Depuis le début de son histoire, l’être humain cherche, pour de nombreuses raisons à s’associer et développer le milieu où il vit. Ces caractéristiques culminèrent dans les phénomènes de mondialisation et de révolution technologique responsables de la diminution des distances physiques et temporelles du monde contemporain. Ces facteurs ont stimulé les processus d’intégration régionaux, lesquels ont pour but le renforcement de ses adhérents face à la nouvelle réalité mondiale. Parmi ces processus, on note le Mercosur qui vise à la création d’un marché commun entre l’Argentine, le Brésil, le Paraguay et l’Uruguay. Fondé sur l’intergouvernabilité et avec une structure organisationnelle définie, ce bloc économique possède un cadre normatif en évolution, cherchant constamment la sécurité juridique dans divers secteurs. Quant à la protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle, on constate une ancienne préoccupation de la région sur le thème. Toutefois, le peu de normes existantes au sein du bloc confèrent des droits subjectifs minimaux et la plupart d’entre eux ne sont pas intégrés dans les législations nationales, lesquelles sont alignées sur les traités internationaux. Dans ses relations internationales, le Mercosur a une longue histoire de négociations avec l’Union Européenne et une histoire plus modeste avec le Canada, dans lesquelles l’attention portée aux droits de propriété intellectuelle n’est pas uniforme. De plus, sa participation dans les organismes internationaux responsables de ces droits est faible. Dans ce contexte, même avec un futur incertain le Mercosur présente de grandes expectatives. Toutefois, la préoccupation à protéger les droits de propriété intellectuelle est présente et réelle et commence à prendre de l’ampleur dans ses relations internes et externes. / Since the beginning of its history, the human being seeks, for many reasons, to join and develop the environment where he lives. These features, culminating in the phenomena of globalization and technological revolution, were responsible for the decrease in physical and temporal distances of the contemporary world. These factors have stimulated the regional integration processes, which are intended to strengthen its members to deal with a new global reality. Among these processes, we note the Mercosur aimed at creating a common market between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Based on its inter-governability and with a defined organizational structure, the economic bloc has an evolving normative framework, constantly seeking legal security in various sectors. As for the protection of intellectual property rights, there is an old concern of the region on the subject. However, few standards exist within the block granting minimum individual rights and most of them are not integrated in the national laws, which are aligned with international treaties. In its international relations, Mercosur has a long history of negotiations with the European Union and a timid story with Canada, in which attention to intellectual property rights is not uniform. Moreover, its participation in international organizations responsible for these rights is weak. Thus, even with an uncertain future Mercosur has great expectations. However, the concern to protect intellectual property rights is present and real and starts to grow in its internal and external relationships.

les règles de la concurrence interviennent soit pour sanctionner les limitations apportées à la concurrence en tant que mode d'organisation soit pour sanctionner les excès de la concurrence. Les règles de concurrence vont alors avoir pour fonction d'une part la protection de la libre concurrence par le biais des pratiques anticoncurrentielles et du contrôle des concentrations et d'autre part le maintien de la concurrence dans des limites " raisonnables " en sanctionnant des excès par le biais, par exemple, de l'interdiction des pratiques restrictives ou encore par le biais des pratiques dites déloyales. Si la sanction des atteintes à la concurrence a pour objet la protection de la libre concurrence, la sanction des excès de concurrence permet aussi de garantir l'existence même de cette libre concurrence en assurant au préalable l'égalité des conditions d'exercice de la concurrence. Cependant, les excès de concurrence ne concernent pas selon nous seulement les hypothèses de concurrence interdite incarnée par la prohibition des pratiques restrictives de concurrence et les hypothèses de concurrence déloyale, mais aussi et surtout les excès mêmes d'un fonctionnement concurrentiel basé sur un seul critère le prix le plus bas. Or, cette logique concurrentielle basé sur le seul critère du prix se concilie difficilement avec l'objectif affirmé en droit interne, européen et international d'un développement durable . Ainsi par exemple, l'article 6 du traité de l'Union européenne rappelle que " Les exigences de la protection de l'environnement doivent être intégrées dans la définition et la mise en œuvre des politiques et actions de la Communauté en particulier afin de promouvoir le développement durable ". L'intégration de considérations sociales, environnementales et de protection de la santé publique en tant que conditions d'accès au marché et/ou en tant qu'éléments mêmes de la concurrence entre entreprises constitue un des enjeux essentiels de nos sociétés . Elle explique une partie de nos travaux portant sur le principe de précaution dans le cadre du commerce international ou encore sur les considérations sociales et environnementales dans la passation des marchés publics . En effet, il nous semble comme certains auteurs que le fonctionnement concurrentiel du marché et le droit de la concurrence tendent à " prendre en charge un certain nombre d'exigences sociales au moment même où se délite sous la poussée de l'ordre concurrentiel un ordre public social" . La notion d'ordre concurrentiel tend à prendre ainsi en compte un certain nombre d'exigences a priori peu liées au marché. Cette notion d'" ordre concurrentiel " est aujourd'hui au cœur de toutes les interrogations sur la façon dont le droit peut apporter ses réponses à la globalisation de l'économie . La concurrence en tant que mécanisme connaît donc deux écueils : l'entrave ou l'excès. Ces deux écueils sont au cœur des travaux de recherches déjà effectués ainsi que des thématiques de recherches futures.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:53:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 142238.pdf.jpg: 12875 bytes, checksum: 3363ec46c6cf9a53c998faf66cb25a8b (MD5) 142238.pdf.txt: 342676 bytes, checksum: fe9a6fa71e4491baaeca2608886bf418 (MD5) 142238.pdf: 856334 bytes, checksum: 100cb9bb0482a1655b5223ff52a5f113 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-04T00:00:00Z / O princípio da não-discriminação no tratamento entre os membros da OMC é um dos pilares do sistema multilateral de comércio. Esta regra geral acomoda, entretanto, uma série de mecanismos de exceção, entre os quais a autorização para que os países concedam preferências comerciais de forma unilateral. Grande parte da literatura sobre os programas de preferências comerciais unilaterais tende a enfatizar os elementos puramente econômicos, sendo pouco explorados os aspectos políticos relacionados a estes programas. Este trabalho centra-se na análise do programa de preferências comerciais unilaterais, criado pela Andean Trade Preference Act de 1991, pelo qual os Estados Unidos concedem preferencias unilaterais à Bolívia, Colômbia, Equador e Peru. Apesar do seu objetivo oficial ser o auxílio à diversificação das exportações dos beneficiários e diminuição do cultivo de culturas ligadas à produção de drogas, a avaliação desenvolvida neste trabalho não identificou efeitos significativos do programa sobre a diversificação das exportações ou produção de coca e cocaína. Verifica-se, por outro lado, que embora não seja exigida reciprocidade dos beneficiários em matéria tarifária, os Estados Unidos vinculam a outorga a uma série de condicionalidades de natureza comercial e não-comercial, como propriedade intelectual, direitos trabalhistas e proteção aos investidores, as quais refletem interesses específicos norte-americanos. A conclusão do estudo é de que a importância da ATPA não pode ser explicada pelo aspecto estritamente comercial. A existência do programa e sua renovação em 2002 são mais compreensíveis quando o analisamos como um instrumento de política externa dos Estados Unidos, pelo qual este país estabelece vínculos comerciais como forma de exercício de coerção suave sobre os beneficiários.

L’intérêt pour la politique industrielle a fait un retour remarqué dans le contexte post consensus de Washington. Mais ce regain d’intérêt de la littérature survient dans un environnement international qui pose des défis majeurs pour la conduite de politiques industrielles. En effet, le mode dominant d'insertion dans l'économie mondiale au cours des trois dernières décennies a été celui de la libéralisation des comptes courants et de capitaux, réduisant les marges de manœuvre des gouvernements pour le choix et la conduite de politiques industrielles aussi bien de facto que de jure. La thèse procède à une évaluation qualitative et comparative des contraintes sur l’utilisation des instruments de la politique industrielle sur 36 Accords Commerciaux Régionaux de types Nord-Sud et Sud-Sud : 10 accords avec les États-Unis, 12 avec l’Union Européenne, 6 avec la Chine et 8 avec l’Inde. La thèse cartographie les engagements de ces accords qui influent sur les instruments de la politique industrielle dans trois domaines interdépendants : la régulation des investissements étrangers, les règles sur les brevets, et les règles relatives à la normalisation. Les résultats de cette étude établissent que les accords de type Nord-Sud dépassent systématiquement des engagements des accords de l’OMC, donc rétrécissent voire éliminent leurs flexibilités. En conséquence, l'espace de politique industrielle de jure des pays partenaires se rétrécit à un niveau historiquement bas. Alternativement, les modes de régulation de type Sud-Sud préservent, dans une large mesure, les flexibilités de l'OMC comme résultat de (i) l’affirmation explicite de ces flexibilités ; (ii) la non-inclusion des engagements substantiels allant au-delà des accords de l’OMC. Contrairement aux accords des États-Unis et de l’Union Européenne, la possibilité de jure d’utiliser les mesures de la politique industrielle est donc largement préservée dans le cadre des accords avec la Chine et l’Inde en ce qui concerne : (i) les mesures relatives à la régulation des investissements étrangers qui garantissent leur contribution au développement industriel, tout en évitant les risques associés à ce type d'investissement ; (ii) la mise en place d'un système national de brevet facilitant l’accès à et la diffusion des technologies et des connaissances ; (iii) l’utilisation des normes et des règlements techniques comme instruments pour surmonter les problèmes de coordination inefficiente des investissements, ainsi que comme mécanisme de contrôle accompagnant les différents soutiens apportés par l’État à la production locale. / Lately, interests in industrial policy have made a remarkable comeback in an international environment that holds serious challenges as the integration into the wold economy that took the form of trade, investment, and financial liberalization, in last three decades, has reduced de facto and de jure industrial policy space.The thesis provides a qualitative and a comparative assessment of constraints on the use of industrial policy instruments in the context of the rising regionalism. It reviews 36 North-South and South-South regional trade agreements: 10 Agreements of the United States, 12 Agreements of European Union, 6 Chinese Agreements and 8 Indian Agreements, all with developing countries. It maps commitments that affect industrial policy instruments in three interrelated areas: foreign investment regulation, patent, and standardization. It compares the agreements’ engagements against WTO obligations and each other.Results show that North-South modes of regulation of investment and trade relations go systematically beyond WTO Agreements commitments, narrowing and eliminating its “flexibilities”. As a result, de jure industrial policy space of partner countries shrinks to a historically low level. In turn, the South-South modes of regulation of trade and investment relations preserve WTO “flexibilities” to a large extent, as result of (i) explicit affirmation of these flexibilities, and (ii) the non-inclusion of substantial commitments going beyond WTO agreements.Contrary to the agreements of the United States and the European Union, the de jure possibility to use industrial policy instruments is substantially preserved under the agreements of China and India with respect to: (i) measures aimed at regulating foreign investments in a manner that permits to trigger its industrial development benefits and to avoid its associated risks, (ii) the design of national patent system in manner that facilitates the access to and diffusion of technologies and knowledge, and (iii) the use of standards and technical regulations as instruments to overcome investment coordination failure, and as tools of control mechanism that should be associated with the State’s distributed rent to local producers.

La préoccupation initiale de cette recherche était d’évaluer le rôle que pouvaient jouer les OIG dans la bonne gouvernance mondiale. Il s’agissait donc de savoir si les OIG étaient capables de penser globalement ou si elles demeuraient liées par les politiques des grands Etats. L’enjeu principal est ainsi devenu la mesure de leur degré d’autonomisation face aux intérêts des grandes puissances. Dans ce but, nous nous sommes penchés sur leur élargissement vers de nouveaux domaines d’action, pas nécessairement inscrits dans leur mandat initial et qui peuvent même changer la nature de l’Organisation. Cet élargissement dicté par l’environnement des OIG, engendre chevauchement et recoupement, et impose l’analyse de la coopération éventuelle entre elles. Nous avons donc étudié le rapport entre l’autonomisation des OIG, leur élargissement et leur coopération, en supposant qu’une plus grande autonomisation permettrait un plus grand élargissement et exigerait, en principe, une plus grande coopération. A cet effet, trois Organisations ont fait l’objet de notre étude de cas. Il s’agit de l’UNESCO, l’OMC et l’OMPI. Certes, les trois Organisations ont des origines différentes mais elles se croisent après un élargissement ou un développement de leurs activités autour d’un lieu commun : la culture. Un sujet apparemment « soft » mais qui camoufle des enjeux économiques assez importants. Il divise la communauté internationale et crée des tensions sérieuses au sein des forums internationaux. La domination culturelle remet en question la diversité culturelle. Les PED sont de plus en plus en difficulté pour sauvegarder leur culture face à l’ouverture des marchés et au développement de la technologie dictés par la globalisation. L’inquiétude face à la domination culturelle est également celle de quelques pays développés comme le Canada, la France, qui voient leurs territoires dévastés par la culture américaine surtout au niveau de la production cinématographique. Nous avons pu dégager à travers notre recherche que le rapport entre les OIG à travers la production des différentes normes dans le domaine culturel apparait plutôt conflictuel que coopératif, même si paradoxalement ce sont les mêmes Etats qui adoptent les différentes normes ici et là. Il semble que le jeu de pouvoir dans les différentes Organisations n’est pas le même, les acteurs ne sont pas les mêmes, les enjeux ne sont pas les mêmes et les valeurs ne sont pas les mêmes. Ceci dit, l’autonomie ou l’autonomisation recherchée par les OIG les pousse dans une direction qui n’est pas tout le temps favorable à la coopération interétatique. Il en découle la multiplicité des normes d’une part et leur incompatibilité d’autre part. Dans certains cas, elles sont même contradictoires. De même, la hiérarchie entre les OIG n’est pas fixée d’une façon permanente. Elle est plutôt changeable et réversible. Tout dépend de la façon dont l’Organisation poursuit ses objectifs, et comment elle interagit avec son milieu. Les Organisations « faibles » ou « idéologiques » ont leur fonction dans l’architecture mondiale. Elles se placent entre les pays riches et les pays pauvres et tentent d’établir un certain équilibre, rompu par les forces économiques. Ces Organisations peuvent minimiser ou bloquer ou retarder l’application des normes. Nous concluons avec l’idée que le conflit ou la compétition entre les différents acteurs de la scène internationale y compris les OIG rend la gouvernance mondiale acceptable mais que la bonne gouvernance mondiale reste une utopie. / The first concern of this research at its inception was to assess the role of Intergovernmental Organizations in global Governance. Are IGOs able to think globally or are they so tied to the most powerful states that they lack autonomy? The next step was to measure the degree of autonomy of these IGOs and their capacity to go beyond the most powerful states interests. We also aim as studying the process of their extension to new fields that are not necessarily mentioned in their initial mandate and that could even change the nature of the Organization. This extension dictated by their environment generates overlapping actions and cross-cheking procedures, which make the study of an eventual cooperation between them necessary. Our objective is therefore to study the relationship between IGO's autonomy (i.e., the process of their autonomisation), their extension and their cooperation. The greater is the autonomy of an IGO, the greater is its extension, and supposedly greater is its cooperation. For that purpose, our case study focuses on three Organizations that have the subject of culture in common: UNESCO, WTO and WIPO. Indeed, these three Organizations have different origins but are dealing with culture, since they extended their initial scope of interest. UNESCO dealt first with the physical heritage and then with the intangible heritage and eventually addressed the diversity of cultural expressions that can includes tradable goods and services. WTO, which was originally conceived as a Forum of negotiation for free trade, is now involved in Intellectual property of cultural goods through the TRIPS. WIPO, the technical Organization for Intellectual property now harbors a debate on Traditional knowledge, Genetic resources and Folklore. These subjects are obviously related to UNESCO's intangible heritage and cultural expressions, and to the concerns of the WTO since the products of Traditional knowledge and genetic resources are tradable goods. Thus, the intersection point between these three Organizations is culture. A subject that is apparently soft is actually hiding important economic issues. In particular, it divides the international community and is the source of serious tension in international fora. Cultural domination is threatening cultural diversity. The developing countries are becoming more and more unable to preserve their culture when confronted to open markets and to the technology development enhanced by globalization. Some developed countries such as Canada and France are also worried about the threatening of their culture by an American invasion of their territories through cinema and television productions. We conclude that the relationship between different IGOs in the field of cultural norms production looks more conflictual than cooperative even if, paradoxically, the same states are adopting the norms in most fora. Since the power game was different in each Organization, actors and values are different as well. Consequently, the autonomy targeted by IGOs is not always translated into a better inter states cooperation. It generates a multiplicity of norms. In some cases, they are even contradictory. Likewise, the hierarchy of IGOs is not permanent, but changing and reversible. The rank of an IGO depends on how it is pursuing its objectives and how it is reacting with its environment. The weakest or the most ideological Organizations have a function in the international architecture. They are positioning themselves between rich and poor countries, and try to establish some balance, not to be overwhelmed by big economic players. These Organizations can minimize, block or delay norms' implementation. Thus, it is the competition between the different actors that makes global governance acceptable. Therefore, good global governance remains an utopia.

Durante a década de 80 os movimentos ambientais começaram a se intensificar e os governos tiveram que incorporar novos instrumentos de política na busca de um crescimento econômico combinado com a conservação e preservação do meio ambiente. A sociedade passou a demandar produtos ambientalmente saudáveis e os setores da economia sofreram pressão para mudar seus métodos e processos tradicionais de produção para se adequar a essa nova demanda. Dessas exigências da sociedade, decorrem mudanças na legislação ambiental e em legislações correlacionadas, com foco na regulação da produção e comercialização de bens e serviços. Discute-se na literatura que muitas vezes, as exigências podem se configurar como barreiras comerciais, mesmo não tendo como objetivo primordial afetar o comércio. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal investigar como evolui a regulação ambiental no comércio internacional e tendo como ilustração a análise do caso da regulamentação internacional do etanol no Acordo sobre Barreiras Técnicas ao Comércio (TBT). Para tanto, foram analisadas 1.649 notificações ao Acordo TBT, cujo objetivo principal alegado foi de proteção do meio ambiente. Em seguida destas foram separadas as notificações que tinham como produto alvo combustíveis, totalizando 94 notificações. Deste subtotal, foram ainda segregadas as que afetavam o etanol, chegando-se a um total de 28 regulamentos notificados por 13 países ou blocos econômicos, com destaque para os EUA, União Europeia, e países da América Central e Caribe. Dentre os países que notificaram regulamentos técnicos ambientais para o etanol, os que se destacaram como importadores do Brasil são os EUA, União Europeia Colômbia, Costa Rica, El Salvador dentre os temas de regulamentação ambiental, destacam-se os relacionados a requisitos para redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Os dados de notificações ambientais ao etanol junto ao TBT foram analisados conjuntamente aos dados das exportações brasileiras de etanol para o cálculo dos coeficientes de frequência e de cobertura. Os coeficientes de frequência não ultrapassaram os 32,7% no período analisado, enquanto que o coeficiente de cobertura atingiu valor máximo em 2006, quando os EUA tiveram grande representatividade. Embora a princípio, o alto índice de cobertura pudesse levar à inferência de presença de barreiras comerciais ambientais, esse alto índice pode indicar também que a comercialização do etanol não foi afetada negativamente pela medida. Outro elemento importante para a discussão é que, ao se analisar com detalhes, o conteúdo regulatório proposto pelas notificações técnicas ambientais, nota-se uma preocupação com a redução na emissão de gases de efeito estufa. Pelos resultados deste estudo, verifica-se que a importância da discussão cresce e se amplia, mas não se pode afirmar que os regulamentos técnicos ambientais prejudicam os fluxos do comércio externo do biocombustível brasileiro. As discussões em torno dos combustíveis renováveis são recentes e são foco em fóruns internacionais ambientais e comerciais e podem futuramente gerar importantes alterações nesse setor, atentando-se principalmente para exigências em certificação. / During the 80s, environmental movements began to intensify and governments had to incorporate new policy instruments in pursuit of economic growth combined with the conservation and preservation of the environment. The society began to demand eco friendly environmental products and sectors of the economy suffered pressure to change their traditional methods and processes of production to adapt to this new demand. These requirements of society resulted in changes in environmental legislation and other laws correlated, with a focus on regulating the production and marketing of goods and services. It is argued in the literature that often the requirements can be configured as trade barriers, even not having as the main purpose to affect the trade. This thesis aims at investigating how environmental regulation evolves in international trade and to illustrate the analysis with the case of international regulation of ethanol in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). Altogether, we analyzed 1,649 notifications to the TBT Agreement, whose main objective was alleged protection of the environment. Afterwards these notifications have been separated as a product target that had fuel, totaling 94 notifications. From this subtotal, were still segregated affecting the ethanol, adding up to a total of 28 regulations notified by 13 countries or economic blocs, especially the U.S., EU, and countries of Central America and the Caribbean. Among the countries reporting environmental technical regulations for ethanol, those who stood out as importers from Brazil are the United States, European Union Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador among the topics of environmental regulations, include those related to requirements for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. Data from environmental reports to ethanol by the TBT were analyzed together with data from the Brazilian ethanol exports to the calculation of coefficients of frequency and coverage. The coefficients of frequency did not exceed 32.7% in the analyzed period, while the coverage ratio reached a peak in 2006 when the U.S. had great representation. Although at first, the high coverage rate could lead to the inference of the presence of environmental trade barriers, this high rate may also indicate that the marketing of ethanol was not negatively affected by the measure. Another important element for discussion is that, when analyzing in detail the contents by the proposed regulatory environmental technical reports, there is a concern with the reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases. According to the results of this study, it appears that the importance of the discussion is growing and expanding, but we can not say that the environmental technical regulations affect trade flows outside of the Brazilian biofuel. The discussions on renewable fuels are recent and are also the focus in international environmental forums and trades and it can further boost important changes in this sector, paying attention mainly to certification requirements.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_tl_me_mar.pdf: 830478 bytes, checksum: 4fdd9cdadd6b786d834510133d6da006 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo da dissertação é analisar a capacidade de eventos internacionais gerarem modificação em políticas públicas nos Estados Unidos. Para tanto, dois desafios internacionais a uma política tradicional dos Estados Unidos, a Farm Bill, foram analisados. Os casos são o contencioso do algodão entre Brasil e Estados Unidos na OMC e a ratificação pelo Congresso do CAFTA-DR. A análise foi conduzida à luz da literatura que trata das relações entre política doméstica e relações internacionais. Concluiu-se que os desafios internacionais tiveram sucesso parcial e que esse sucesso teve relação com o engajamento de atores domésticos norte-americanos, sobretudo do Executivo, em modificar a política agrícola em uma direção convergente com a pretendida pelos desafiadores. Os desafios, no entanto, não geraram estímulo suficiente para uma reforma estrutural abrangente da política agrícola até o momento. Palavras-chave: Estados Unidos; política agrícola; política comercial; algodão; CAFTADR Abstract This dissertation has the purpose to analyze the capacity of international events to cause changes in U.S. public policies. To do so, two challenges to a traditional U.S. policy, the Farm Bill, were analyzed. The cases are the cotton dispute between Brazil and the U.S. in the WTO, and the ratification of the CAFTA-DR by Congress. The analysis were conducted in the light of the literature about domestic politics and international relations. It is concluded that the international challenges had partial success and that that success was related to the engagement of U.S. domestic actors, mainly the Executive, in changing the agricultural policy to challengers´ intended direction. The challanges, however, didn’t produce enough incentive to a comprehensive structural reform of agricultural policy so far. / This dissertation has the purpose to analyze the capacity of international events to cause changes in U.S. public policies. To do so, two challenges to a traditional U.S. policy, the Farm Bill, were analyzed. The cases are the cotton dispute between Brazil and the U.S. in the WTO, and the ratification of the CAFTA-DR by Congress. The analysis were conducted in the light of the literature about domestic politics and international relations. It is concluded that the international challenges had partial success and that that success was related to the engagement of U.S. domestic actors, mainly the Executive, in changing the agricultural policy to challengers´ intended direction. The challanges, however, didn’t produce enough incentive to a comprehensive structural reform of agricultural policy so far.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-06-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 taddei_mg_me_fran.pdf: 1612342 bytes, checksum: b4b2e0918928ffd071160e00d2225ff3 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O processo de globalização intensificou as relações comerciais entre os países no final do Século XX, tornando mais freqüentes práticas empresariais desleais como o dumping e a respectiva utilização da legislação pertinente pelos países participantes do comércio internacional. A aplicação de medidas antidumping para neutralizar os efeitos da prática desleal protege a concorrência em benefício dos empresários do país importador, entretanto, se essas medidas forem aplicadas com finalidade protecionista, prejudicam a livre concorrência, impedindo a entrada de produtos estrangeiros em condições de concorrência com os produtos nacionais. As análises realizadas demonstraram que a legislação brasileira antidumping, de forma genérica, encontra-se em consonância com as normas da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), que direcionam a aplicação de medidas antidumping no âmbito mundial. Apesar da evolução verificada na Rodada Uruguai, o estudo demonstrou a necessidade de algumas alterações na legislação antidumping da OMC para impedir a possibilidade de diferentes interpretações às normas antidumping pelos Países-Membros. As alterações devem proporcionar maior precisão a alguns conceitos presentes na legislação, como os referentes ao valor normal e à comprovação de dano, devendo também impor a aplicação de direitos antidumping em valores suficientes apenas para neutralizar os efeitos da prática desleal. A revisão da legislação antidumping mostra-se fundamental para a consolidação das normas antidumping no âmbito mundial e, sobretudo, para assegurar sua finalidade de proteger a concorrência em benefício dos empresários locais, sem causar prejuízos à concorrência internacional. / The globalization process increased commercial relations among the countries at the end of the twentieth century, making more frequent disloyal enterprise practice like dumping and the respective utilization of apt legislation towards countries of the international trade. The aplication of antidumping measurement to neutralize the effects of disloyal practice protects the competition in the businessmenþs benefit of importer country, howerver, if these measures were applied with protecting goals they would damage the free competition, holding back the entry of foreign products in terms of competition, holding back the entry of foreign products in terms of competition with the national products. The analysis made, show that antidumping brazilian legislation, in general, is along with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), that take control of the aplication of antidumping measures in the world. In spite of the evolution checked in the Uruguay Round, the study showed the necessity of some alteration in the antidumping legislation of the WTO to avoid the possibility of different interpretations at antidumping rules from member countries. The alterations have to bring bigger precision in some concepts that are present in the legislation, like the referent to the normal value and the damage checking that must impose the application of antidumping dues in enough values only to neutralise the disloyal practice effects. The review of antidumping legislation shows itself essential to the antidumping rules consolidation in the world and, above all, to assure its purpose to protect the competition into the benefit of local businessmen, without causing impairments to the international competition.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:59:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 raucci_rm_me_fran.pdf: 1281934 bytes, checksum: 51e1d9f58a2d131c92dbfc847f82e8d3 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho visa compreender e analisar a interação entre os temas comércio e meio ambiente, desde a criação do princípio do desenvolvimento sustentável no início dos anos de 1970, até a adoção do Tratado de Marraqueche em 1994, que cria a Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). O trabalho faz um histórico do debate sobre comércio e meio ambiente – a partir da Conferência de Estocolmo, em 1972, considerada por este trabalho como marco do Direito Ambiental Internacional – e também analisa como esta temática foi inserida no sistema Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas e Comércio (GATT/OMC). Além disso, discorre sobre a emergência e posterior consolidação do princípio do desenvolvimento sustentável, de conceito multifacetado, que visa conciliar as várias formas de desenvolvimento, como o econômico e o social, com a proteção e preservação do meio ambiente. A preocupação com a preservação do meio ambiente e com os problemas ambientais ganhou relevância, principalmente, a partir dos anos 90, com o estabelecimento de grandes conferências internacionais no âmbito da Organização das Nações Unidas, o que influenciou outras organizações internacionais, como a OMC, a também adotarem algumas regras ambientais. No âmbito da OMC, a temática ambiental é centrada no artigo XX do GATT 1994, foco deste trabalho, que trata das exceções gerais. Por este artigo os Membros da OMC podem adotar regras contrárias ao sistema multilateral de comércio para salvaguardar, por exemplo, a vida e a saúde das pessoas e demais seres vivos e para a conservação dos recursos naturais não-renováveis. Pela análise deste artigo e de alguns casos estabelecidos perante o Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias, tentaremos entender se num embate real entre regras comerciais e ambientais, o interesse econômico irá prevalecer sobre os interesses ambientais / This research aims to understand and analyze the interaction between issues of trade and environment since the creation of the sustainable development principle in the early 1970s, until the adoption of the Marrakesh Agreement in 1994, which established the World Trade Organization (WTO). The work makes a description of the debate on commerce and environment – from the Stockholm Conference in 1972, considered by this study the landmark of the International Environmental Law – and also analyzes how this thematic was included in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT/WTO) system. Moreover, it discourses on the emergency and subsequent consolidation of the sustainable development principle, multifaceted concept, which seeks to conciliate the various forms of development, such as economic and social development, with the protection and preservation of the environment. The concern for environmental preservation and environmental issues gained prominence, mainly from the 90s with the establishment of major international conferences in the United Nations, which has influenced other international organizations like WTO, also to adopt some environmental rules. In the WTO, the environmental theme is centered on Article XX of GATT 1994, the focus of this work, which deals with general exceptions. For this article, WTO Members may adopt rules that conflict with the multilateral trading system to safeguard, for example, life and health of humans and other living beings and for the conservation of nonrenewable resources. The analysis of this article and some established cases before the WTO Dispute Settlement, we will try to understand if in a real clash between trade and environmental rules, the economic interest will prevail over environmental concerns

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2017-03-29T20:31:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Ana Cristina Costa Barreto.pdf: 1379161 bytes, checksum: e932f1f0ba91c5306c603d7f88bca510 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T20:31:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Ana Cristina Costa Barreto.pdf: 1379161 bytes, checksum: e932f1f0ba91c5306c603d7f88bca510 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-04 / CAPES / The global transformations occurring in modernity have led to the emergence of new challenges and the need to search for new perspectives on stakeholder participation in the international system. Particularly, the inclusion of new issues within the WTO rules, within the multilateral trading system is fundamental to the pursuit of well-being of people take a central role in the discussions, and sustainable development is achieved from the respect and balance between human beings and the market. The paper attempted to analyze the TRIPS Agreement and its relationship with the right to access to medicines, assessing the possibility that the relaxation of its rules be considered a demonstration of the relevance of human rights in international trade. To achieve this objective, the first analysis of the evolution of the system of protection of intellectual property was critical to understanding the formation of the international IP regime that culminated in the TRIPS Agreement. In sequence, the problem of access to medicines was presented from the considerations about the social responsibility of the pharmaceutical industry and the implications caused by the TRIPS Agreement, regarding the need to be envisioned an international policy aimed at ensuring universal access to products the pharmaceutical industry, thus revealing the existence of a relationship between the work of international organizations, including the World Trade Organization and Human Rights. Finally, from the point of view of modern cosmopolitanism from the demonstration that the internationalization of human rights can be understood as a reassertion of humanism found that to change the paradigms of intellectual property and particularly patent pharmaceutical, it is essential to define the social role of the pharmaceutical industry, understanding the conditions of access to drugs is regarded as a matter subject to humanitarian protection. / As transformações globais ocorridas na modernidade têm provocado o surgimento de novos desafios e a necessidade de busca por novas perspectivas na participação dos atores no sistema internacional. Particularmente, a inclusão de novos temas no âmbito das regras da OMC, dentro do sistema multilateral de comércio, é fundamental para que a busca pelo bem-estar do homem tome papel central nas discussões, e o desenvolvimento sustentável seja alcançado a partir do respeito e do equilíbrio entre ser humano e mercado. A dissertação se propôs a analisar o Acordo TRIPS e sua relação com o direito ao acesso a medicamentos, avaliando a possibilidade de que a flexibilização de suas normas ser considerada uma demonstração da relevância dos Direitos Humanos no âmbito do comércio internacional. Visando tal objetivo, inicialmente a análise da evolução do sistema de proteção da Propriedade Intelectual foi fundamental para compreender formação do regime internacional de PI que culminou com o Acordo TRIPS. Em sequência, a problemática do acesso a medicamentos foi apresentada a partir das considerações acerca da responsabilidade social da indústria farmacêutica e das implicações provocadas pelo Acordo TRIPS, no que tange à necessidade de ser vislumbrada uma política internacional que vise a garantia do acesso universal aos produtos da indústria farmacêutica, evidenciando assim a existência de uma relação entre a atuação de organismos internacionais, entre os quais a Organização Mundial do Comércio e os Direitos Humanos. Por fim, sob o ponto de vista do cosmopolitismo moderno, a partir da demonstração de que a internacionalização dos Direitos Humanos pode ser compreendida como a reafirmação do Humanismo constatou-se que para a mudança dos paradigmas relativos à propriedade intelectual e, particularmente, à patente farmacêutica, é imprescindível a definição do papel social da indústria farmacêutica, a compreensão de que as condições de acesso a medicamentos sejam consideradas matéria sujeita à proteção humanitária.