This essay looks at memorials and monuments raised in Finland dedicated to the civil war 1918 from both the red and the white side. The earliest memorials are from 1918 and the newest one from 1964. The difference between the two sides and the change over time is looked at through a few chosen monuments and memorials analyzed using semiotics and reception aesthetics. The use of symbols is extensive throughout the period, but the form they take, as well as their connotation, change over time, depending on the political context they are created in. They are created with different aims.

Visual Reinterpretation of National Identity in the Public Space of Mexico Visual communication in public spaces of Mexico has been significantly shaping collective identity, from pre-Columbian times to nowadays. This PhD thesis analyzes the visual aspect of cultural and religious identity in pre-Columbian and colonial eras, later, the discussion is led through the development of the modern day national identity that followed while concurrently explaining how former structural characteristics were partially maintained. Those phenomena are explored from two vantage points: that of the cultural and political elites and that of the general population. However, these perspectives aren't presented in a sharp opposition, rather, as two conjugating cultural streams that have been continuously negotiating and shaping cultural and national identity in correlation with historical and cultural events, including influence from significant others. Accordingly, the thesis explores the official version of national identity, that is promoted by state power, but also how official identity is received into intimate spaces, the everydayness of the bearers of such identity, its reinterpretation and alternatively, the rejections. Since public art (mural art, popular graphics, graffiti, stencil art and other diverse means of...

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Denna undersökning kretsar kring att lyfta offentlig konst och medborgarinflytande. Teorier och tidigare forskning som lagts fram har skapat förståelse för hur konst är ett betydelsefullt verktyg i stadsmiljön, som kan användas för att förbättra människors upplevelse av en plats. Därför är det viktigt att man inkluderar individer i framtagandet av de konstnärliga verken. Denna inkludering har undersökts i uppsatsen genom fallstudier på tre specifika konstprojekt. Två av dessa projekt valdes för att en av författarna hade deltagit i dem och kunde återberätta sin upplevelse. Dessa projekt är Street Art och Närlunda Tunneln, som utfördes av Helsingborgs stad. Det tredje projektet var den statliga satsningen Konst händer av Statens konstråd. I de kommunala projekten hittades ingen dokumentation som utförligt beskrev process och resultat. Därav utfördes intervjuer med deltagare i respektive projekt. Gällande Konst händer däremot, hittades nyanserad dokumentation som redovisade projektets process och resultat. Resultatet av studien visade att alla tre projekt inkluderat civilsamhället på olika sätt. Individerna fick vara en del av gestaltningen i både Street Art och Närlunda Tunneln. Genom intervjuerna gick det även att konstatera hur de kommunala projekten fortfarande inspirerar deltagarna än idag. Däremot är det Konst händer som har inkluderat människor i störst utsträckning, genom att låta dem påverka projektet som helhet fram tills att resultaten var nådda. Den övergripande slutsatsen som dras är att de tre projekten lyckats förhålla sig till forskningen kring offentlig konst och deltagande. Förhoppningen med studien och dess resultat är att uppmuntra till ökad medborgarinflytande i framtidens konstprojekt. / This thesis serves to elevate public art and civic influence. Theories and previous research has created an understanding of how art is a meaningful tool in the urban environment, which can be used to improve people’s experience of a place. Therefore, it is important to include people in the production of these artistic works. This inclusion has been investigated in the thesis through case studies on three specific art projects. Two of these projects were chosen as one of the authors had participated in them and was able to recount her experience. These projects are Street Art and Närlunda Tunneln, which were carried out by the municipality of Helsingborg. The third project was the state initiative Konst händer by the public art agency of Sweden. In the municipal projects, no documentation was found that described the process and results in detail. For this reason, interviews were done with participants in the respective projects. On the other hand, nuanced documentation was found that reported the process and results of Konst händer. The results of the study prove that all three projects included civil society in different ways. Individuals were a part of the design of both Street Art and Närlunda Tunneln. Through the interviews, it was further possible to ascertain how the municipal projects still inspire the participants to this today. Although, it is Konst händer that has included civic engagement to the greatest extent, by letting the people influence the project as a whole until the results were reached. The overall conclusion that is drawn is that the three projects succeeded following the research regarding public art and participation. The ambition of this study and its results is to encourage greater citizen influence in future art projects.

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La tesis defiende la necesaria aportación de las humanidades en procesos de transformación cultural hacia la sostenibilidad y, más en concreto, profundiza en los proyectos que desde el arte se están llevando a la práctica. Nos basamos en la capacidad de la creación artística para potenciar la concienciación ambiental y la transformación social, entre otras funciones, haciendo énfasis en herramientas como la empatía y la colaboración. Para mostrar este nuevo rol de los creadores en la sociedad, nos situaremos en contextos de transición a la sostenibilidad entendida en sentido amplio, así como en el Movimiento de Ciudades y Pueblos en Transición (MCT), surgido en Reino Unido en 2005. Siendo dicho país pionero en MCT, revisaremos una recopilación de casos contenidos en la publicación Playing for time. Making art as if the world mattered (Neal, 2015) y pertenecientes a la red internacional Transition Network, para centrarnos más en concreto en los ejemplos que responden a nuestros criterios de selección. Dado que la mayoría de estudios sobre la transición se centran en casos anglosajones, (Haxeltine y Seyfang 2009; Bailey et al. 2010; Aiken 2012; Neal, 2013), estableceremos un paralelismo con las iniciativas actuales de la Red de Transición en España, destacando el caso de Almócita (Almería). Por otra parte, también se analizarán propuestas artísticas al margen del MCT como Nithraid y Dundee Urban Orchard en Reino Unido y, en España, Biodivers, El Cubo Verde y Aula-R entre otras. La metodología de investigación se basa en técnicas cualitativas como encuestas y entrevistas, así como en la Investigación Acción Participativa implicándonos en algunos de los proyectos estudiados, así como en la práctica artística personal en los casos de Biodivers y Aula-R. Siguiendo a la experta en arte público Suzanne Lacy, se analizarán estas propuestas en base a la participación, la intención de los creadores, los resultados, la estética, los puntos de tensión y puntos clave, la influencia de la financiación y las funciones que desempeñan. Además comprobaremos como responden estos casos a los principios del transitional art definidos por la autora Lucy Neal (2015). Como resultado mostraremos la función del arte en el fomento de la cooperación en la comunidad local, en la celebración colectiva, en la construcción de identidad, en la revitalización del territorio, en el aumento de resiliencia, en la conexión de las personas con su entorno y como desencadenante de dinámicas de cambio, entre otras funciones. Pero también se subrayan las dificultades para hacer visible su papel, la necesidad de introducir las preocupaciones de la huella ecológica en la práctica artística y los requisitos de sostenibilidad en el campo cultural, especialmente en España. El texto contribuye así al conocimiento del MCT más allá del contexto anglosajón y a la valoración del arte como importante herramienta para el cambio cultural hacia la sostenibilidad que necesitamos. / La tesi defén la necessària aportació de les humanitats en processos de transformació cultural cap a la sostenibilitat i, més en concret, aprofundeix en els projectes que des de l'art s'estan portant a la pràctica. Ens basem en la capacitat de la creació artística per tal de potenciar la conscienciació ambiental i la transformació social, entre altres funcions, fent èmfasi en ferramentes com l'empatia i la col.laboració. Per a mostrar aquest nou rol dels creadors en la societat, ens situarem en contextos de transició a la sostenibilitat entesa en sentit ampli, així com en el Moviment de Ciutats i Pobles en Transició (MCT), sorgit en Regne Unit l'any 2005. Sent el dit país pioner en MCT, revisarem una recopilació de casos continguts en la publicació Playing for time. Making art as if the world mattered (Neal, 2015) i pertanyents a la xarxa internacional Transition Network, per a centrar-nos més en concret en els exemples que responen als nostres criteris de selecció. Atés que la majoria d'estudis sobre la transició se centren en casos anglosaxons (Haxeltine i Seyfang 2009; Bailey t'al. 2010; Aiken 2012; Neal, 2013), establirem un paral¿lelisme amb les iniciatives actuals de la Xarxa de Transició a Espanya, destacant el cas d'Almócita (Almeria). D'altra banda, també s'analitzaran propostes artístiques al marge del MCT com Nithraid i Dundee Urban Orchard en Regne Unit i, a Espanya, Biodivers, El Cubo Verde i Aula-R entre altres. La metodologia d'investigació es basa tant en tècniques qualitatives com enquestes i entrevistes, com en la Investigació Acció Participativa implicant-nos en alguns dels projectes estudiats, així com en la pràctica artística personal en els casos de Biodivers i Aula-R. Seguint l'experta en art públic Suzanne Lacy, s'analitzaran aquestes propostes basant-se en la participació, la intenció dels creadors, els resultats, l'estètica, els punts de tensió i punts clau, la influència del finançament i les funcions que exerceixen. A més comprovarem com responen aquests casos als principis del transitional art, definits per l'autora Lucy Neal (2015). Com a resultat mostrarem la funció de l'art en el foment de la cooperació en la comunitat local, en la celebració col¿lectiva, en la construcció d'identitat, en la revitalització del territori, en l'augment de resiliència, en la connexió de les persones amb el seu entorn i com a desencadenant de dinàmiques de canvi, entre altres funcions. Però també se subratllen les dificultats per a fer visible el seu paper, la necessitat d'introduir les preocupacions de l'empremta ecològica en la pràctica artística i els requisits de sostenibilitat en el camp cultural, especialment a Espanya. El text contribueix així al coneixement del MCT més enllà del context anglosaxó i a la valoració de l'art com a important ferramenta per al canvi cultural cap a la sostenibilitat que necessitem. / This thesis defends the significant contribution of the humanities in processes of cultural transformation towards sustainability and, more specifically, delves into how emerging practices in art are specifically contributing to it. We rely on the ability of artistic creation to enhance environmental awareness and social transformation, among other functions, emphasizing tools such as empathy and collaboration. To show this new role of creators in society, the research is situated in contexts of transition to sustainability understood in a broad sense, as well as in the Transition Town Movement (TTM), which emerged in the United Kingdom in 2005. Being UK a pioneer in TTM, the study will review a collection of Anglo-Saxon cases contained in the publication Playing for time. Making art as if the world mattered (Neal, 2015) and belonging to the Transition Network. It will draw on specific cases that meet our selection criteria. Given the fact that a great part of the international studies are focused on Anglo-saxon case studies, (Haxeltine and Seyfang 2009; Bailey et al., 2010; Aiken 2012; Neal, 2013), the research will develop a comparative study with the current initiatives of the Transition Network in Spain, highlighting the case of Almócita (Almería). On the other hand, artistic proposals will also be analyzed outside the TTM such as Nithraid and Dundee Urban Orchard in the United Kingdom and, in Spain, Biodivers, El Cubo Verde and Aula-R among others. The research methodology is based on qualitative techniques such as surveys and interviews, as well as on Participatory Action Research, involving myself as a researcher in some of the projects studied, as well as in personal artistic practice in the cases of Biodivers and Aula-R. Following the framework developed by the expert in public art Suzanne Lacy in her practice-led PhD (2013), these proposals will be analyzed based on the participation, the intention of the creators, the results, the aesthetics, the points of tension and key points, the influence of funding and the functions they perform. How these cases respond to the principles of transitional art defined by the author Lucy Neal (2015) will also be checked out. As a result the case studies will show how art is expanding its role with positive narratives in the field of sustainability playing a function in promoting cooperation in the local community, in the collective celebration, in the construction of identity, in the revitalization of the territory, in the increase of resilience, in the connection of people with their environment and as a trigger for dynamics of change, among others. But it also underlines the difficulties to make visible its role, the necessity to introduce ecological footprint concerns in the artistic practice and sustainability requirements in the cultural field, specially in Spain. The text thus contributes to the knowledge of the TTM beyond the Anglo-Saxon context and to the appreciation of art as an important tool for cultural change towards sustainability in order to face the biggest challenge of the 21st century: the environmental crisis. / Sánchez León, N. (2018). La función del arte en procesos de transición a la sostenibilidad: casos anglosajones y españoles [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/113603

O ESPAÇO COMO OBRA: Ações, Coletivos Artísticos e Cidade é uma reflexão a respeito dos processos de criação e impacto social das ações dos coletivos artísticos Contrafilé, Frente 3 de Fevereiro e Política do Impossível de São Paulo e GAC de Buenos Aires, que começaram a atuar em meados dos anos 1990. A dissertação foi desenvolvida a partir de diversas vozes, que se complementam e entrecruzam: uma voz narrativa, que vai apresentando descobertas feitas em minha atuação como artista no espaço urbano e que surge de uma dimensão local, inclusive íntima, chegando a uma voz mais \"reflexiva e acadêmica\"; vozes da grande mídia; as vozes dos próprios trabalhos artísticos apresentados; vozes dos coletivos, quando são utilizados como referências teóricas; e, por último, vozes de pensadores que de alguma forma influenciam o meu pensamento e o do movimento cultural do qual fazem parte as práticas urbanas aqui analisadas. O intuito é compreender como as intervenções urbanas, ao mesmo tempo, resultam e geram uma rede de afetos e significados e evidenciam a emergência de uma subjetividade política contemporânea que passa, necessariamente, por discutir e concretizar políticas de representação, relação, subjetivação e modos de vida alternativos aos impostos pelo neoliberalismo. Interessa, portanto, pensar como acontece e toma corpo a potência crítica situada deste tipo de resistência, configurando formas atuais do fazer político no contexto específico e complexo da cidade como escala e espaço referencial. O estudo se desenvolve como uma investigação ativa e participante de diversos trabalhos realizados pelos coletivos e através da qual me interessa observar essas ações/intervenções em seu poder disruptivo, ou seja, em sua capacidade de presentificar acontecimentos que de alguma forma desestabilizem representações sociais e sensações prévias. E que, ao evidenciar a possibilidade de fazê-lo, trazem à tona um saber circulatório que difunde a imagem produzida em situação representação direta e a experiência do \"público\" como obra. / The Space as theWork:Actions, Art Collectives and City is a reflection on creation processes and social impact of actions carried out by art collectives Contrafilé, Frente 3 de Fevereiro and Política do Impossível dfrom São Pauloe, as well as GAC Buenos Aires. These collectives have began work in the 1990\'s. The dissertation stems from multiple voices, which cross over and complement each other: a narrative voice that unravel discoveries made in my work as an artist in the urban space, emerging from a local and also intimate dimension, arriving at a \"more reflexive and academic\" voice; voices of the mainstream media; voices of the works studied; voices of the collectives, when they are mobilised as theoretical refeb rences and, lastly, voices of the thinkers who somehow influenced my thinking and voices of the cultural movement of which the urban practices under scrutiny are part of. The aim is to understand how the urban interventions at once result from and generate a network of affects and meanings, as they render evident the emergence of a contemporary political subjectivity. This subjectivity necessarily involves discussing and carrying out a politics of representation, relation, subjectivation and modes of life alternative to those imposed by neoliberalism. Under this light, the dissertation seeks to think how the critical potency situated in this kind of resistance can be embodied and takes place at all, configuring current forms of political making, in the specific and complex context of the city as scale and as referential space. This study developed as an active and participating investigation of several works carried out by the collectives. I seek to observe the actions/interventions in their disruptive power, i.e., in their capacity to render present events that somehow destabilise social representations and previous sensations. And which, as they evidence the possibility of being carried out, they bring to the surface a circulatory knowledge that diffuses the image produced in situation direct representation and the experience of the \"public\" as work.

O ESPAÇO COMO OBRA: Ações, Coletivos Artísticos e Cidade é uma reflexão a respeito dos processos de criação e impacto social das ações dos coletivos artísticos Contrafilé, Frente 3 de Fevereiro e Política do Impossível de São Paulo e GAC de Buenos Aires, que começaram a atuar em meados dos anos 1990. A dissertação foi desenvolvida a partir de diversas vozes, que se complementam e entrecruzam: uma voz narrativa, que vai apresentando descobertas feitas em minha atuação como artista no espaço urbano e que surge de uma dimensão local, inclusive íntima, chegando a uma voz mais \"reflexiva e acadêmica\"; vozes da grande mídia; as vozes dos próprios trabalhos artísticos apresentados; vozes dos coletivos, quando são utilizados como referências teóricas; e, por último, vozes de pensadores que de alguma forma influenciam o meu pensamento e o do movimento cultural do qual fazem parte as práticas urbanas aqui analisadas. O intuito é compreender como as intervenções urbanas, ao mesmo tempo, resultam e geram uma rede de afetos e significados e evidenciam a emergência de uma subjetividade política contemporânea que passa, necessariamente, por discutir e concretizar políticas de representação, relação, subjetivação e modos de vida alternativos aos impostos pelo neoliberalismo. Interessa, portanto, pensar como acontece e toma corpo a potência crítica situada deste tipo de resistência, configurando formas atuais do fazer político no contexto específico e complexo da cidade como escala e espaço referencial. O estudo se desenvolve como uma investigação ativa e participante de diversos trabalhos realizados pelos coletivos e através da qual me interessa observar essas ações/intervenções em seu poder disruptivo, ou seja, em sua capacidade de presentificar acontecimentos que de alguma forma desestabilizem representações sociais e sensações prévias. E que, ao evidenciar a possibilidade de fazê-lo, trazem à tona um saber circulatório que difunde a imagem produzida em situação representação direta e a experiência do \"público\" como obra. / The Space as theWork:Actions, Art Collectives and City is a reflection on creation processes and social impact of actions carried out by art collectives Contrafilé, Frente 3 de Fevereiro and Política do Impossível dfrom São Pauloe, as well as GAC Buenos Aires. These collectives have began work in the 1990\'s. The dissertation stems from multiple voices, which cross over and complement each other: a narrative voice that unravel discoveries made in my work as an artist in the urban space, emerging from a local and also intimate dimension, arriving at a \"more reflexive and academic\" voice; voices of the mainstream media; voices of the works studied; voices of the collectives, when they are mobilised as theoretical refeb rences and, lastly, voices of the thinkers who somehow influenced my thinking and voices of the cultural movement of which the urban practices under scrutiny are part of. The aim is to understand how the urban interventions at once result from and generate a network of affects and meanings, as they render evident the emergence of a contemporary political subjectivity. This subjectivity necessarily involves discussing and carrying out a politics of representation, relation, subjectivation and modes of life alternative to those imposed by neoliberalism. Under this light, the dissertation seeks to think how the critical potency situated in this kind of resistance can be embodied and takes place at all, configuring current forms of political making, in the specific and complex context of the city as scale and as referential space. This study developed as an active and participating investigation of several works carried out by the collectives. I seek to observe the actions/interventions in their disruptive power, i.e., in their capacity to render present events that somehow destabilise social representations and previous sensations. And which, as they evidence the possibility of being carried out, they bring to the surface a circulatory knowledge that diffuses the image produced in situation direct representation and the experience of the \"public\" as work.

Between 1960 and 1992, American artist George Tsutakawa (1910 – 1997) created more than sixty fountain sculptures for publicly accessible sites in the U.S., Canada, and Japan. The vast majority were made by shaping sheet bronze into geometric and organically inspired abstract forms, often arranged around a vertical axis. Though postwar modernist artistic production and the issues it raises have been widely interrogated since the 1970s, and public art has been a major area of study since about 1980, Tsutakawa's fountains present a major intervention in North America's urban fabric that is not well-documented and remains almost completely untheorized. In addition to playing a key role in Seattle's development as an internationally recognized leader in public art, my dissertation argues that these works provide early evidence of a linked concern with nature and spirituality that has come to be understood as characteristic of the Pacific Northwest. Tsutakawa was born in Seattle, but raised and educated primarily in Japan prior to training as an artist at the University of Washington, then teaching in UW's Schools of Art and Architecture. His complicated personal history, which in World War II included being drafted into the U.S. army, while family members were interned and their property confiscated, led art historian Gervais Reed to declare that Tsutakawa was aligned with neither Japan nor America – that he and his art existed somewhere in-between. There is much truth in Reed's statement; however, artistically, such dualistic assessments deny the rich interplay of cultural allusions in Tsutakawa's fountains. Major inspirations included the Cubist sculpture of Alexander Archipenko, Himalayan stone cairns, Japanese heraldic emblems, First Nations carvings, and Bauhaus theory. Focusing on the early commissions, completed during the 1960s, my study examines the artist's debts to intercultural networks of artistic exchange – between North America, Asia, and Europe – operative in the early and mid-twentieth century, and in some cases before. I argue that, with his fountain sculptures, this Japanese American artist sought to integrate and balance such binaries as nature/culture, intuition/reason, and spiritual/material, which have long served to support the construction of East and West as opposed conceptual categories. / Graduate