Oi, a terceira entrante no mercado brasileiro de telefonia móvel, desde o seu pré-lançamento comercial até junho de 2004 para identificar os aspectos que tiveram influência nos resultados alcançados na penetração do mercado da telefonia móvel. Apesar da forte retração da atividade econômica observada no Brasil nos últimos anos, particularmente de 2002 a meados de 2004, a planta de telefonia móvel registrou significativa expansão, superando à da telefonia fixa (em 2003) e chegando a 59,7 milhões de linhas em outubro de 2004. O desempenho operacional da Oi nos 12 primeiros meses de atuação tornou-se um caso de sucesso, reconhecido por analistas americanos e europeus, tendo conseguido em apenas 24 meses de operações cerca de 21% do market share na sua região de atuação. Baseados no tratamento dos dados e informações coletadas através das entrevistas realizadas com os dirigentes, e da investigação documental dos relatórios da própria empresa e da Telemar, sua controladora, e de pesquisas externas, em publicações, estudos, relatórios e web sites; verificou-se que grande parte desse sucesso deveu-se principalmente às estratégias de marca, de inovação, do processo de distribuição, e a figura do pré-pago. / [en] The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the marketing strategies implemented by Oi, the first third new commer in the Brazilian wireless marketplace, as of the business pre-launch up to July, 2004, to identify which enabled the Company to achieve that performance. Despite the strong retraction of the economic activity in Brazil for the latest years, mainly from 2002 up to mid 2004, the wireless telecommunications plant recorded a significant expansion, outdoing the wireline telecommunications (2003) and attaining 59.7 million of telephone lines in October, 2004. The performance of Oi in the first 12 months of operations became a success, acknowledged by American and European analysts, considering that in one year of operations the Company obtained approximately 21% of the market share in its segment of operations. Based on the processing of the data and of the information gathered by means of interviews carried out with directors, on the document research into the reports of the Company and of the Parent Company, Telemar, as well as based on the external researches into publications, studies, reports and websites; we noted that most of the success of the Company results mainly from the marketing strategies, from the innovations in the distribution process and from the use of the pre-paid mobile phone to develop price strategies.

Bloatware är förinstallerade applikationer som i många fall kan vara svåra att avinstallera. Målet med denna studie är att undersöka om bloatware påverkar användarens upplevda prestanda av sin mobiltelefon, samt hur en upplevd försämring av mobilens prestanda påverkar en individs benägenhet att investera i en ny mobiltelefon. Tidigare forskning ger inte en universal definition av prestanda, varpå denna studie sammanställer ett ramverk för prestanda av mobiltelefoner som batteritid, responstid och lagringsutrymme. Begränsat lagringsutrymme, långsam responstid och förkortad batteritid påverkar alla telefonens prestanda negativt. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en enkätundersökning om användares upplevelser med sina mobiltelefoner och resultaten fördjupades med hjälp av versions- och lagringsdata för bloatwareapplikationer och androidtelefoner från en sekundär källa. Studien konkluderar att bloatware påverkar den upplevda prestandan genom batteritid, responstid och lagringsutrymme, samt att detta, framförallt sett till responstid, leder till en ökad benägenhet att investera i en ny mobiltelefon. Bloatware har möjligheten att påverka användares upplevelser och investeringsvilja med sina mobiltelefoner samtidigt som det inte går att fastställa att bloatware är den enda bidragande faktorn till den upplevda prestandaförsämringen.

Aim: To investigate the reliability of the COntext Assessment for Community Health (COACH) tool on mobile phone versus pen-paper in Nairobi, Kenya. Background: One of the barriers to the progress of the MDGs has been the failure of health systems in many LMICs to effectively implement evidence-based interventions As a result of the “know-do” gap, patients do not benefit from advances in healthcare and are exposed to unnecessary risks. Better mapping of context improves implementation by allowing tailoring of strategies and interpretation of knowledge translation. COACH investigates healthcare contexts for LMICs and has only been used on pen-paper. With 5 billion mobile phone users globally, mobile technologies is being recognized as able to play a formal role in health services. Methods: Comparative study with 140 nurses/midwives and doctors in four hospitals in Nairobi. 70 were randomly assigned to mobile phone and pen-paper each. The tool was administered twice with a two week interval and test-retest reliability, internal consistency and interrater reliability were assessed. Findings: Excellent test-retest reliability for both pen-paper and mobile phone (ICC >0.81). 45% (pen-paper) and 34% (mobile phone) moderate agreement between individual questions in round 1 and 2. Acceptable average Cronbach’s alpha (>0.70). Conclusion: Both mobile phone and pen-paper were reliable and feasible for data collection. The findings are a good first step towards using COACH in Kenya. Additional research is needed for individual settings. Using mobile phones could increase healthcare facilities’ accessibility in implementation research, helping to close the “know-do” gap and reach the SDGs.

Mycket av plånbokens innehåll och funktion, såsom medlemskort och betallösningar, är idag ersatt av mobila lösningar. Däremot finns det i Sverige ingen mobil lösning för id-kort som kan användas på samma sätt som det fysiska id-kortet. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka huruvida svenska myndigheter ser ett behov av en mobilanpassad id-kortslösning och, om detta behov konstateras, föreslå en modell för hur en sådan lösning skulle kunna utformas. För att undersöka detta ämne har tre intervjuer med svenska myndigheter (Elegitimationsnämnden, Polismyndigheten och Transportstyrelsen) samt en litteraturstudie genomförts. Uppsatsens resultat består av tre kunskapsprodukter: en behovsanalys, en kravsammanställning och en infrastrukturmodell. Behovsanalysen undersöker behovet av en mobilanpassad id-kortslösning, sett från de intervjuade myndigheternas perspektiv. Denna analys visar att myndigheterna ser ett behov av en sådan lösning. Kravsammanställningen består av krav på en mobilanpassad id-kortslösning som härletts från de genomförda intervjuerna samt från uppsatsens huvudsakliga teoribas: Kim Camerons The Laws of Identity (2005). Infrastrukturmodellen är utformad efter dessa krav och beskriver hur en mobilanpassad id-kortslösning skulle kunna utformas för att passa in i den svenska infrastrukturen för digital identitetshantering. Modellen är även utformad för att följa Hanseth och Lyytinens (2010) designregler för informationsinfrastrukturutveckling och den visar att utveckling av en mobilanpassad id-kortslösning i Sverige är tekniskt genomförbar. / Much of the contents and functionality of the traditional wallet, such as membership cards and payment solutions, have been replaced by smartphone solutions. Yet, in Sweden there is no smartphone based solution for ID cards that can be used in the same way as the physical ID card. This paper examines whether the Swedish authorities see a need for a smartphone based ID card solution and, if such a need is identified, suggests a model for how such a solution could be designed. To explore this topic, a literature review and three interviews with Swedish authorities (the E-identification Board, the Police Authority and the Transport Agency) have been conducted. The results of this report consists of three knowledge products: a demand analysis, a requirements specification and an infrastructure model. The demand analysis examines the need for a smartphone based ID card solution, as seen from the interviewed authorities' perspective. This analysis indicates that the authorities see a need for such a solution. The requirements specification consists of requirements for a smartphone based ID card solution, derived from the conducted interviews and Kim Cameron's The Laws of Identity (2005). The infrastructure model is designed to meet these requirements and describes how a smartphone based ID card solution could be designed to fit into the Swedish infrastructure for digital identity management. The model is also designed to follow the design rules for information infrastructure development derived by Hanseth and Lyytinen (2010) and shows that the development of a smartphone based ID card solution in Sweden is technically feasible.

The aim of this study was to identify and describe the viability of using cell phones to conduct rapid assessments, pass key health messages and conduct monitoring and evaluation in complex emergencies. The study setting was in a cholera outbreak response situation in Mogadishu, the capital of war torn Somalia. Qantitative, descriptive research was conducted to determine the feasibility. Data collection was done using structured questionnaires, self-response mailed questionnaires as well as follow-up telephone interviews. Three groups of respondents participated in the study. The respondent groups included 383 internally displaced persons (IDPs), 5 water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) specialists and 5 specialists from 5 mobile phone providers in Mogadishu. The study showed that there is good potential for an effective, cost efficient and scalable short message service (SMS) based public health education platform in Somalia. The study has also come up with recommendations on key considerations to ensure viability of the Public health education platform. It is envisaged that the recommended platform shall increase speed, access, spontaneity, coverage and reduced cost per capita, a combination of which form the hallmark of a good emergency health response. Ultimately this effort shall contribute to improved health, reduced suffering and reduced deaths in fragile humanitarian contexts. / Health Studies / M. (Public Health)

產品循環與國際貿易理論提出後， 有許多的相關報告與驗證， 但是甚少是以企業的觀點來切入探討分析。 台灣在過去數十年間快速的經濟發展， 由農業社會轉入工業社會， 對經濟的貢獻上， 也由勞力密集產業轉變為技術密集與資本密集的產業。 而這一切的改變是否有脈絡可循， 我們認為產品生命循環理論是一個非常重要的參考理論根據。 因而我們嚐試以企業的角度， 並由手機產業之實務資料與資訊的融合與分析， 套用產品生命循環的理論模型， 同時探討分析國際採購因素， 以相互對照並探討出其關聯性與脈動模式。 論文中， 我們先從行動通訊技術概論開始導入， 以了解行動通訊技術的演進概況。 並藉由全球行動終端機之產業產銷概況， 先了界該產業世界輪廓與局勢。 並對照亞洲主要手機生產國家， 如台灣、中國大陸、日本與韓國等之行動終端機產業與其產銷狀況， 及比較手機之技術領先國近年來在本產業生產的變化， 以該產業的生產國度轉移情況， 驗證產品生命循環理論與國際貿易關係， 同時探討平均國民所得因素對在手機產業之產品生命循環影響的關鍵程度。 同時， 我們也以台灣的手機相關企業為例， 探討其繼個人電腦產業之後， 成功的以技術模仿國的角色接替並取代了領先國的產品設計與生產的成功因素， 並分析技術模仿國的新產品導入時機與關鍵因素。 另外， 我們也企圖分析探討韓國及其相關的企業， 如何以技術模仿國的地位， 運用其所能掌握的優勢及不同的產品策略， 成功的開創出另類的“新產品”定位， 藉以擴大市場佔有並獲取利潤的極大化， 以探討技術模仿國的新產品導入的策略。

台灣自1994年首家廠商明基電通投入手機的研發，在1997年第一支自製手機問世，開啟手機產業嶄新的一頁，短短的十年間，成就「 手機代工王國」的美譽，並且在2006年攀上最高峰，手機整體出貨量終於突破1億支（黃建智，2007），全球市佔率也衝上13.8%（葉憶如，2007）。過去十年來，手機廠商的生存契機，主要來自於代工訂單的爭取。而基於各別公司生產策略之不同，自製與外包的程度差異頗大，一直以來釋單較積極的國際大廠只有美商Motorola。 台灣有研發及製造的實力，但是因為廠商過度集中於代工客戶的訂單，在代工大餅沒太大增加，但手機廠商家數直線成長的情況下，部份廠商乃積極轉型發展品牌並加強行銷管理。過去有關手機品牌發展的研究，大多是由競爭策略、整體通路之價值鏈活動等觀點著手，但專注於品牌策略，進行4C交換成本態勢分析之探討者，則尚不多見，因此，本研究乃有其先導性。 本研究以台灣地區的大學生手機市場為研究對象，期望所做研究結果可供台灣手機廠商，做為規劃手機品牌行銷策略之實務參考。本研究經由問卷調查以灰階層統計分析，並將其結果以4C交換成本理論的四個主要變數：外顯單位效益成本、資訊搜尋成本、道德危機成本、專屬陷入成本，進行大學生消費族群之消費偏好分析，並歸納出： 首先，台灣的手機品牌廠商在專利成本高於國際大廠而品牌知名度低於國際大廠的情況下，其「外顯單位效益成本」高。其次， 台灣的手機品牌在市場定位不是很清楚的情況下，它的「資訊搜尋成本」偏高。此外，與品牌歷史悠久的歐美品牌及積極擴張的韓國品牌比起來，台灣的手機品牌在消費者的心中屬於高「道德危機成本」風險的選擇。最後，在專屬資產的建立上面，台灣的手機廠商因為品牌的發展資歷較淺，經驗累積不足，在這一方面的操作略顯不成熟，因此對消費者而言也沒有很高的一般專屬陷入成本。 / In 1994, the first Taiwanese company –BenQ Corporation (former Acer Peripherals)– started the involvement on the research and development of mobile phone, and it was the beginning of the new era of mobile phone industry has been started since the launch of the first “Made in Taiwan” handset in 1997. After one decade, Taiwan became the “ODM Kingdom of mobile phone”, and reaching a historical high on 2006 of the overall shipping volume — 100M units, meanwhile achieved a 13.8% of the global market share. In the pass decade, the survival opportunity of Taiwanese mobile phone maker was from ODM orders。And Motorola was the only among the international brands, which released the ODM orders aggressively. However, as the source of ODM orders is not in an upward trend and the growing number of mobile pone makers are all concentrate on ODM business, as a result that part of makers try to move toward OBM business to look for a bigger room and better development. Most of the researches stood on the views about the OBM development on the competition strategies, value chain activities of the mobile phone channels, etc., but the point on the 4C exchange cost analysis has not been seen much, which is important for this research. This research is expected to provide the result for the practical reference of the branding marketing strategy to the Taiwanese mobile phone makers. This research is been developed by the survey of questionnaire and is been analyzed by Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and Analytical Hierarchy Process（AHP）, and then through the four primary parameters of the 4C exchange costs, the cost： the external cost on utility, information searches, moral hazard and asset specificity. Finally, following important result have been pointed out: First of all, the patent cost is higher and the brand awareness is lower to the Taiwanese branded mobile phone makers compare to the international branded companies, and as a result of high external cost on utility. Next, due to the market positioning developed by most of the Taiwanese mobile phone makers is unclear; the cost of information searches is obviously high to consumers. In addition, compare to the well know western brands and the aggressive Korean brands, the choice of Taiwanese brands of mobile phone has high risk on morals hazard to consumers. Finally, as a new player for mobile phone branded business, the skill on branding manipulation requires more experiences, and the cost of asset specificity is low for consumers from the Taiwanese mobile phone brands.

Characteristic modes (CMs) provide deep insight into the electromagnetic behaviour of any arbitrarily shaped conducting structure because the CMs are unique to the geometry of the object. We exploit this very fact by predicting a perhaps surprising number of important antenna metrics such as resonance frequency, radiation efficiency and antenna Q (bandwidth) without needing to specify a feeding location. In doing so, it is possible to define a collection of objective functions that can be used in an optimizer to shape-synthesize antennas without needing to define a feed location a priori. We denote this novel form of optimization “feedless” or “excitation-free” antenna shape synthesis. Fundamentally, we are allowing the electromagnetics to dictate how the antenna synthesis should proceed and are in no way imposing the physical constraints enforced by fixed feeding structures. This optimization technique is broadly applied to three major areas of antenna research: electrically small antennas, multi-band antennas and reflectarrays. Thus, the scope of applicability ranges from small antennas, to intermediate sizes and concludes with electrically large antenna designs, which is a testament to the broad applicability of characteristic mode theory. Another advantage of feedless electromagnetic shape synthesis is the ability to synthesize antennas whose desirable properties approach the fundamental limits imposed by electromagnetics. As an additional benefit, the feedless optimization technique is shown to have greater computational efficiency than traditional antenna optimization techniques.