Ce mémoire porte sur l’effet médiateur du sentiment d’urgence temporelle du chef d’équipe et du sentiment d’urgence de l’équipe entre la durée du mandat du chef d’équipe et la sécurité psychologique de l’équipe. L’effet médiateur est évalué en deux temps. Le premier est d’évaluer si un chef d’équipe en poste depuis longtemps ressentira plus ou moins d’urgence temporelle et si cette dernière aura un effet sur la sécurité psychologique de l’équipe. Le deuxième est d’évaluer si un chef d’équipe en poste depuis moins longtemps aura un effet sur l’urgence temporelle ressentie par son équipe et si cette dernière affectera la sécurité psychologique de l’équipe. Les données ayant permis cette étude ont été recueillies auprès de 1 027 vendeurs d'une entreprise de services financiers au moyen de sondages répondus de manière volontaire et confidentielle. Les résultats indiquent que la durée du mandat du chef d’équipe n’a pas d’effet direct sur la sécurité psychologique de l’équipe. Toutefois, l’effet médiateur de l’urgence temporelle du chef d’équipe et de l’équipe est confirmé. Les résultats indiquent qu’un chef d’équipe en poste depuis longtemps ressent une urgence temporelle plus grande, ce qui nuit à la sécurité psychologique de l’équipe. Les résultats montrent également qu’une équipe qui a un nouveau chef d’équipe en poste ressent une plus grande urgence temporelle, ce qui favorise la sécurité psychologique de l’équipe. Ce mémoire met donc en lumière l’importance de l’urgence temporelle du chef d’équipe et de l’équipe comme antécédent de la sécurité psychologique au sein de l’équipe ainsi que la durée du mandat du chef d’équipe. / This master’s thesis focuses on the mediating effect of the team leader's time urgency and the team's time urgency between team leader's time tenure and the team’s psychological safety. The mediating effect is assessed in two ways. The first is to assess whether a team leader with a longer time tenure will feel more or less time urgency and whether this will have a positive or negative effect on the team’s psychological safety. The second is to assess whether a team leader with a shorter team tenure will influence the time urgency felt by its team and whether the latter will have a positive or negative effect on the team’s psychological safety. The data for this study was collected from 1,027 salespeople at a financial services company through surveys that were completed voluntarily and confidentially. The results indicate that the leader’s time tenure has no direct effect on the team’s psychological safety. However, the mediating effect of the team leader’s time urgency and the team’s time urgency is confirmed. The results indicate that team leader with longer time tenure experiences greater time urgency, which has a negative effect on the team’s psychological safety. The results also show that a team that has a team leader with a shorter time tenure feels greater time urgency, which has a positive effect on the team’s psychological safety. This master’s thesis therefore highlights the importance of the team leader’s time urgency and the team’s time urgency as an antecedent of psychological safety within the team as well as the duration of the team leader's mandate.

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It is important that organisations are aware of factors that might affect the levels of well-being of employees, as employees are instrumental to the achievement of organisational goals. Well-being of employees can be conceptualised in terms of burnout and engagement. Studies have shown that different factors contribute to the employee experience of burnout and engagement. These factors include job demands and resources and psychological conditions (psychological meaningfulness, psychological availability and psychological safety). Although various studies regarding burnout and engagement can be found in literature, three research gaps have been identified from the studies. First, a reliable and valid instrument is needed to measure job demands and resources in a specific organisation. Second, given the cost of some measures of burnout, inadequacies in conceptualisation of the burnout construct and the inadequate psychometric properties of others, an inexpensive measure is needed which can be used to measure burnout in a valid and reliable way. Third, no studies seem to be found which focus on the effects of job demands and resources on burnout and engagement via specific psychological conditions (i.e. psychological meaningfulness, availability and safety). The general objective of this research therefore was to investigate the well-being of employees in a South African agricultural research organisation. It focused on job demands, job resources, burnout, work engagement and psychological conditions. The objective of the first study was to investigate the job demands and resources of employees in a South African agricultural research organisation. The study specifically examined the validity and reliability of a scale adapted to measure job demands and resources of the employees and established the prevalent job demands and resources of the employees. Differences that may exist based on the employees‟ demographic variables were also investigated. The aim of the second study was to provide an overview of current burnout measures that are used in the literature. From the literature, gaps were identified and used to develop a new Burnout Scale for use with employees within a South African agricultural research organisation. The research then examined the construct validity, reliability, construct equivalence and item bias of the newly-developed Burnout Scale. The research also investigated whether any differences in burnout existed in relation to the employees‟ demographic variables. The third study investigated the relationships between specific job demands, job resources, psychological conditions, burnout, and work engagement by testing a structural model of burnout and engagement in a sample of employees within a South African agricultural research organisation. The research method for each of the three articles consisted of a brief literature review and an empirical study. A non-probability availability sample of 443 agricultural employees was used. A cross-sectional design, with a survey as the data collection technique, was used. Measuring instruments that were utilised included an adapted Job Demands-Resources scale (AJDRS), a self-developed Burnout Scale (BS), a self-developed Work Engagement Scale (WES), an adapted Psychological Conditions Questionnaire (PCQ), and a biographical questionnaire. The statistical analyses were carried out with the help of the SPSS programme (IBM SPSS statistics, version 21) and MPLUS version 7.11 (Muthén, & Muthén 1998-2013). The statistical methods utilised in the three articles included descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha coefficients, principal factor analysis, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, MANOVA, ANOVA, differential item functioning (DIF), and structural equation modelling. Evidence was established for the factorial validity and reliability of the AJDRS. The results indicate that the job demands experienced by employees in an agricultural research organisation are: overload and job insecurity; while job resources were: organisational support, growth opportunities, control, rewards, and physical resources (equipment). It was furthermore found that there were differences in the perceived job demands and resources of employees. In addition, the BS was found to consist of three reliable factors, i.e. fatigue, emotional exhaustion/withdrawal, and cognitive weariness. The results also showed construct equivalence for the Burnout construct, and no item bias for the language groups examined. Age was found to affect the level of perceived burnout of the employees. Furthermore, job resources (growth opportunities, control, and organisational support) were found to be positively associated with engagement, while lack of resources and job demands (overload) are positively associated with burnout of employees. Psychological meaningfulness, safety and availability are positively associated with work engagement, and negatively associated with burnout. The psychological conditions of availability, safety, and meaningfulness mediated the relationship between job resources and work engagement, as well as between lack of job resources and burnout. Psychological availability and meaningfulness mediated the relationship between job demands and burnout; however, the mediation effect of psychological safety on the relationship between job demands and burnout could not be established. Recommendations are made for practice, as well as future research. / PhD (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

It is important that organisations are aware of factors that might affect the levels of well-being of employees, as employees are instrumental to the achievement of organisational goals. Well-being of employees can be conceptualised in terms of burnout and engagement. Studies have shown that different factors contribute to the employee experience of burnout and engagement. These factors include job demands and resources and psychological conditions (psychological meaningfulness, psychological availability and psychological safety). Although various studies regarding burnout and engagement can be found in literature, three research gaps have been identified from the studies. First, a reliable and valid instrument is needed to measure job demands and resources in a specific organisation. Second, given the cost of some measures of burnout, inadequacies in conceptualisation of the burnout construct and the inadequate psychometric properties of others, an inexpensive measure is needed which can be used to measure burnout in a valid and reliable way. Third, no studies seem to be found which focus on the effects of job demands and resources on burnout and engagement via specific psychological conditions (i.e. psychological meaningfulness, availability and safety). The general objective of this research therefore was to investigate the well-being of employees in a South African agricultural research organisation. It focused on job demands, job resources, burnout, work engagement and psychological conditions. The objective of the first study was to investigate the job demands and resources of employees in a South African agricultural research organisation. The study specifically examined the validity and reliability of a scale adapted to measure job demands and resources of the employees and established the prevalent job demands and resources of the employees. Differences that may exist based on the employees‟ demographic variables were also investigated. The aim of the second study was to provide an overview of current burnout measures that are used in the literature. From the literature, gaps were identified and used to develop a new Burnout Scale for use with employees within a South African agricultural research organisation. The research then examined the construct validity, reliability, construct equivalence and item bias of the newly-developed Burnout Scale. The research also investigated whether any differences in burnout existed in relation to the employees‟ demographic variables. The third study investigated the relationships between specific job demands, job resources, psychological conditions, burnout, and work engagement by testing a structural model of burnout and engagement in a sample of employees within a South African agricultural research organisation. The research method for each of the three articles consisted of a brief literature review and an empirical study. A non-probability availability sample of 443 agricultural employees was used. A cross-sectional design, with a survey as the data collection technique, was used. Measuring instruments that were utilised included an adapted Job Demands-Resources scale (AJDRS), a self-developed Burnout Scale (BS), a self-developed Work Engagement Scale (WES), an adapted Psychological Conditions Questionnaire (PCQ), and a biographical questionnaire. The statistical analyses were carried out with the help of the SPSS programme (IBM SPSS statistics, version 21) and MPLUS version 7.11 (Muthén, & Muthén 1998-2013). The statistical methods utilised in the three articles included descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha coefficients, principal factor analysis, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, MANOVA, ANOVA, differential item functioning (DIF), and structural equation modelling. Evidence was established for the factorial validity and reliability of the AJDRS. The results indicate that the job demands experienced by employees in an agricultural research organisation are: overload and job insecurity; while job resources were: organisational support, growth opportunities, control, rewards, and physical resources (equipment). It was furthermore found that there were differences in the perceived job demands and resources of employees. In addition, the BS was found to consist of three reliable factors, i.e. fatigue, emotional exhaustion/withdrawal, and cognitive weariness. The results also showed construct equivalence for the Burnout construct, and no item bias for the language groups examined. Age was found to affect the level of perceived burnout of the employees. Furthermore, job resources (growth opportunities, control, and organisational support) were found to be positively associated with engagement, while lack of resources and job demands (overload) are positively associated with burnout of employees. Psychological meaningfulness, safety and availability are positively associated with work engagement, and negatively associated with burnout. The psychological conditions of availability, safety, and meaningfulness mediated the relationship between job resources and work engagement, as well as between lack of job resources and burnout. Psychological availability and meaningfulness mediated the relationship between job demands and burnout; however, the mediation effect of psychological safety on the relationship between job demands and burnout could not be established. Recommendations are made for practice, as well as future research. / PhD (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

在全球化的背景下，企業間的競爭變得愈加劇烈，需要員工提供寶貴的意見想法，方能幫助組織成長與發展，因此瞭解員工說與不說的背後原因，便顯得更加重要。本研究以社會情緒選擇理論（socioemotional selectivity theory, SST）理論為基礎，並以兩種未來時間觀：開放式未來時間觀（open-ended future time perspective）與限制式未來時間觀（limited future time perspective）分類方式進行探討，期望進一步瞭解其對兩種員工意見表達行為：建言行為（voice behavior）與沉默行為（silence behavior）的影響效果，以及兩種調節焦點：促進性焦點（promotion focus）、預防性焦點（prevention focus）在其中所扮演的中介角色。同時，本研究探討知覺心理安全氛圍（perceived psychological safety climate）對未來時間觀與意見表達行為間關係的調節效果。本研究採問卷調查法施測，共蒐集249對員工-同事對偶樣本。研究結果顯示：（一）開放式未來時間觀與促進性建言呈顯著正相關；開放式未來時間觀與抑制性建言未具有顯著相關；限制式未來時間觀與沉默行為呈顯著正相關；（二）調節焦點並未中介未來時間觀與意見表達行為間之關係；（三）知覺心理安全氛圍並未調節未來時間觀與意見表達行為間關係。最後，針對研究結果，進一步討論理論與實務意涵、研究限制與未來研究方向。 / This study is based on the socioemotional selectivity theory (SST), and has three objectives: First, to assess the effect of future time perspective (open-ended / limited) on opinion expression behavior (voice / silence). Second, to test the mediating role of regulatory focus (promotion / prevention) in the relationship between the future time perspective and the opinion expression behavior. Third, to examine the moderating role of perceived psychological safety climate on the relationship of future time perspective and opinion expression behavior. The results collected of 249 valid dyad (employee-colleague) pair showed that (1) open-ended future time perspective was positively related to promotive voice behavior, but not to prohibitive voice behavior; limited future time perspective was positively related to silence behavior. (2) regulatory focus did not mediate the relationship between future time perspective and opinion expression behavior. (3) no support was found for the expected moderating role of perceived psychological safety climate in the future time perspective—opinion expression behavior relationship. Finally, the study’s implications for theory and practice are discussed, its limitations are identified, and directions for future research are suggested.

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The purpose of this study is to examine how male-dominated organizations approach health and safety. It seeks to create a foundation for how male-dominated organizations can respond to challenges related to health. To achieve this, semi-structured interviews have been conducted  with nine practitioners within health and safety, and we interpreted the resulting data through coding and thematizing. The analysis shows that views on health within male-dominated organizations can be sorted into salutogenic and pathogenic perspectives. Overall, there is a larger focus on safety within the field of health and safety, which may be due to male-dominated culture, stigma or a lack of knowledge regarding health and how to promote it. / Studiens syfte har varit att undersöka hur yrkesverksamma inom hälsa och säkerhet tänker kringoch arbetar med hälsa. Studien berör även frågor gällande hälsoarbetet i en mansdomineradindustri och en målsättning med studien är att tillföra en grundförståelse för hur hälsa inommansdominerade yrken kan se ut, vad för utmaningar som kan förekomma och vad förutvecklingsmöjligheter som finns. För att besvara studiens syfte har det genomförtssemistrukturerade intervjuer med nio yrkesverksamma som arbetar med hälsa och säkerhet. Detinsamlade materialet analyserades sedan med hjälp av kodning, tematisering och etttolkningsperspektiv. Tolkningen av resultatet visar att synen kring hälsa och hälsoarbete gick attdela in i både ett salutogent och patogent perspektiv. I sin helhet finns ett större fokus påsäkerhetsarbetet inom hälsa och säkerhet i byggindustrin som beror på en stark kultur kopplattill det mansdominerade yrket samt stigma och bristfällig kunskap kopplat till hälsa ochhälsoarbetet.