In examining the role of the �legal rule� in Indonesian law, and in particular environmental law related to water quality management, this thesis questions the often expressed view that laws in Indonesia are sound, they merely fail to be implemented. It proposes that this appraisal of the situation does not take a sufficiently deep assessment and that a cause for non-implementation lies within the drafting of the laws themselves. It is argued that the ineffective system for environmental protection in Indonesia can be related to a failure to recognise the role of the �legal rule� in environmental law. A proposition presented in this thesis is that the arrangements for environmental law making in Indonesia lacks a strong rule foundation and, for this reason, it is not capable of producing shared understandings by lawmakers about producing and reproducing environmental law as legal sub-system. Another central proposition is that Indonesian environmental law has a form and style, which negates the role of the legal rule in environmental management and control. Despite the changes brought by reformasi, the central position of the legal rule in environmental law and, indeed, the necessary rule foundation to the development of the legal system, has yet to achieve full recognition. If this situation is related to the system of water quality management and pollution control in Indonesia, it can be seen that environmental improvement will not be achieved until underlying issues concerning the structure, form and style of environmental law making are addressed.

<p>In this study, I have examined the previous Social Democratic government’s communication with the voters, focusing on its promises during election campaigns, and the presentation of achieved results. The theories used are the mandate- and sanction theory; the first focuses on voters comparing manifestos to find the most agreeable, whilst the latter concentrates on voters evaluation the work of the previous government, to either discharge or support it. For the sanction theory to work, voters must have the necessary information to evaluate the government in progress. The question is; did the previous government provide the voters with such information?</p><p>This has been done through scrutinizing the Social Democrats’ election manifestos that was used between 1994 and 2006, to examine what the party promised to achieve in economics and the labor market. Furthermore, I have studied the official statistics, provided by Statistiska Centralbyrån, to see whether the government fulfilled these promises, and if they provide the voters with the results of these promises.</p><p>The study shows that the Social Democrats display a lack of result presentation to the voters; neither the promise that was fulfilled, nor the ones the party failed to achieve were properly accounted for. This makes it more difficult for voters to evaluate the government’s performance, which poses a threat to the representative democracy; voters must be able to assess the governments, so that they may execute sanctions and remove the government from office when unsatisfied.</p>

Que se passe-t-il si une preuve pénale a été recueillie en violation de la loi ou sans respecter les règles de procédure et les principes généraux? Est-il possible ou interdit d'utiliser cette preuve en justice ? Voici une question délicate et compliquée qui a déjà fait couler beaucoup d'encre. La preuve illégale, qui a fait l’objet d’innombrables débats, demeure à ce jour discutable et n’est pas encore tranchée. L’action pénale ou publique vise à élucider la vérité. Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire d’avoir une preuve confirmant la commission de l’infraction et son attribution à son auteur. La recherche de la preuve pénale est assujettie au principe de la liberté de la preuve. Toutefois,la liberté de la preuve et la recherche de la preuve pénale n’est pas une liberté absolue et illimitée, car il est indispensable de concilier l’intérêt de la société pour l’élucidation de l’infraction et son auteur afin d’aboutir à la vérité,d’une part, pour mettre en oeuvre le droit de l’État de recourir à la peine.D’autre part, il est interdit la mise à profit des moyens de preuve qui constituent une atteinte à la liberté des individus et à leur sécurité corporelle sous couvert de la liberté de preuve. A cet effet, la théorie de la légalité de la preuve pénale a vu le jour car l’élucidation de la vérité ne peut avoir lieu par l’utilisation d’un moyen illégal dans un État de droit. Le principe de la légalité de la preuve pénale est, en fait, un principe négligé dans la loi (le droit). De plus, des doutes sont émis à propos de son existence réelle dans le système juridique. La présente étude ambitionne d’affirmer et de confirmer l’existence du principe de légalité de la preuve pénale en droit libanais et français à travers la définition d’un concept précis et stable du principe de légalité de la preuve pénale et l’étude de sa relation avec le principe de loyauté de la preuve pénale et la mise en exergue des différents aspects caractérisant le principe de légalité de la preuve, le principe de loyauté de la preuve et le degré de leur corrélation ; d’où la nécessité de distinguer la preuve illégale moyennant la définition d’un concept précis de la preuve illégale dans la preuve pénale, en recouvrant toutes les violations des règles substantielles,des règles procédurales et tous les moyens de preuve illégaux. Après la définition du principe de légalité de la preuve pénale et la notion de la preuve illégale, nous passons dans la présente étude à la recherche de l’exécution ou l’application pratique du principe de légalité de la preuve pénale au Liban et en France. Partant de ce principe, nous avons tenté d’apporter une contribution rigoureuse à la confirmation de l’existence du principe de légalité de la preuve pénale, ainsi que la démonstration de sa valeur légale en droit libanais et français. Par la suite, nous avons étudié le sort de cette preuve illégale et l’évaluation des systèmes de nullité adoptés au Liban et en France, le degré de leur efficacité et la mise en oeuvre effective du principe de légalité de la preuve pour répondre à la problématique principale de cette étude, c’est-à-dire que le principe de légalité de la preuve pénale correspond à un vif besoin qui impose un appui législatif au Liban et en France afin de consacrer la mise en oeuvre effective de ce principe. La consécration législative du principe de légalité de la preuve pénale avec une sanction procédurale innovante constitue le seul moyen de vaincre la position de la jurisprudence, laquelle s’efforce d’affaiblir le principe de légalité de la preuve pénale et de marginaliser ce principe. D’où la nécessité urgente et indispensable d’innover une nouvelle technique et des outils juridiques qui permettent d’exclure la preuve illégale. / What happens if a criminal evidence has been obtained in violation of law orwith disregard for the procedural rules and the general principles? Is itpossible or forbidden to use such an evidence in court? This constitutes,indeed, a complicated and a tricky question that has already been widelydiscussed. The illegal evidence, which was subject to many debates, remainsstill questionable and not yet solved. The criminal or public action aims atclarifying the truth. Therefore, it is necessary to have an evidence to confirmthe commission of offence and its imputation to its perpetrator. The searchfor criminal evidence is subject to the principle of freedom of evidence. Yet,the freedom of evidence and the search for the criminal evidence is not anabsolute and unrestricted freedom, for it is vital to reconcile the society’sinterest in order to clear the offence and its perpetrator to reach the truth, inthe one hand, and to implement the right of the State to resort to punishment.Besides, it is prohibited to put to use the forms of evidence which representan infringement of freedom of individuals and their personal safety under thefreedom of proof. To that end, the theory of legality of criminal evidence sawthe light of the day since the clarification of the truth cannot happen throughthe use of an illegal means in a State of law.The principle of legality of criminal evidence is, basically, a principleneglected in the law. Moreover, there are some doubts as far as its realexistence in the legal system is concerned. This very study is aimed forasserting and confirming that the principle of legality of criminal evidenceexists, indeed, both in the Lebanese and French laws through the definitionof a specific and stable concept of the principle of legality of criminalevidence, the study of its relationship with the principle of loyalty of criminalevidence in addition to the emphasis on the various aspects characterizingthe principle of legality of evidence, the principle of loyalty of evidence andthe level of their interrelationship ; hence the need for distinguishing illegalevidence via the definition of a specific concept of illegal evidence in thecriminal evidence, by covering the whole violations of substantive rules,procedural rules as well as all forms of illegal evidence. After the definition ofthe principle of legality of criminal evidence and the concept of illegalevidence, we move on, in this study, to the search for the implementation orthe practical application of the principle of legality of criminal evidence inLebanon and France. Based on this principle, we have tried to bring a strictcontribution to the confirmation that the principle of legality of criminalevidence exists indeed, besides, we have proved its legal value in theLebanese and French laws. Afterwards, we have examined the destiny ofthis illegal evidence and the assessment of systems of invalidity adopted inLebanon and France, the level of their efficiency and the effectiveimplementation of the principle of legality of evidence so as to answer themain issue of this study, otherwise said the principle of legality of criminalevidence meets a vital need that requires a legislative support in Lebanonand France in a bid to devote the effective implementation of this principle.The legislative recognition of the principle of legality of criminal evidence withan innovative procedural sanction is the only means for convincing thestance of jurisprudence, which strives for weakening the principle of criminalevidence and for marginalizing it. Thus, there is an urgent and vital need forinnovating a new technique and legal tools likely to exclude illegal evidence.

O objetivo desta dissertação é demonstrar que a responsabilidade civil aquiliana, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, tem como pressuposto fundamental a causação de dano injusto. Esse objetivo justifica-se porque existem posições doutrinárias, conhecidas como direito de danos, que defendem a desnecessidade do dano injusto para que seja deflagrada a estrutura de responsabilização civil. Analisam-se, para tanto, a estrutura e a finalidade da responsabilidade civil, bem como o seu enquadramento no sistema jurídico brasileiro. / The aim of this dissertation is to show that the non-contractual civil liability in the Brazilian legal order has as a fundamental presupposition the causation of the unfair damage. This aim is justifiable because there are doctrinaire opinion, known as damage law, that advocate the unnecessariness of the unfair damage to be triggered the structure of civil liability. It analyzes, therefore, the structure and the goal of the civil liability, as well as its fitting into the Brazilian legal system.

O presente trabalho teve por finalidade dissertar sobre o tema das normas jurídicas tributárias sancionadoras, estudo elaborado sob a perspectiva da teoria geral do direito. Isto porque, apesar da recente proliferação das previsões sancionatórias com gênese no descumprimento direito ou indireto de normas jurídicas tributárias, são escassos os trabalhos científicos aprofundados a tratar do tema. Poucas investigações lhe definem um conceito, discorrem sobre sua estrutura enquanto homogeneidade sintática, estabelecem limites objetivos à sua imputação aos contribuintes ou se voltam a propor repartições do tema em categorias de estudo, entre outras das tarefas a que se dedicaria uma pesquisa generalizante. Desta forma, esta dissertação objetivou organizar e sistematizar os estudos científicos sobre o tema de forma coerente e harmônica, aprofundando-os naquilo que possível. Para tal, após definir seu conceito, delimitando o objeto das pesquisas, cuidou do histórico, das finalidades e dos veículos introdutores destas normas, providências respectivamente necessárias a apontar quais foram as suas origens histórico-normativas e qual foi seu percurso evolutivo, a que finalidades mediata e imediata se prestam e quais são os instrumentos capazes de veicularem suas previsões gerais e abstratas e individuais e concretas no repertório do ordenamento jurídico. Em sequência, tratou-se de classificar as sanções que elas veiculam, identificando as características comuns que possibilitam agrupá-las para fins didáticos de pesquisa, para depois expor em detalhes suas espécies mais recorrentes. O momento seguinte foi dedicado a definir a regra-matriz de incidência destas normas, investigação necessária à compreensão de sua homogeneidade sintática. E, por fim, tratou-se dos limites à instituição e à aplicação destas normas, cuidando da heterogeneidade semântica destas normas ao fornecer subsídios ao legislador e ao aplicador do Direito nos seus respectivos labores de criá-las e de positivá-las, finalizando-se o trabalho pelas derradeiras conclusões. / This paper aims to study and discuss the issue of punitive tax legal standards, a study commissioned by the prospect of General Theory of Law. Despite the recent proliferation of sanctioning forecasts with its genesis in the right tax or indirect breach of legal rules, there are few scientific studies to address the issue in-depth. Only few investigations will define a concept, discuss about its structure as syntactic homogeneity, set goals to its limits or charging taxpayers turn to propose allocations of topic categories in the study, among other tasks to which they devote one generalizing research. In this way, this thesis aimed to organize and systematize the scientific studies on the subject in a coherent and harmonious way, deepening them as much as possible. To this end, after defining the concept and the object of this research, this paper took care of the historic, of the purposes and of the vehicles responsible for introducing the legal standards, measures that were necessary to, respectively, point out which were its historical-normative origins and its evolutionary path, and, also, which were its mediate and immediate purposes and the instruments capable to transmit its abstract and general and also specific and concrete previsions in the repertoire of legal forecasts. In sequence, the penalties transmitted by these standards were classified, making possible for the identification of common characteristics that enable the allocation of these standards in groups for educational research purposes, and then spell out in detail their most frequent species. The next moment was dedicated to define the main rule of incidence of these standards, necessary investigation for the understanding of its syntactic homogeneity investigation. Finally, this paper took care of the limits to the institution and implementation of these standards by providing subsidies to the legislator and to the enforcer of law for their respective labors of creation and positivization of these standards, ending this work with the conclusions.

Le Liban possède un système original et spécifique tenant à son histoire et la société libanaise est une société pluraliste constituée de communautés différentes, ayant chacune sa tradition, ses croyances, son organisation propre. Ce pluralisme imprègne les diverses structures de l’État, fondées sur l’équilibre de la représentation des communautés. Il rejaillit aussi sur son système juridique, qui cherche à préserver les identités des communautés, essentiellement dans les matières du statut personnel où les attributions traditionnelles des autorités religieuses sont reconnues par l’État et assurées de l’efficacité civile. Cependant, le pluralisme religieux et la prégnance du religieux en matière de statut personnel sont considérés « comme un anachronisme, comme un frein retardant la croissance de l’État et la réalisation de l’unité de la nation ». Ainsi, dans une même cause et pour les mêmes motifs, les habitants d’un même pays, le Liban, sont différemment jugés, et quelquefois d’une manière contradictoire aussi, pour le seul fait qu’ils appartiennent à telle confession religieuse et non à telle autre. Alors en droit matrimonial, le divorce, pour les mêmes motifs, peut être légitimement accordé pour les uns et légitimement dénié pour les autres. En outre, « fondés sur des vérités souvent révélées, les droits religieux seraient incapables de véhiculer les réformes qu’appelle la société moderne », notamment la libéralisation du droit de divorce qui ne retient explicitement que le divorce-sanction et implicitement le divorce-remède pour cause de maladie uniquement. La confrontation des droits de la famille du divorce – libanais et français - permettra de faire ressortir les différences qui les opposent ainsi que les principes qui les sous-tendent et d’apercevoir dans quel sens et dans quelle mesure une réforme du droit libanais du divorce est possible à la lumière du droit français du divorce, droit civil qui a connu une libéralisation de la conception du divorce. / Lebanon is known for its original and specific system relevant to its history and the Lebanese society is a pluralistic society made up of different communities, each having its own traditions, beliefs and organization. This pluralism permeates the various structures of the State, based on the balance of representation of communities. It also reflects on its legal system, which seeks to preserve the communities’ identities, mainly in matters of personal status where the traditional powers of the religious authorities are recognized by the State and ensured by civil effectiveness. However, religious pluralism and the prevalence of the religious in terms of civil status are considered "as an anachronism, as a brake retarding the growth of the State and the realization of the unity of the Nation". Thus, for the same cause and for the same reasons, the inhabitants of the same country, Lebanon, are judged differently, and sometimes in a contradictory manner as well, for the sole fact that they belong to such a religion and not to another. In marriage law, divorce, for the same reasons, may be legitimately granted to some and legitimately denied to others. Moreover, "based on truths often revealed, religious rights would be incapable of conveying the reforms that modern society calls for", in particular the liberalization of the right of divorce which explicitly retains only divorce-sanction and implicitly divorce-remedy due to illness only. The confrontation of the family rights of the divorce - Lebanese and French - will make it possible to highlight the differences which oppose them and the principles that underlie them and to see in what sense and to what extent a reform of the Lebanese law of the divorce is possible in the light of the French law of divorce, the civil law which has liberalized the conception of divorce.

1 Summary Topic of this Master's thesis are sanctions for breaches of obligations of participants of labor law relationships. The first and the second chapter focus on the introduction into researched issue of legal sanctions. The author defines basic concepts which are relevant for the thesis. Then the author deals with the definition of the legal sanction and analyzes the relationship between the legal sanction and the legal liability. The author furthermore explains the basic behavior of the legal sanction and its significance. The third chapter follows on term definition from the first part of the thesis. It consists of brief interpretation of chosen private law sanctions in the labour law. It presents sanctions as nullity of legal act, relative inefficacy of legal act, limitation of actions and preclusion and liability. The main part of this thesis focuses on liability of employee for damage. The fourth chapter describes the division of labour law liability into different kinds. It also introduces the issue of liability for damage. In the fifth chapter the author introduces the employee liability in context of legal sanctions and a detailed explanation of the valid legal regulation of employee liability for damage. It focuses on the General Liability, Liability for Non-Fulfilment of the Duty to Prevent...

Domestic violence is an important problem in theory and in practical context. It is a serious social concern with high level of latency and this is why we still need to talk about it. An each family member, can be a victim in most of cases women are victims. This thesis also focuses on male victims of spousal violence. A violence is different for each of these groups which is described in this thesis. This thesis is divided into seven chapters. The introductory chapter is focused on the historical context of domestic violence. This chapter analyses the status of the victim and also deals with new convention of Council of Europe - Action against violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul convention). The second chapter explains what the domestic violence is and types and characters does it have. It is impossible giving a precise definition of phenomenon domestic violence. On the other hand, we can find attempts to define the domestic violence and some of these are mentioned in this chapter. Domestic violence tends to be cyclical when the periods of calm, tension and violence alternate, which is also decribed in this chapter. In the third chapter are described individual forms of violence: physical, psychological, sexual and economic. These forms include lots of instances of violence. This...

摘要 本文之目的即從懲戒角度探索會計師事務所總、分所之審計品質差異。本文採用 2010~2015年中國大陸上市公司數據，通過實證迴歸得出了以下結論：從中國大陸本土“八大”、“十二大”來看，本文發現總所之會計師審計品質更高，被監管機關懲戒之可能性更低，這與本文之預期相符。同時，研究發現“十二大”會計師事務所總所之會計師在懲戒後改善效果比分所好。 / Abstract The objective of this thesis is to examine whether audit quality, measured as the auditor sanction likelihood, differs across auditors from headquarter office and those from other branch offices. Using a sample of listed firm in China during 2010 and 2015, my paper provides the following empirical findings. First, focusing on Big 8 or Big 12, I find that auditor from headquarter office have greater audit quality and, thus, are less likely to be sanctioned by regulatory agency or professional body, consistent with my hypothesis. Meanwhile, analyses reveal that auditors from headquarter office improve auditor quality more than those from branch office in the post-sanction period for a sub sample of firm-years audited by Big 12.

The theoretical part of the diploma thesis is focused on the definition of accounting information, namely the financial statements and annual reports. Attention is also paid to the accounting principles and requirements which are placed in preparation and publication of financial statements, then the possible sanctions threatened in the event of default this legal responsibility. The practical part is focused on companies that the financial statements and annual reports not published. The practical part is based on own research of the commercial register and the questionnaire research.