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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Comparación de la resistencia compresiva del agregado Trióxido Mineral y Biodentine en perforaciones de furca de molares inferiores permanentes

Huatuco Granda, Jheymy Gerardo January 2024 (has links)
Objetivo: comparar la resistencia compresiva del agregado trióxido mineral y Biodentine TM en perforaciones de furca de molares inferiores permanentes. Materiales y métodos: se seleccionaron 30 molares inferiores humanas. Se preparó un acceso cavitario endodóntico en cada uno de los dientes para luego decoronarlos y seccionarlos eliminando las raíces, se aplicó silicona por debajo de furca y se agregó acrílico alrededor de los especímenes, empleando un molde cilíndrico. Las muestras fueron divididas aleatoriamente en 3 grupos: Grupo 1: 10 especímenes en los que se creó una perforación de furca, sellada con MTA. Grupo 2: 10 especímenes en los que se creó una perforación de furca, sellada con Biodentine TM . Grupo control negativo: 10 especímenes sin perforación. Después de 30 días, los especímenes fueron sometidos a fuerzas compresivas empleando una máquina de ensayos universales registrando la fuerza necesaria para producir la fractura. Los datos fueron procesados con las pruebas estadísticas ANOVA y Tukey, con un nivel de significancia p<0.05. Resultados: La resistencia compresiva del Biodentine (190.84 MPa) no presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas al ser comparada con MTA (165.29 MPa) en perforaciones de furca de molares inferiores permanentes, a los 30 días de evaluación. Sin embargo, la resistencia compresiva del MTA sí presentó diferencia estadística significativa al ser comparada con el grupo control (213.46 Mpa). TM Conclusión: El Biodentine presenta valores similares al ser comparado con el grupo control y MTA. Mientras que, MTA presenta diferencias con el control, además de los valores más bajos respecto a los demás grupos. TM / Objective: to compare the compressive strength of mineral trioxide aggregate and BiodentineTM in furca perforations of permanent lower molars. Materials and methods: 30 human lower molars were selected. An endodontic cavity access was prepared in each of the teeth and then decoronated and sectioned eliminating the roots, silicone was applied under the furcation and acrylic was added around the specimens, using a cylindrical mold. The specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups: Group 1: 10 specimens in which a furcation perforation was created, sealed with MTA. Group 2: 10 specimens in which a furcation perforation was created, sealed with Biodentine . Negative control group: 10 specimens without perforation. After 30 days, the specimens were subjected to compressive forces using a universal testing machine recording the force required to produce the fracture. The data were processed with ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests, with a significance level of p<0.05. TM Results: The compressive strength of Biodentine (190.84 MPa) did not present statistically significant differences when compared to MTA (165.29 MPa) in furcation perforations of lower permanent molars at 30 days of evaluation. However, the compressive strength of MTA did show a statistically significant difference when compared to the control group (213.46 MPa). TM Conclusion: Biodentine TM presented similar values when compared with the control group and MTA. While, MTA presents differences with the control, in addition to the lower values with respect to the other groups.
62

"Cicatrização de perfurações subagudas de membrana timpânica de chinchilas tratadas com fator de crescimento epitelial e pentoxifilina" / Healing of subacute tympanic membrane perforations in chinchillas treated with epidermal growth factor and pentoxifylline

Ramalho, Jeanne da Rosa Oiticica 21 February 2006 (has links)
O efeito do fator de crescimento epitelial e da pentoxifilina, isolados ou em associação, foi avaliado em perfurações subagudas de membranas timpânicas de chinchilas, comparando-se ao grupo controle. O fator de crescimento epitelial auxiliou o processo de cicatrização de perfurações subagudas de membranas timpânicas, o que não se observou com a pentoxifilina. O percentual de cicatrização das perfurações foi de 30,3%, 3,6%, 16,5% e 8,7% nos grupos fator de crescimento epitelial, pentoxifilina, fator de crescimento epitelial com pentoxifilina e controle, respectivamente / The effect of epidermal growth factor and pentoxifylline, in combination or alone, was evaluated in chinchillas with subacute tympanic membrane perforations, and compared with a control group. Epidermal growth factor helped in the healing of subacute tympanic membrane perforations, but the same was not observed for pentoxifylline. The healing rate of perforations was 30.3%, 3.6%, 16.5% and 8.7% for the following groups: epidermal growth factor, pentoxifylline, epidermal growth factor with pentoxifylline and untreated controls, respectively
63

Transparence et absorption acoustiques des structures microperforées

Dupont, Thomas 19 December 2002 (has links) (PDF)
Nous présentons la théorie de base des plaques microperforées (MPP) fines. Nous la comparons avec des mesures. Nous l'intégrons dans un modèle analytique de transparence appliqué à un système basique de plaques infinies : MPP couplée par une cavité d'air à une plaque flexible. Nous étudions l'influence que peut avoir l'ajout d'une MPP sur les propriétés de transparence de plaques. La comparaison avec des mesures de transparence et d'absorption faites en champ diffus valide le modèle. Il est ensuite intégré à des systèmes plus complexes permettant l'optimisation de leur acoustique. Ne voulant plus nous limiter à des MPP fines, nous proposons une approche basée sur la résolution des équations de Kirchhoff pour des tubes très fins. Toutes les corrections nécessaires à la généralisation des structures microperforées sont présentées. Une comparaison avec le modèle de base pour les plaques fines est proposée permettant la discussion de ce modèle. Enfin nous proposons des approximations de notre modèle pour les MPP fines.
64

Optimisation d'une structure gaufrée pour la conception de panneaux sandwichs légers

Ebnöther, Fabien 12 November 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Dans le cadre de cette thèse, on étudie le comportement mécanique de panneaux sandwich métalliques avec une âme à architecture gaufrée. Ces structures fournissent une alternative économiquement avantageuse aux nids d'abeilles hexagonaux car leur production de masse est réalisable par emboutissage progressif de tôles planes. Les différentes géométries possibles de la structure gaufrée sont limitées par des risques de rupture lors de la fabrication. Ainsi, l'étude de l'optimisation de la capacité portante des panneaux sandwich à âme gaufrée est contrainte par la rupture ductile du matériau de base. Le choix d'un modèle de rupture ductile approprié pour prédire le comportement à rupture du matériau de base joue donc un rôle central dans cette recherche. La première partie de cette thèse est entièrement consacrée aux évaluations expérimentale et numérique des capacités prédictives de deux versions du modèle de rupture de Mohr-Coulomb; l'une étant la version originale, l'autre intégrant un indicateur d'endommagement. En limitant notre attention aux contraintes planes induites par la traction uni-axiale et équi-biaxiale dans la tôle d'acier doux, on réalise des essais de rupture sur des éprouvettes entaillées et des essais de poinçonnement à l'aide d'un poinçon circulaire afin d'identifier les paramètres du modèle de rupture. Un test de Hasek et un essai d'emboutissage d'une structure gaufrée sont utilisés afin d'évaluer les capacités prédictives des deux modèles de rupture. Le modèle avec indicateur d'endommagement utilisant une fonction poids dépendant de l'état de contrainte prédit l'apparition de la rupture lors de l'essai d'emboutissage avec la meilleure précision. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, pour l'étude de la fabrication de la structure gaufrée, on utilise le modèle de Mohr-Coulomb avec indicateur d'endommagement pour déterminer la profondeur d'emboutissage maximale en fonction de la géométrie de l'outil de mise en forme. Le comportement en grandes déformations est décrit par un modèle de plasticité quadratique avec écrouissage isotrope et une loi d'écoulement non associée. Des cartes de sensibilité aux principaux paramètres sont développées : rigidité au cisaillement de la partie cœur, résistance au cisaillement, résistance au délaminage et au flambement élastique des peaux en fonction de la géométrie de la structure cœur. Une méthode d'optimisation des performances des panneaux sandwich à âme gaufrée est développée pour les panneaux rectangulaires sur appuis simples soumis à un chargement latéral uniforme. Les résultats des expériences de flexion quatre points montrent que les panneaux sandwichs optimisés offrent des plus grandes résistance et rigidité (pour un moindre poids) que des panneaux avec une partie cœur en mousse de polyéthylène de haute densité. La dernière partie de cette thèse se concentre sur l'étude de la résistance à la perforation des panneaux sandwich métalliques à âme gaufrée. L'effet des paramètres décrivant la géométrie de la structure cœur et le l'influence du matériau constituant les peaux est étudié. On s'intéresse en particulier à un acier doux, un acier " dual-phase " DP780 et un acier martensitique à très haute résistance. Un nouveau modèle utilisant un indicateur d'endommagement avec une fonction poids basée sur le critère de Hosford est utilisé pour modéliser la réponse à la rupture de ces matériaux. Une étude paramétrique de la résistance à la perforation des panneaux sandwich pour différentes tailles de cellule élémentaire de la partie cœur est réalisée à l'aide d'un modèle éléments finis. La résistance à la perforation diminue avec la taille de la cellule et avec la hauteur de la partie cœur. Ainsi, le panneau sandwich le plus mince offre une résistance supérieure à la perforation. Des essais sont réalisés qui confirment ce résultat important.
65

"Cicatrização de perfurações subagudas de membrana timpânica de chinchilas tratadas com fator de crescimento epitelial e pentoxifilina" / Healing of subacute tympanic membrane perforations in chinchillas treated with epidermal growth factor and pentoxifylline

Jeanne da Rosa Oiticica Ramalho 21 February 2006 (has links)
O efeito do fator de crescimento epitelial e da pentoxifilina, isolados ou em associação, foi avaliado em perfurações subagudas de membranas timpânicas de chinchilas, comparando-se ao grupo controle. O fator de crescimento epitelial auxiliou o processo de cicatrização de perfurações subagudas de membranas timpânicas, o que não se observou com a pentoxifilina. O percentual de cicatrização das perfurações foi de 30,3%, 3,6%, 16,5% e 8,7% nos grupos fator de crescimento epitelial, pentoxifilina, fator de crescimento epitelial com pentoxifilina e controle, respectivamente / The effect of epidermal growth factor and pentoxifylline, in combination or alone, was evaluated in chinchillas with subacute tympanic membrane perforations, and compared with a control group. Epidermal growth factor helped in the healing of subacute tympanic membrane perforations, but the same was not observed for pentoxifylline. The healing rate of perforations was 30.3%, 3.6%, 16.5% and 8.7% for the following groups: epidermal growth factor, pentoxifylline, epidermal growth factor with pentoxifylline and untreated controls, respectively
66

Aspectos clínicos e patológicos de pacientes com tumores colorretais diagnosticados durante cirurgia abdominal de urgência / Clincal and pathological features of patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed during emergency abdominal surgery

SANTOS, Alex Caetano dos 25 April 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:29:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Alex Caetano dos Santos.pdf: 982242 bytes, checksum: f685e405b1e872acdf53a2790d29d70b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-25 / Context In 85% of the cases, colorectal cancer is diagnosed at an advanced stage during investigation of symptomatic patients. Currently, 10% to 33% of the cases may present emergency situations (obstruction or perforation), requiring immediate surgical treatment, and may result in higher mortality compared with elective surgical procedures. Objective Analyze clinical and pathological features of patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed during emergency abdominal surgery at the Hospital de Urgências de Goiânia. Methods We studied 107 patients operated on between January 2006 and June 2010 presenting with histologically confirmed colorectal malignancy. Results This series consisted of 58 women and 49 men with mean age of 59.81 ± 17.08 years. The most frequent symptoms were: abdominal pain (97.2%), no bowel movements (81.3%), vomiting (76.6%), and anorexia (40.2%). Clinical preoperative diagnosis was divided into five groups: obstructive acute abdomen (n = 68), obstructive acute perforation (n = 21), obstructive acute inflammation (n = 13), abdominal sepsis (n = 3), and severe gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 2). Tumors were located in the rectosigmoid (51.4%), transverse colon (19.6%), ascending colon (12.1%), descending colon (11.2%), and 5.6% of the cases presented association of two colon tumors (synchronic tumors). Histopathological examination revealed the presence of adenocarcinoma in 98.1% of the cases. The surgical treatments were: tumor resection with colostomy (85%), tumor resection with primary anastomosis (10.3%), and colostomy without tumor resection (4.7%). Immediate mortality occurred in 33.4% of the patients. Bivariate analysis of sex, tumor location and stage showed no relation to death (p > 0.05%). Conclusions Colorectal cancer in patients who underwent emergency surgery due to acute abdominal complication was more prevalent in females and elderly individuals with nonspecific colonic complaints. Adenocarcinoma of the rectosigmoid was the most frequent condition. Despite the high mortality rate, surgical treatment of colorectal cancer was indicated due to intestinal occlusion. / Contexto Em 85% dos casos, o câncer colorretal é diagnosticado em estádio avançado durante a investigação de pacientes sintomáticos. Atualmente, 10% a 33% dos casos podem apresentar situações emergenciais (obstrução ou perfuração), necessitando de intervenção cirúrgica imediata, podendo resultar em mortalidade operatória maior do que a cirurgia eletiva. Objetivo Analisar os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de pacientes com câncer colorretal operados em urgência, no Hospital de Urgência de Goiânia. Métodos Foram estudados 107 pacientes operados entre janeiro de 2006 e junho de 2010 com diagnóstico histológico de neoplasia maligna colorretal. Resultados A amostra foi constituída de 58 mulheres e 49 homens com idade média de 59,81 ± 17,08 anos. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram: dor abdominal (97,2%), parada de eliminação de gases e fezes (81,3%), vômitos (76,6%) e anorexia (40,2%). Na avaliação pré-operatória foram diagnosticados: abdome agudo obstrutivo (n = 68), abdome agudo perfurativo (n = 21), abdome agudo inflamatório (n = 13), sepse abdominal (n = 3) e hemorragia digestiva grave (n = 2). Os tumores estavam localizados no retossigmoide (51,4%), cólon transverso (19,6%), cólon ascendente (12,1%), cólon descendente (11,2%) e em 5,6% dos casos houve associação de dois tumores no intestino (tumores sincrônicos). Os exames histopatológicos revelaram a presença de adenocarcinoma em 98,1% dos casos. Os tratamentos cirúrgicos adotados foram: ressecção tumoral com colostomia (85%), ressecção tumoral com anastomose primária (10,3%) e colostomia sem ressecção tumoral (4,7%). Houve mortalidade imediata em 33,4% dos casos. Na análise bivariada, as variáveis sexo, localização e estádio tumoral apresentaram p > 0,05% em relação ao óbito. Conclusão O câncer colorretal operado em urgência teve maior prevalência no sexo feminino e nos idosos com queixas inespecíficas. O diagnóstico histopatológico na quase totalidade foi adenocarcinoma localizado no retossigmoide. Embora a mortalidade seja elevada, o tratamento cirúrgico do câncer colorretal deve ser realizado.
67

Optimierung der chirurgischen Händedesinfektion in einer Pferdeklinik: Einfluss der Durchführungstechnik auf die Keimreduktion

Rocktäschel, Tina 03 November 2021 (has links)
Einleitung: Die Hände des medizinischen Personals gelten als wichtigste Übertragungsquelle von Krankheitserregern. Methicillin- und multiresistente Erreger stellen die Tiermedizin vor besondere Herausforderungen und limitieren therapeutische Optionen. Obwohl die chirurgische Händedesinfektion einen wichtigen und alltäglichen Bestandteil der Infektionsprävention darstellt, scheinen die Grundkenntnisse hierüber selbst bei chirurgischen Fachtierärzten gering zu sein. Studien haben gezeigt, dass 66 % der Chirurgen sich nicht an etablierte Standardprotokolle halten. Neben der Händedesinfektion stellen sterile OP-Handschuhe eine zusätzliche Barriere für die Übertragung von Bakterien dar. Allerdings sind perforierte Handschuhe mit einem höheren Risiko für postoperative Infektionen (SSI) verbunden, wobei die SSI-Rate in der Pferdechirurgie bis über 60 % reicht. Ziele der Untersuchungen: Die Hauptziele dieser Arbeit lagen in der Erhebung der individuellen Gewohnheiten bei der Durchführung der chirurgischen Händedesinfektion in einer Pferdeklinik (Phase 1) und dem Vergleich der Keimreduktion mit einem Standardprotokoll (Phase 2). Ferner wurden die Proben auf Bakterienspezies gescreent, die SSI induzieren können. Darüber hinaus wurde die Rate von Handschuhperforationen bestimmt. Material und Methoden: Die Observation der individuellen Gewohnheiten (Phase 1) umfasste die Dauer der Händewaschung und -desinfektion, die genutzte Desinfektionsmittelmenge und Zusammenfassung 62 die Verwendung von Bürsten. Das Standardprotokoll in Phase 2 beinhaltete eine 1-minütige Händewaschung mit flüssiger, pH-neutraler Seife ohne Bürsten und die Händedesinfektion über 3 Minuten. Alle Teilnehmer (2 Chirurgen, 8 Klinikmitarbeiter, 32 Studenten) verwendeten Sterillium® für die Händedesinfektion. Die Gesamtkeimzahlen wurden jeweils vor und nach dem Händewaschen, nach der Desinfektion und nach der Operation bestimmt. Zur Probennahme wurden die Hände für 1 Minute in 100 ml sterile phosphatgepufferte Lösung getaucht und die Bakterienkulturen auf Columbia-Schafblutagar angezüchtet. Die Bakterienkolonien wurden manuell ausgezählt und die Bakterienspezies mittels MALDI-TOF identifiziert. Die Handschuhe wurden postoperativ mit einem modifizierten Wasser-Leck-Test auf Perforationen untersucht. Ergebnisse: In Phase 1 und Phase 2 wurden 46 bzw. 41 Händedesinfektionen durchgeführt. Die individuellen Gewohnheiten unterschieden sich deutlich zwischen den Teilnehmern hinsichtlich der Dauer des Händewaschens (bis zu 8 min) und der Desinfektion, sowie der Menge des verwendeten Desinfektionsmittels (bis zu 48 ml). Die Dauer des Händewaschens in Phase 1 und 2 zeigte keinen statistisch signifikanten Effekt auf die Bakterienreduktion. Bei Verwendung des Standardprotokolls war die Reduktion der Keimzahlen nach der Desinfektion im Vergleich zur täglichen Routine signifikant höher (p < 0.001). Die mittlere Reduktion in Phase 1 betrug 90,72 % (LR = 3,23; rechte Hand) und 89,97 % (LR = 3,28; linke Hand) im Vergleich zu 98,85 % (LR = 3,29; rechte Hand) und 98,92 % (LR = 3,47; linke Hand) in Phase 2. Bei acht Teilnehmern (19 %) wurde MRSA (spa Typ t011, CC398) nachgewiesen. Die MRSA-Isolate konnten ferner einer Subpopulation zugeordnet werden, die besonders mit Pferdekliniken assoziiert wurde (hauptsächlich t011, ST398, Gentamicin-resistent). Handschuhperforationen traten bei 54 % (Chirurgen) bzw. 17 % (Assistenten) der Handschuhe auf, wobei eine höhere Prävalenz bei invasiven Eingriffen und Operationen mit einer Dauer von > 60 Minuten vorlag. Die Mehrheit (85 %) der Perforationen blieben vom Operationsteam unbemerkt, wobei Zeigefinger und Daumen die am häufigsten punktierten Stellen waren. Insgesamt nahmen die Bakterienzahlen an den Händen im Laufe der Zeit erneut zu, insbesondere wenn eine Handschuhperforation auftrat. Schlussfolgerung: Die Einhaltung eines Standardprotokolls nach neuestem Stand der Wissenschaft trägt zu einer quantitativ höheren und gleichmäßigeren Keimreduktion beider Hände bei. Die Implementierung eines standardisierten Händedesinfektionsplans sichert die Qualität der aseptischen Maßnahme und ist besonders für die Ausbildung und Schulung von Studenten mit geringer chirurgischer Erfahrung unerlässlich.:1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................................ 1 2 Literaturübersicht ............................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Residente und transiente Hautflora ............................................................................. 3 2.2 Asepsis und Antisepsis ............................................................................................... 4 2.3 Grundlagen und allgemeine Voraussetzungen für eine effektive Händehygiene ......... 4 2.4 Händewaschung .......................................................................................................... 5 2.4.1 Limitationen der Händewaschung ........................................................................ 5 2.5 Händedesinfektion ....................................................................................................... 6 2.5.1 Historie der Händedesinfektion ............................................................................ 6 2.5.2 Hygienische Händedesinfektion ........................................................................... 8 2.5.3 Chirurgische Händedesinfektion .......................................................................... 8 2.5.4 Aliphatische Alkohole ......................................................................................... 10 2.5.5 Dauer und Wirksamkeit der chirurgischen Händedesinfektion .......................... 12 2.5.6 Compliance ........................................................................................................ 13 2.5.7 Zulassung und Prüfung von Händedesinfektionsmitteln .................................... 15 2.6 Nosokomiale Infektionen, Surgical Site Infections (SSI) ........................................... 16 2.6.1 Staphylococcus aureus ...................................................................................... 18 2.6.1.1 Methicillin-resistente Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ................................... 18 2.7 Handschuhe .............................................................................................................. 21 2.7.1 Nutzen und Limitationen von Handschuhen ...................................................... 21 3 Veröffentlichung ............................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Eigenanteil zur Veröffentlichung ................................................................................ 24 3.1.1 Publikation ......................................................................................................... 26 4 Diskussion ........................................................................................................................ 50 5 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................... 61 6 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 63 7 Literaturverzeichnis .......................................................................................................... 65 Danksagung .............................................................................................................................. 79 / Introduction: Hands of medical personnel are considered the most important source of pathogen transmission. Methicillin- and multiresistant strains of pathogens provide particular challenges to veterinary medicine and limit therapeutic options. Surgical hand disinfection is a major aspect of infection prevention, but basic knowledge seems to be low, even among specialized veterinary surgeons. Studies revealed that 66 % of surgeons do not adhere to established standard protocols. Besides hand disinfection, sterile surgical gloves provide an additional barrier to the transmission of bacteria. However, perforated gloves are associated with a higher risk of surgical site infections (SSI), with an SSI rate in equine surgery exceeding 60 %. Objective: The major objectives were to assess current habits for presurgical hand preparation (phase 1) among personnel in a veterinary equine hospital and to compare the effectiveness in reducing bacteria from hands with a standardized protocol (phase 2). Moreover, samples were screened for bacteria known to cause surgical site infection. The rate of glove perforation was determined, additionally. Material and methods: Individual habits were recorded with regards to the time taken for washing and disinfecting hands, the amount of disinfectant used, as well as the usage of brushes (Phase 1). In contrary to the personal habits, the applied standardized protocol (Phase 2) defined washing hands for 1 minute with liquid neutral soap without brushing and disinfection for Summary 64 3 minutes. All participants (2 surgeons, 8 clinic members, 32 students) used Sterillium® for disinfection. Total bacterial counts were determined before and after hand washing, after disinfection and after surgery. In brief, hands were immersed in 100 ml sterile phosphate-buffered saline for 1 minute and cultures were inoculated onto Columbia sheep blood agar using the spread-plate method. Bacterial colonies were manually counted. Surgical gloves were investigated for perforations after surgery using a modified water leak test. Results: Fourty-six and 41 hand disinfection preparations were carried out during phase 1 and phase 2, respectively. Individual habits differed distinctly between participants regarding the duration of handwashing (up to 8 min) and disinfection as well as the amount of disinfectant used (up to 48 ml). The duration of hand washing in phase 1 and 2 revealed no statistically significant effect on reducing bacteria. In contrary, using the standardized protocol in phase 2, reduction in bacterial numbers after disinfection was significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to current habits. The mean reduction in phase 1 was 90.72 % (LR = 3.23; right hand) and 89.97 % (LR = 3.28; left hand) compared to 98.85 % (LR = 3.29; right hand) and 98.92 % (LR = 3.47; left hand) in phase 2. Eight participants (19 %) carried MRSA (spa type t011, CC398) which is well established as a nosocomial pathogen in veterinary clinics. The isolates were further assigned to a subpopulation which is particularly associated with equine clinics (mainly t011, ST398, gentamicin-resistant). Glove perforation occurred in 54 % (surgeons) and 17 % (assistants) of gloves, respectively, with a higher number in invasive procedures and operations lasting > 60 minutes. The majority (85 %) of perforations was unnoticed by the surgical team, with index fingers and thumbs most frequently affected. Overall, bacterial numbers on hands mainly increased over time during surgery, especially when glove perforation occurred. Conclusion: Adherence to state-of-the-art standardized protocols contributes to a quantitatively higher and constant germ reduction on both hands. The implementation of a standardized hand disinfection protocol ensures a high quality of aseptic measures and is essential for the education and training of students with little surgical experience.:1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................................ 1 2 Literaturübersicht ............................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Residente und transiente Hautflora ............................................................................. 3 2.2 Asepsis und Antisepsis ............................................................................................... 4 2.3 Grundlagen und allgemeine Voraussetzungen für eine effektive Händehygiene ......... 4 2.4 Händewaschung .......................................................................................................... 5 2.4.1 Limitationen der Händewaschung ........................................................................ 5 2.5 Händedesinfektion ....................................................................................................... 6 2.5.1 Historie der Händedesinfektion ............................................................................ 6 2.5.2 Hygienische Händedesinfektion ........................................................................... 8 2.5.3 Chirurgische Händedesinfektion .......................................................................... 8 2.5.4 Aliphatische Alkohole ......................................................................................... 10 2.5.5 Dauer und Wirksamkeit der chirurgischen Händedesinfektion .......................... 12 2.5.6 Compliance ........................................................................................................ 13 2.5.7 Zulassung und Prüfung von Händedesinfektionsmitteln .................................... 15 2.6 Nosokomiale Infektionen, Surgical Site Infections (SSI) ........................................... 16 2.6.1 Staphylococcus aureus ...................................................................................... 18 2.6.1.1 Methicillin-resistente Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ................................... 18 2.7 Handschuhe .............................................................................................................. 21 2.7.1 Nutzen und Limitationen von Handschuhen ...................................................... 21 3 Veröffentlichung ............................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Eigenanteil zur Veröffentlichung ................................................................................ 24 3.1.1 Publikation ......................................................................................................... 26 4 Diskussion ........................................................................................................................ 50 5 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................... 61 6 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 63 7 Literaturverzeichnis .......................................................................................................... 65 Danksagung .............................................................................................................................. 79
68

Výpočetní simulace přenosu zvukových signálů lidským uchem / Simulation of the sound transfer via human ear

Hájek, Petr January 2014 (has links)
The presented thesis concerns the biomechanics of hearing. The main aim of this work is the determination of so called corrections which allow for the comparison of synthetic audiograms and measured audiograms. With these corrections we attempt to overcome the discrepancy that exists between the computational modelling and audiological measurement. The discrepancy lies in a fact that the computational modelling usually simulates the sound coming from a free eld to the external auditory canal, while audiological measurement is realized by audiological headphones, whether the auditory system is healthy or injured. Then corrections adjust the computational model so that the obtained result is comparable to audiological measurement. In this work is also addressed the influence of stapes kinematics to the excitation of basilar membrane. The movement of stapes consists of piston-like movement and rocking movement. The computational simulation shows which movement is more signicant for the excitation of basilar membrane and how this effect can be used in otosurgery, in particular, for type IV of tympanoplasty.
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Mécanismes de vieillissement de l'Assemblage-Membrane-Électrodes dans une pile à combustible de type PEM par approche expérimentale / Mechanisms of Membrane-Electrode-Assembly aging in PEMFC by experimental approach

Huang, Botao 17 July 2012 (has links)
Cette thèse a permis de mettre en évidence les mécanismes de vieillissement de la pile à combustible de type PEM lors de cyclages d'humidité de l'air et suite à la perforation de l'AME (Assemblage Membrane Electrodes). Premièrement, les mécanismes connus de dégradation des divers composants (membrane, catalyseur, support du catalyseur, GDL, plaques bipolaires et joints d'étanchéité) ont été présentés. Ensuite, les outils de diagnostic en-ligne (chronopotentiométrie, spectroscopie d'impédance, gestion de l'eau et analyse chimique de l'eau) et ceux hors-ligne (CV et LSV) ainsi que des analyses post-mortem (RMN, MET, MEB et DRX) ont été décrits. Expérimentalement, le cyclage en humidité de l'air a été effectué en mono-cellule de 25 cm2: le cyclage à forte humidité entraîne une perte significative de la surface électroactive du catalyseur; le cyclage à faible humidité favorise la perméation de l'hydrogène à travers la membrane. Le cyclage à faible humidité réalisé sur une pile de 100 cm2 a montré un mécanisme de dégradation différent de celui de la pile de 25 cm2: la perméation de l'hydrogène reste faible alors que la tension de la pile était de plus en plus fluctuante certainement du fait de la présence de volumes morts et de la rétention d'eau liquide dans la pile. L'effet de la perforation de l'AME a été étudié sur une pile de 100 cm2: la perforation par une punaise de 0,7 mm de diamètre ne génère qu'une légère augmentation de la perméation de l'hydrogène; la perforation par une punaise de 1,2 mm de diamètre entraîne une chute de tension et l'augmentation significative de la résistance de diffusion de l'oxygène due à la perméation importante de l'hydrogène / This thesis highlights the aging mechanisms of PEM Fuel Cell submitted to two main aging conditions: air relative humidity (RH) cycling, and MEA (Membrane Electrode Assembly) pinhole test of operation. First, the aging mechanisms of PEMFC main components (membrane, catalyst, carbon support, GDL, bipolar plates and gaskets), have been reviewed from the literature. Then the on-line diagnostic tools (chronopotentiometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, water management and water analysis), off-line ones (cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry) and post-mortem analyses (nuclear magnetic resonance, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction) have been described. Experimentally, the high and low air RH cycling runs have been carried out with a 25 cm2 single cell: the high air RH cycling run promoted serious loss of the ElectroChemical Surface Area (ECSA); the low air RH cycling run caused significant increase in hydrogen crossover. The low air RH cycling has been also performed with a 100 cm2 single cell and the aging mechanism was different from that of 25 cm2 cell: the hydrogen crossover remained very low but the fuel cell voltage exhibited strong fluctuations at the end of the run: this was attributed to the presence of dead volumes and liquid water retention within the cell. Finally, MEA pinhole effect has been investigated with a 100 cm2 single cell: the perforation by a 0.7 mm diameter pin promoted slight increase in the hydrogen crossover; the perforation by a 1.2 mm diameter pin caused significant cell voltage losses and serious increase in the cathode diffusion resistance due to significant hydrogen crossover
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Strengthening Mechanisms in Microtruss Metals

Ng, Evelyn 18 December 2012 (has links)
Microtrusses are hybrid materials composed of a three-dimensional array of struts capable of efficiently transmitting an externally applied load. The strut connectivity of microtrusses enables them to behave in a stretch-dominated fashion, allowing higher specific strength and stiffness values to be reached than conventional metal foams. While much attention has been given to the optimization of microtruss architectures, little attention has been given to the strengthening mechanisms inside the materials that make up this architecture. This thesis examines strengthening mechanisms in aluminum alloy and copper alloy microtruss systems with and without a reinforcing structural coating. C11000 microtrusses were stretch-bend fabricated for the first time; varying internal truss angles were selected in order to study the accumulating effects of plastic deformation and it was found that the mechanical performance was significantly enhanced in the presence of work hardening with the peak strength increasing by a factor of three. The C11000 microtrusses could also be significantly reinforced with sleeves of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-53wt%Fe. It was found that the strength increase from work hardening and electrodeposition were additive over the range of structures considered. The AA2024 system allowed the contribution of work hardening, precipitation hardening, and hard anodizing to be considered as interacting strengthening mechanisms. Because of the lower formability of AA2024 compared to C11000, several different perforation geometries in the starting sheet were considered in order to more effectively distribute the plastic strain during stretch-bend fabrication. A T8 condition was selected over a T6 condition because it was shown that the plastic deformation induced during the final step was sufficient to enhance precipitation kinetics allowing higher strengths to be reached, while at the same time eliminating one annealing treatment. When hard anodizing treatments were conducted on O-temper and T8 temper AA2024 truss cores, the strength increase was different for different architectures, but was nearly the same for the two parent material tempers. Finally, the question of how much microtruss strengthening can be obtained for a given amount of parent metal strengthening was addressed by examining the interaction of material and geometric parameters in a model system.

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