Au chapitre 4 de "L' Homme sans qualités", Musil présente son personnage principal, Ulrich, comme doué d'un sens du possible, qu'il définit ainsi : "L'homme qui en est doué, par exemple, ne dira pas : ici s'est produite, va se produire, doit se produire telle ou telle chose; mais il imaginera : ici pourrait, devrait se produire telle ou telle chose; et quand on lui dit d'une chose qu'elle est comme elle est, il pense qu’elle pourrait aussi bien être autre. Ainsi pourrait-on définir simplement le sens du possible comme la faculté de penser tout ce qui pourrait être "aussi bien", et de ne pas accorder plus d'importance à ce qui est qu'à ce qui n'est pas » (L''Homme sans qualités, §4). De manière générale, nous examinons ce sens du possible, dans ses différentes mises en œuvre, à l'aune des remarques conceptuelles de Wittgenstein sur la possibilité. Dans le domaine théorique, l'interprétation de la thèse de Musil sur Mach permet de montrer que, par comparaison avec la démarche scientifique, le sens du possible est la capacité à penser non seulement toutes les possibilités réelles mais aussi toutes les possibilités concevables, et ce par opposition à l'induction et à la recherche de causes. Dans le domaine de la conduite de la vie, la lecture philosophique d'un roman de Musil permet de montrer que le sens du possible est non pas la solution mais l'expression du problème de la vie juste (« comment dois-je vivre ?"). Enfin, dans une dernière partie, on rapporte le sens du possible au développement d'utopies, c'est-à-dire des vies et des hommes concevables mais pas nécessairement possibles en vertu de la réalité. / In the fourth chapter of "The Man without qualities", Robert Musil presents his main character, Ulrich, as endowed with a « sense of possibility» : "Whoever has it does not say, for instance : Here this or that has happened, will happen, must happen; but he invents : here this or that might, could or ought to happen. If he is told that something is the way it is, he will think : well, it could probably just as well be otherwise. So the sense of possibility could be defined outright as the ability to conceive of everything there might be just as well, and to attach no more importance to what it is than to what is not." (The Man without qualities, §4). ln a general way, on studies this sense of possibility, in its various applications, in relation with Wittgenstein's conceptual remarks. ln the theoretical field, the Interpretation of Musil's PhD on Mach allows to think that, by comparison with the scientific method, the sense of possibility is the ability to think not only all the real possibilities, but also the conceivable possibilities, by contrast with induction and research of causes. ln the field of the conduct of lite, the philosophical reading of the novel allows to think that the sense of possibility is not the solution but the expression of the problem of the right life. Finally, in the last part, one relates the sense of possibility to the development of utopias, of men and lifes conceivable but not necessarily possible by virtue of reality.

[pt] Este trabalho é uma investigação acerca da possibilidade de se estabelecer um fundamento objetivo do sublime a partir da estética de Friedrich Schiller. Em Kallias ou Sobre a Beleza, a sua correspondência com Gottfried Körner de janeiro a fevereiro de 1793, Schiller busca estabelecer um fundamento objetivo para a beleza, no intuito de refutar - com os próprios meios da filosofia kantiana - o conhecido argumento de Kant, segundo o qual é impossível estabelecer um fundamento objetivo para o belo. Contudo, apesar de Schiller ter desenvolvido um fundamento objetivo para o belo, ele não fez o mesmo em relação ao sublime. Desta forma, esta dissertação tem o propósito de pensar a possibilidade de se cunhar este fundamento a partir dos meios deixados pelo próprio Schiller em suas concepções sobre a beleza, constante no referido texto, sobre o sublime, presente no texto Do sublime (Para um desenvolvimento de algumas idéias kantianas) de 1793 e sobre o patético do texto Sobre o patético de 1793. No entanto, antes de investigar o que seria o fundamento objetivo do sublime, é necessário abordar a impossibilidade que Kant defende de se fundar no objeto a experiência estética e, por via de conseqüência, abordar, ainda que brevemente, o fundamento subjetivo do belo e do sublime tal como foi desenvolvido pelo autor na Crítica da Faculdade do Juízo de 1790. / [en] This work is an investigation of the possibility of establishing an objective foundation for the sublime on the basis of Friedrich Schiller s aesthetics. In Kallias or On Beauty, his correspondence with Gottfried Körner dating from January and February 1793, Schiller seeks to establish an objective foundation for the beautiful in order to refute - by means of Kantian philosophy itself - Kant s well-known argument about the impossibility of establishing an objective foundation for the beautiful. However, although Schiller developed an objective foundation for the beautiful, he did not do the same for the sublime. The present dissertation thus tries to explore the possibility of establishing the foundation of the later on the basis of Schiller s own ideas, as expressed in his discussions on beauty in Kallias, on the sublime in On the sublime (Towards a further development of some Kantian ideas) (1793) and on the pathetic in On the pathetic (1793). However, before investigating what the objective foundation of the sublime is, it is necessary to address Kant s statement of the impossibility of founding aesthetic experience on the object and, consequently, also to address, even so briefly, the discussion on the subjective foundations of the beautiful and the sublime as developed by that author in his Critique of the Faculty of Judgement (1790).

La modélisation structurée de préférences, fondée sur les notions d'indépendance préférentielle, a un potentiel énorme pour fournir des approches efficaces pour la représentation et le raisonnement sur les préférences des décideurs dans les applications de la vie réelle. Cette thèse soulève la question de la représentation des préférences par une structure graphique. Nous proposons une nouvelle lecture de réseaux possibilistes, que nous appelons p-pref nets, où les degrés de possibilité représentent des degrés de satisfaction. L'approche utilise des poids de possibilité non instanciés (appelés poids symboliques), pour définir les tables de préférences conditionnelles. Ces tables donnent naissance à des vecteurs de poids symboliques qui codent les préférences qui sont satisfaites et celles qui sont violées dans un contexte donné. Nous nous concentrons ensuite sur les aspects théoriques de la manipulation de ces vecteurs. En effet, la comparaison de ces vecteurs peut s'appuyer sur différentes méthodes: celles induites par la règle de chaînage basée sur le produit ou celle basée sur le minimum que sous-tend le réseau possibiliste, les raffinements du minimum le discrimin, ou leximin, ainsi que l'ordre Pareto, et le Pareto symétrique qui le raffine. Nous prouvons que la comparaison par produit correspond exactement au celle du Pareto symétrique et nous nous concentrons sur les avantages de ce dernier par rapport aux autres méthodes. En outre, nous montrons que l'ordre du produit est consistant avec celui obtenu en comparant des ensembles de préférences satisfaites des tables. L'image est complétée par la proposition des algorithmes d'optimisation et de dominance pour les p-pref nets. Dans ce travail, nous discutons divers outils graphiques pour la représentation des préférences. Nous nous focalisons en particulier sur les CP-nets car ils partagent la même structure graphique que les p-pref nets et sont basés sur la même nature de préférences. Nous prouvons que les ordres induits par les CP-nets ne peuvent pas contredire ceux des p-pref nets et nous avons fixé les contraintes nécessaires pour raffiner les ordres des p-pref nets afin de capturer les contraintes Ceteris Paribus des CP-nets. Cela indique que les CP-nets représentent potentiellement une sous-classe des p-pref nets avec des contraintes. Ensuite, nous fournissons une comparaison approfondie entre les différents modèles graphiques qualitatifs et quantitatifs, et les p-pref nets. Nous en déduisons que ces derniers peuvent être placés à mi- chemin entre les modèles qualitatifs et les modèles quantitatifs puisqu'ils ne nécessitent pas une instanciation complète des poids symboliques alors que des informations supplémentaires sur l'importance des poids peuvent être prises en compte. La dernière partie de ce travail est consacrée à l'extension du modèle proposé pour représenter les préférences de plusieurs agents. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons l'utilisation de réseaux possibilistes où les préférences sont de type tout ou rien et nous définissons le conditionnement dans le cas de distributions booléennes. Nous montrons par ailleurs que ces réseaux multi-agents ont une contrepartie logique utile pour vérifier la cohérence des agents. Nous expliquons les étapes principales pour transformer ces réseaux en format logique. Enfin, nous décrivons une extension pour représenter des préférences nuancées et fournissons des algorithmes pour les requêtes d'optimisation et de dominance. / Structured modeling of preference statements, grounded in the notions of preferential independence, has tremendous potential to provide efficient approaches for modeling and reasoning about decision maker preferences in real-life applications. This thesis raises the question of representing preferences through a graphical structure. We propose a new reading of possibilistic networks, that we call p-pref nets, where possibility weights represent satisfaction degrees. The approach uses non-instantiated possibility weights, which we call symbolic weights, to define conditional preference tables. These conditional preference tables give birth to vectors of symbolic weights that reflect the preferences that are satisfied and those that are violated in a considered situation. We then focus on the theoretical aspects of handling of these vectors. Indeed, the comparison of such vectors may rely on different orderings: the ones induced by the product-based, or the minimum based chain rule underlying the possibilistic network, the discrimin, or leximin refinements of the minimum- based ordering, as well as Pareto ordering, and the symmetric Pareto ordering that refines it. We prove that the product-based comparison corresponds exactly to symmetric Pareto and we focus on its assets compared to the other ordering methods. Besides, we show that productbased ordering is consistent with the ordering obtained by comparing sets of satisfied preference tables. The picture is then completed by the proposition of algorithms for handling optimization and dominance queries. In this work we discuss various graphical tools for preference representation. We shed light particularly on CP-nets since they share the same graphical structure as p-pref nets and are based on the same preference statements. We prove that the CP-net orderings cannot contradict those of the p-pref nets and we found suitable additional constraints to refine p-pref net orderings in order to capture Ceteris Paribus constraints of CP-nets. This indicates that CP-nets potentially represent a subclass of p-pref nets with constraints. Finally, we provide an thorough comparison between the different qualitative and quantitative graphical models and p-pref nets. We deduce that the latter can be positioned halfway between qualitative and quantitative models since they do not need a full instantiation of the symbolic weights while additional information about the relative strengths of these weights can be taken into account. The last part of this work is dedicated to extent the proposed model to represent multiple agents preferences. As a first step, we propose the use of possibilistic networks for representing all or nothing multiple agents preferences and define conditioning in the case of Boolean possibilities. These multiple agents networks have a logical counterpart helpful for checking agents consistency. We explain the main steps for transforming multiple agents networks into logical format. Finally, we outline an extension with priority levels of these networks and provide algorithms for handling optimization and dominance queries.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:11:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 858804 bytes, checksum: d33d0d374db2644b70b655febb7ceaa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This writing concerns the study of Leibnizs concept of the Monad. Therefore, the present work investigated the fundamental constituents which take part on such a concept. From the notions of attribute, we have perceptions, appetites and apperceptions, as well as the notions of possibility and representation that are present in the Monad, resulting in the idea of World. Such an idea also plays an important role in this writing. The idea of Monad and the idea of World generate relations and structures that were considered as well. Thus, the elements forming the process of knowledge (understanding and language) and the basic components of the Monad (e.g. the idea of substance) were studied according to Leibnizian concept of world. Furthermore, in our analysis of fundamental principles leading to a cosmological, epistemological and ontological perspective in Leibniz, we used a metaphysical approach. / Esta dissertação tem como tema o conceito de Mônada em Leibniz. No encalço desta investigação este texto trata dos constituintes fundamentais que participam deste conceito. As noções de atributo (à partir destas aparecem as percepções, apetites e apercepções); bem como a de possibilidade e representação; subsidiam na Mônada uma idéia de Mundo, outro arranque investigativo deste escrito. As idéias de Mônada e Mundo geram relações e estruturas que da mesma forma são vislumbradas. Desta forma, os elementos que dão forma ao processo do conhecimento (entendimento e linguagem), bem como os componentes essenciais da Mônada (a idéia de substância) são tratados nesta descrição acerca da concepção leibniziana de Mundo. O recorte metafísico dá o tom desta análise na busca pelos princípios fundamentais que orientam uma perspectiva cosmológica, epistemológica e ontológica em Leibniz.

Phenomenological evidence has been characterized as fulfillment of a meaning intention, comprehension that tends to assimilate evidence to fulfilled consciousness, without making justice to the essential and mutual implication of emptiness and fullness that constitutes it out of its horizontic-intentional kind. The horizon, typically configured, offers the field of possible fulfillment; that is why it can be said that evidence takes place in a consciousness of possibility, namely, a modal one, though in an originary material and not doxic or positional sense,because it is the first one that is incumbent upon relationships of fulfillment. Modality that essentially characterizes evidence does not reveal itself then in the possible modalization as positional modification of a unitary content, but in its outlined” material configuration of fullness and emptiness that gives somethingas something referring to other possibilities as moments of its own validity. / La evidencia fenomenológica ha sido caracterizada como cumplimiento de una intención mentante, comprensión que tiende a asimilar la evidencia con la conciencia plena, sin hacer justicia a la esencial implicancia mutua de vacío y plenitud que la constituye por su carácter horizóntico-intencional. El horizonte, configurado típicamente, ofrece el campo de cumplimiento posible, por lo que puede sostenerse que la evidencia tiene lugar en una conciencia de posibilidad, es decir, modal, aunque en sentido originariamente material y no dóxico o posicional, pues es el primero el que compete a las relaciones de cumplimiento. La modalidad que caracteriza esencialmente a la evidencia no se revela entonces en la modalización posible en cuanto modificación posicional de un contenido unitario, sino en su configuración material perfilada” de plenitud y vacío que da algo como algo remitiendo a otras posibilidades como momentos de su propia validez.

Ontological Mislocations', Modes of Conciousness and History: Indiscernibles, Displacement and Horizons of Possibility in the Philosophy of Arthur Danto”. In this article my purpose is to trace the links between three key elements in Arthur Danto’s philosophy: first, the capital consideration, for philosophical purposes, of human beings as ens representans, departing from the elucidation of a type of cognitive episode that Danto called basic”. Secondly,I am concerned with the recurring appeal to a plane of consciousness that supports a dual characterization in terms of the pair inside/outside and enables alogical space that is characteristic of philosophy as a reflective mode. Finally, I will treat a form of cognitive failure that Danto considered fundamental to the philosophical perspective, which leads to a specific type of restructuring of our ordinary system of beliefs. What I contend is that in Danto’s philosophical system these three elements become intelligible from the postulation of an effectual background that the author calls objective historical structure”, which is characterized in terms of the horizons of possibility and impossibility that it delineates. These figures of historical-temporal possibility and impossibility constitute the matrix of historicity itself and also contribute decisively to shaping the permanent nucleus of dantean philosophical concerns. / En el presente artículo me propongo rastrear las vinculaciones entre tres elementos cruciales en la filosofía de Arthur Danto: en primer lugar, la consideración primordial, con fines filosóficos, del ser humano como un ens representans a partir de la elucidación de un tipo de episodio cognitivo queDanto denomina básico”. En segundo lugar, me interesa la apelación recurrente a un plano de conciencia que admite una caracterización dual en términos del par adentro/afuera y que habilita un espacio lógico que es propio de la filosofía como modo reflexivo. Por último, trataré una forma de fallo cognitivo que Danto considera fundamental en la perspectiva filosófica y que conduce a un tipo específico de reestructuración de nuestro sistema ordinario de creencias. Lo que sostengo es que en el sistema filosófico de Danto estos tres elementos se vuelven inteligibles a partir de la postulación de un trasfondo efectual que el mismo autor denomina estructura histórica objetiva”, la cual está caracterizada en términosde los horizontes de posibilidad e imposibilidad que delinea. Estas figuras de la posibilidad y la imposibilidad histórico-temporal constituyen la matriz misma de la historicidad y también contribuyen decisivamente a configurar el núcleo permanente de preocupaciones filosóficas danteanas.

Orientadores: Otto Luiz Alcântara Santos, Gabriel Alves da Silva Costa Lima / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T06:06:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GutierrezSotomayor_GabrielPaulo_D.pdf: 3385823 bytes, checksum: 4b18b1db85b45c78fc076632345c8bd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A construção de poços de petróleo requer uma estimativa de custos a mais precisa possível, visando-se manter uma adequada taxa de retorno para a explotação de uma jazida. Uma variável significativa na estimativa de custos é o tempo de cada uma das operações para a construção do poço. Geralmente, a estimativa de tempos em poços complexos é associada a cenários de incerteza e conhecimento parcial de parâmetros. Um poço complexo, cujos custos chegam a superar US$ 150.000.000,00, pode ser um poço multilateral em águas profundas, um poço exploratório em águas profundas, um poço de grande extensão, ou também pode ser um poço profundo vertical ou horizontal em ambiente de sal. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia que combina diferentes tipos de incertezas na previsão de tempo de perfuração em poços complexos e compara os resultados do enfoque probabilístico, largamente usado pela indústria, com uma abordagem híbrida, isto é, uma abordagem probabilística-possibilística, para o tratamento das incertezas na estimativa do tempo de perfuração, a partir de uma base de dados de campo marítimo em águas profundas. Primeiramente, são identificadas as variáveis críticas e as incertezas a elas associadas, que são classificadas como incertezas epistêmicas ou aleatórias. A seguir estas variáveis são representadas por meio de distribuição de probabilidade e distribuição de possibilidade, sendo ambas distribuições combinadas em apenas um resultado para representar a incerteza total do tempo para perfurar um poço complexo, que é uma distribuição de possibilidade. Este trabalho discute as limitações do uso da Teoria das Probabilidades para modelar as incertezas em poços complexos e apresenta uma metodologia para tratamento das incertezas nas estimativas de tempos operacionais de perfuração de poços, no qual co-existem amostras de dados em quantidade suficiente para a geração de distribuições de probabilidades e amostras em quantidades insuficientes, onde são geradas distribuições de possibilidades / Abstract: The construction of oil wells requires a cost estimate as accurate as possible in order to maintain an adequate rate of return for the exploitation of a deposit. A significant variable in the cost estimate is the time of each operation for the construction of the well. Estimated time in complex wells generally is associated with scenarios of increased uncertainty and partial knowledge of parameters. A complex well, which costs may exceed US$ 150,000,000.00, can be a multilateral well in deep water, an exploratory well in deep water, an extend-reach well, or could also be a deep vertical/horizontal well in salt environment. Within this context, this work presents a methodology that combines different types of uncertainties, forecastes the drilling time in complex wells and compares the results of the probabilistic approach, widely used by the industry, with a hybrid approach, that is, a probabilistic-possibilistic approach, to estimate drilling time, based on an offshore deep waters database. First, it identifies the critical variables and uncertainties associated with them, which are classified as random or epistemic uncertainties. Then, these variables are represented by probability distribution and possibility distribution and both distributions are combined into a possibility distribution to represent the total uncertainty of the time to drill a complex well. This work discusses the limitations of the use of probability theory to model uncertainties in complex oilwells and presents a methodology to treat uncertainties in forecasting operational drilling time, where co-exist samples with sufficient data to generate probability distribution and samples with insufficient data to generated possibility distribution / Doutorado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Doutor em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Orientador: Emilia Wanda Rutkowski / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T17:37:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baldrighi_CintiaMaria_M.pdf: 1177345 bytes, checksum: 861557b4d6ceac36a9807158afa4a70e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Existe uma grande dinâmica nos processos industriais de uma plataforma logística com a finalidade de atender as necessidades de exportação. De acordo com essa dinâmica, torna-se necessário pensar no licenciamento ambiental de uma forma diferenciada, ao propor medidas mitigadoras e/ou compensatórias que anulem ou minimizem os impactos causados não só pela lógica imobiliária, mas também pela lógica industrial. Dessa forma, a pesquisa visa analisar as possibilidades de licenciamento ambiental de uma plataforma logística industrial utilizando como cenário a Região Metropolitana de Campinas / Abstract: There's a great dynamic for the industrial processes of a logistic platform intending to assist the necessities of exporting. According to this dynamic, it is necessary for one, to think differently to obtain an environmental license and to propose mitigation or compensation measures that void or minimize the impacts caused not only by the real estate system, but also by the industrial system. This way, the research targets analyzing the possibility of acquiring an environmental license for an industrial logistic platform using as vicinity, the metropolitan region of Campinas City / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

This thesis is an investigation into ambiguity and irony in Kierkegaard’s The Concept of Dread [Begrebet Angest]. The frequent ambiguities in Kierkegaard’s texts have been discussed by several scholars, and Kierkegaard’s interest in irony is evident not only from his master’s thesis On the Concept of Irony, but also from his other texts. The irony in Kierkegaard has especially been expounded on by Roger Poole and Jacob Bøggild, who both consider irony to be at the heart of Kierkegaardian writing. Furthermore, the ambiguity in Kierkegaard can also be considered typical for the existentialist line of philosophy in general. Finally, both of these subjects tie in to the difficult subject of Kierkegaard’s ”indirect communication”, a subject discussed at length by Poole. The investigation falls into three parts. The first part is essentially a preparation: the concepts of ambiguity and irony are introduced, as is their relation to each other, and the discussion of these pertaining to Kierkegaard is paraphrased. An introduction to Kierkegaard’s indirect communicationis also provided. The second part constitutes the main body of the thesis. This part consists of a reading of The Concept of Dread with special attention brought to the ambiguities of this text. These ambiguities are numerous and in most cases fundamental concepts in the book’s line of reason including things such as dread itself, sin, guilt and the demonic. This reading follows the basic layout of the book itself, interspersed with remarks and topics discussed by other scholars, notably Jonna Hjertström Lappalainen and Gordon Daniel Marino. At the end of this part, the ironic readings of Poole and Bøggild are discussed in relation to the more “direct” reading proposed previously. Such readings put even greater emphasis on the ambiguity, as the text in its entirety is ambiguous. The third part is a tentative discussion of the conflicting accounts of Bøggild, Poole and Hjertström Lappalainen, and an attempt at reconciling these into a coherent view of The Concept of Dread. It is argued that ambiguity, while not equatable with indirect communication, is nonetheless a necessary prerequisite for communicating without compromising the individual’s subjective and concrete experience of the human condition. Finally, the Kierkegaardian notion of absolute freedom as discussed by Hjertström Lappalainen is considered in relation to the “existential concepts” fundamental to existentialist philosophy and, once again, the necessity of ambiguity is shown. The task of the ambiguous or ironic text is then to communicate the subjective, that which cannot be grasped in language, making necessary a certain “emptiness” or openness with regards to the central concepts.

L’étude se fonde sur l’hypothèse que le possible est un critère fondateur du roman médiéval. Le corpus est donc constitué d’œuvres romanesques ou qui peuvent être considérées comme des précurseurs du roman : les chroniques de Wace, le roman antique, les romans tristaniens et les romans de Chrétien de Troyes. Ces œuvres ont été explorées suivant une double approche. La première approche, linguistique, a essayé de dégager pour trois faits de langue (futur, futur II, propositions hypothétiques) une racine sémantique et, surtout, un éventail de significations ; l’étude a permis de dégager des phénomènes stylistiques : d’une part, les auteurs peuvent se singulariser dans leur emploi des formes (on dégage alors des traits idiolectaux) ; d’autre part, certaines formes ont des emplois marqués qui peuvent, en contexte, être considérés comme expressifs. La seconde approche est littéraire ; elle permet de dégager comment ces formes linguistiques sont investies dans une œuvre. En se concentrant sur des segments brefs et saillants (formules et interventions narratoriales), il a été possible d’identifier des traits singularisant l’œuvre de chaque auteur, mais aussi des éléments spécifiques au genre du roman. En étudiant d’une manière plus large le possible, défini comme la confrontation au futur contingent, certains éléments d’ordre générique ont été dégagés. Tout d’abord, le roman motive systématiquement l’action : le possible sert à exprimer une volonté, un projet, une verbalisation initiale précédant la réalisation de l’action ; l’écriture romanesque semble insister sur l’investissement individuel dans l’accomplissement de l’acte. Ensuite, un processus se révèle au plan chronologique. En effet, toute forme de prédestination ou de fatalité s’efface progressivement dans les textes ; ceux-ci se focalisent désormais plus sur la liberté humaine. Cette focalisation se fait selon deux procédés : le premier consiste à présenter la volonté du héros comme problématique, et le second à développer le principe d’incertitude : le possible relève d’une impossibilité à saisir entièrement le réel. / This study is based on the hypothesis that possibility is an essential criterion of medieval romance. So, the corpus contains romances or works which can be considered as precursors of romance : Wace’s chronicles, the « romans antiques », tristanian romances et Chrétien de Troyes’s romances. These works had been studied in two directions. The first part of the study relies on linguistic analysis in order to identify, for three linguistic facts (future, future II and conditionnals) a semantic root and, mostly, the different significations it can have. Stylistic phenomena had been identified by doing so : first, author can have a specific way to use these forms (idiolectal facts) ; then, theses forms have marked uses which can, contextually, be considered as expressive. The second part of the study is a literary analysis, in order to see how linguistic forms are used in works. By considering brief and prominent segments (formulas and narratorial interventions), it had been possible to identify facts which differentiate each author’s works, but also facts which are specific to romance. By studying possibility at a larger scale, defined as confrontation to contingent future, generic specificities had been identified. Firstly, romance expresses systematically the motivation of the action : possibility is used to express a will, a plan, an initial verbalisation preceding the realisation of the action ; so, romance writing seems to insist on the personal implication in the accomplishment of the act. Then, from a chronological point of view, a process is at work. Indeed, all form of predestination or fatality is gradually erased in the texts ; human freedom is now the focus. This focalisation is made in two ways ; the first is the description of the hero’s will as problematic ; the second is the development of uncertainty : possibility is linked to the incapacity to apprehend completely reality.