The study was conducted to investigate the effects of an introduction to psychology course on college students' superstitions and beliefs which have some scientific sanction. The test used was selected from H. K. Nixon's 1925 study on answers to psychological questions and considers 30 statements to be marked true or false. Subjects used for this study were 100 men and 100 women students in a beginning psychology course at Utah State University, Logan, Utah. The first administration of the questionnaire was given during the first week of the class with a follow-up administration given during the final week of class. The raw scores earned by each student on the questionnaire of beliefs and superstitions were treated with the chi square method of statistical analysis. One statistically significant change occurred at the 1 percent level--the course altered or influenced the belief in the superstition that long slender hands indicate an artistic nature. There appears to be little effect of a beginning psychology course in changing the superstitions and beliefs in beginning psychology students.

Zugl.: Mannheim, Univ., Diss., 2009.

Traditionnellement, l’obligation se définit comme le lien de droit par lequel nous sommes astreints envers autrui à donner, faire ou ne pas faire quelque chose. Cette définition classique, admise par tous, ne serait juste que parce qu’elle nous vient directement du droit romain.L’argument historique ne résiste pas, cependant, à une étude attentive. L’obligation romaine n’est pas l’obligation que nous connaissons. Les romains ont vu dans l’obligation un pur lien de contrainte, centré sur la personne du débiteur, mais ils ont totalement ignoré l’aspect « droit personnel » de l’obligation moderne. La notion que nous employons aujourd’hui provient de la rencontre, contemporaine du XVIème siècle, entre la tradition romaine et l’idée de droit subjectif. Sauf que ces deux éléments historiques, l’un normatif, l’autre subjectif, ont été réduits à l’unité par la doctrine du XIXème siècle. Pour elle, la dette – le vinculum juris – et la créance – le droit subjectif – ne sont que deux angles différents sous lesquels observer le même objet :l’obligation. Dette et créance, séparées uniquement par une différence de point de vue, se présentent ainsi comme le revers et l’avers d’une même médaille.Cette présentation n’est pas tenable. Dette et créance présentent, plus qu’une simple différence de point de vue,une véritable différence de nature. La première est une norme, qui se situe en tant que telle sur le plan du droit objectif. La seconde est un droit personnel, qui appartient au monde des droits subjectifs. Autrement dit, la structure de l’obligation est binaire : elle se compose de deux éléments indissociables, dont la nature juridique ne peut être réduite à l’unité. En droit positif, cette approche néoclassique de la notion d’obligation permet de pacifier les rapports que l’obligation entretient avec sa sanction, et permet une simplification assez sensible de phénomènes juridique aussi divers que la date de naissance des créances contractuelles, la cession de créance, la cession de dette, la délégation, la compensation, la confusion, ou la remise de dette. / Traditionally, obligation is defined as the legal relationship whereby we are forced to others to give, to do or notto do something. This classical definition, conceded by everyone, would be right only because it directly comesfrom roman law.The historical argument doesn’t resist, yet, to a careful study. The roman obligation is not the obligation we areused to. Romans saw in the obligation a pure link of constraint, focused on the debtor, but they totally ignoredthe “personal right” aspect of the modern obligation. The notion we are using today proceeds from acontemporary meet (sixteenth century) between roman tradition and the subjective right idea. Excepted that, inthe nineteenth century, the doctrine decided to reduce these two historical elements, one normative, the othersubjective, to one thing. According to it, the debt (vinculum juris) and the claim (subjective right) are two sidesof the same object : the obligation.This presentation is not tenable. Debt and claim involve more than a difference of angle. There nature is deeplydifferent. The first one is a norm which belongs to objective right whereas the second one belongs to subjectiveright. In other words, the obligation is binary : it is made up of two indivisible elements and their nature cannotbe seen as one. In positive law, this neo-classic approach of obligation allows to ease the relationships betweenthe obligation and its sanction, and allows to simplify some juridical events such as assignment of claims,delegation, set-off, merger or remission of debt.

In accordance to the Swedish Act on Discrimination, chapter 5 section 1, a person that violates the forbidden discriminartiongrounds has to pay for the damages in order to compensate the victim for the damage the action caused. Since the Swedish Legal System is controlled by EU-law it is of importance to interpret some of EU directives on discrimination within the Swedish Act. The directives statues that all sanctions on discrimination should be effective, proportionate and dissuasive. The aim of this thesis is to investigate discrimination compensation as a non profit replacement especially regarding the harassment of women. The compensation comprises of an amount of money and came in year 2009 as a new form of sanction for discrimination in Sweden. It has two purposes, to compensate the individual for the violation and to prevent discrimination in society. The Labour Court has interpreted the sanction differently compared to the Supreme Court, where the assessments are more based on statements from the legislature. The investigated practice from the Labour Court shows that the compensation for women is pretty much the same, even if talking about different actions. It does not seem like the judges has discussed the exposure of women which the author means could help fullfilling the aim with the compensation, to prevent discrimination.

Sanctioning of legal persons Abstract The criminal liability of legal persons was introduced into the legal system of Czech republic by the Act no. 418/2011 Coll., Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Persons and Proceedings against them which came into effect on the 1st of January 2012. It is a problematic that was highly debated even before the respective law was created and its introduction into the legal system was closely followed by most of our experts in the field of criminal law. We can still see a big interest in how this problematic functions to this day, more than 8 years after its adoption. This interest became the main motivation for the creation of this thesis. This thesis focuses mainly on the 3rd part of the above stated Act which means it concetrates on the individual sanctions applicable in relation to legal persons and how they are being used in the decision-making process of the courts of Czech republic. The demonstrate these outcomes a statistic of sanctions applied against legal persons was created. This statistic then serves as a basis for authors conclusions in relation to individual sanctoins as well as a more complex conclusions regarding the whole problematic of sanctioning of legal persons in Czech republic. There were many sources used in order to create this thesis such as...

No description available.

Dans l’opinion courante, la sanction est souvent assimilée à sa fonction répressive. Mais sanctionner, c’est aussi amender le fautif, et déduire des implications concrètes aux différentes formes d'engagement, dont les règles. Ces finalités, peu explorées par la littérature gestionnaire, sont pourtant plus en phase avec les préoccupations actuelles. Susciter l’amendement du fautif est une réponse aux difficultés de mobilisation et d'engagement des individus. Déduire des réalités opérationnelles des différentes formes d'engagement est essentiel aux efficacités collectives. On réalise alors que la sanction peut être l'occasion de progrès, en particulier quand la déviance devient un processus (Reynaud, l 997, p. 36). C'est cependant à la condition que les entreprises apprennent à sanctionner, non pour contraindre, mais pour restituer les coopérations. La sanction ne peut plus être réduite à une demande de soumission, elle doit devenir le lieu d'un apprentissage. C'est ce que suggèrent les apports des Théories de la Régulation Sociale (TRS) et des Apprentissages Organisationnels (TAO). Les liens qu'atteste la TRS entre conflit, négociation et règles engagent à renouveler les modalités de sanctionner pour des mesures programmatiques assorties de pratiques probatoires. Quant aux obstacles aux apprentissages organisationnels démontrés par la T.A.O, ils conduisent à envisager la sanction comme un projet, construit à partir des données de l'enquête disciplinaire, des aveux du fautif et des dires des managers. / The common understanding of a sanction is frequently associated with its repressive function. To sanction, however, is also to reform the offender and undermined the real implications of various types of commitment including rules. Yet these ultimate aims, rarely exploited by managerial theory, are more relevant to present-day concerns. Arousing the desire to reform the offender provides a solution to the difficulty individuals experience in taking action and engaging. It is essential for the sake of collective efficiency to draw conclusions from the operational realities of different types of commitment. In doing so, it becomes evident that a sanction can be the opportunity for progress, particularly when deviance becomes a process (Reynaud. 1997. P. 36). It is dependent, nevertheless, on companies learning to sanction, not as a constraint, but as a means of encouraging greater cooperation. A sanction can no longer be considered merely a demand for obedience, it must become a base for learning. The Social Regulation Theories (TRS) and Organisational learning Processes (TAO) make such a case. The links between conflict, negotiation and rules borne out by the TRS encourage the renewal of sanctioning methods in favour of programmed measures in conjunction with probationary practices. As for the barriers to organisational learning processes proven by the TAO, they lead co envisaging a sanction as a project that is built on the results of a disciplinary enquiry, admissions of the offender and managers' statement.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-06T21:26:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Vinicius Da Silva Machado.pdf: 616228 bytes, checksum: ed6aa9a9b2a2c332e065c42871f35652 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-06T21:26:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Vinicius Da Silva Machado.pdf: 616228 bytes, checksum: ed6aa9a9b2a2c332e065c42871f35652 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-18 / The purpose of this dissertation is the demonstration that Company/enterprise in developing its activity and legitimate pursuit of profits, performs benefit materializing the idea of social function, are entitled to a different legal treatment, even in regard to the principle of material equality. Thus, the company entered into to the market environment, realizes the need for humanitarian achievements, social and distributional prestacional in return acts in pursuit of excellence and primacy to he market by adopting pratices not very convenient at the prestacional and welfare time, but grounded in interpretation of the law. Throughout the development of the survey was presented the model sanctions premials as a possible solution, a remedy against inequality, to conduct the company the imprint prestacionals practices to achieve a greater collective good: the common good. / O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é a demonstração de que a Empresa no desenvolver de suas atividades e na busca legítima do lucro, realiza prestações sociais concretizando a ideia de função social, fazendo jus a um tratamento jurídico diferenciado, em respeito ao princípio da igualdade material. Desta forma, a Empresa inserida no ambiente de mercado, percebe a necessidade de realizações de caráter humanitário, social, distributivo e prestacional, em contrapartida atua na busca por sua excelência e primazia perante o mercado adotando práticas não muito convenientes ao momento prestacional e assistencial, mas calcado na interpretação da lei. Ao longo do desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi apresentado o modelo de sanções premiais como uma possível solução, um remédio contra as desigualdades, para conduzir a empresa a práticas de cunho prestacionais objetivando alcançar um bem coletivo maior: o bem comum.

Le principal reproche qui est adressé au droit international est la faiblesse de ses mécanismes de sanctions. Pour cette raison, plusieurs penseurs juridiques ont conclu que le droit international n'existait pas. Le présent mémoire vise donc à étudier la rhétorique derrière cette affirmation et à examiner sa validité. Pour ce faire, nous analysons dans un premier temps la relation entre la sanction et le droit à travers le cadre positiviste du XIXe siècle. Nous étudions tour à tour les soi-disant critères constitutifs de la sanction. Nous les comparons avec d'autres ordres non juridiques pour ensuite rejeter le postulat positiviste qui fait de la contrainte et de la centralisation des pouvoirs les éléments essentiels de la sanction. Nous étudions ensuite le cadre d'adoption des sanctions économiques du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. Cette étape nous permet d'expliquer les principales faiblesses et limitations du droit international. Parmi celles-ci, le manque de coopération internationale, le droit de veto et le principe de la souveraineté nationale sont les éléments qui freinent l'adoption des sanctions coopération internationale. Nous examinons ensuite les objectifs derrière l'imposition des sanctions ainsi que leur efficacité. Finalement, nous étudions les embargos en général et les embargos sur les armes. Cette étude nous permet d'une part de démontrer les effets des sanctions économiques sur la population civile et sur les États tiers. D'autre part, elle nous permet de mieux comprendre les problèmes relatifs à l'administration d'une sanction, ainsi qu'aux mesures de contournement des interdictions. / The fundamental criticism addressed to internationallaw denounces the weaknesses of its sanctions mechanisms. For this reason, severallegal thinkers conc1uded to the inexistence of international law. The present text studies the rhetoric behind this statement and examines its validity. To do so, we analyze in the first place the relationship between sanction and law through the positivist framework of the XIXth Century. We examine in turn the so-called fundamental elements of sanction. We compare these elements with different non-Iegal orders so that we can ultimately reject the positivist theory according to which coercion and centralization ofpower are the fundamental elements of sanction. Chapter II examines the United Nations Security Council framework for adopting economic sanctions. This step allows us to underline the main sources ofweaknesses and limitations of internationallaw. In this respect we observe that the lack of international cooperation is the major weakness of internationallaw. Furthermore, an analysis of the relevant dispositions of the United Nations Charter shows that the veto right and the principle of international sovereignty are two elements that hamper international cooperation. We then study the objectives behind the adoption of sanctions as well as their effectiveness. Finally, we study general embargoes as well as arms embargos. This inquiry allows us to focus on the effects of economic sanctions on both civilians and third States. It also helps us understand the problems with regard to the administration of a sanction, as well as the ways to bypass the prohibitions.

RÉSUMELe Mali étant une ancienne colonie française, il y a de fortes ressemblances entre les deux droits au niveau de la définition de sanctions applicables notamment la requalification du contrat de travail, la nullité du contrat de travail. Mais l'application des sanctions dans ces deux pays ne se fait pas de la même manière. Cela s'explique par des raisons sociales, culturelles et économiques. Pour illustrer les points de convergences et de divergences entre ces deux législations, il nous a été nécessaire d'analyser les sanctions civiles, administratives et pénales dans les deux pays sur la base de l'étude en entier du droit du travail français d'avant la réforme de la loi du 13 juillet 1973 portant sur le contrôle de la cause réelle et sérieuse du licenciement jusqu'à nos jours notamment la loi du 28 juin 2008 sur la modernisation du marché du travail avec l'exemple de l'article L.1237-11 portant la rupture conventionnelle du contrat de travailDe cette comparaison, il m'a paru pertinent de faire des suggestions pour améliorer le droit du travail malien à l'image du droit français tout en l'adaptant l'avant projet unique de l'O.H.A.D.A sur le droit du travail africain à cause du développement du marché économique et social du monde et de la place qu'y occupe en Afrique de l'Ouest. Par ce que notre code du travail date de 1992 et que depuis cette date aucune reforme importante n'a été opérée. / The punishment in labor lawSUMMARYMy thesis relates to the study of the right Malian compared to the law the labour French. Mali being an old French colony, there are strong resemblances between the two rights to the level of the definition of applicable sanctions. But the application of the sanctions in these two countries is not made same manner. That is explained for corporate names, cultural and economic. To illustrate the points of convergences and divergences between these two rights, it was necessary to us to analyze the civil sanctions, administrative and penal in the two countries on the basis of in entirety of the law the labour French of before the reform of the law of bearing 13 July 1973 on the control of the real and serious cause of the dismissal until our days in particular the law of June 28 2008 studies on the modernization of the labour market with the example of the article L 1237-11 bearing conventional rupture of the contract of employmentOf this comparison, it appeared relevant to me to make suggestions to improve the law the labour Malian to the image of the French right all while adapting it preparatory project single of the O.H.A.D.A on the law the labour African because of the development of the economic and social market of the world and the place that y occupies in West Africa. By what our fair labor standards act goes back to 1992 and which since this date no reforms significant was not operated.