Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier la façon dont les individus vivent ensemble et développent des relations ancrées dans un contexte international. Ces espaces sont marqués par une densité importante de situations d’interaction au jour le jour, où l’imprévisibilité est constante. Observer l’évolution des acteurs dans ces situations problématiques où ils disposent de peu d’habitudes, de standards, de manières d’être et de faire prédéfinies, permet d’apprécier le développement de leurs compétences d’innovation et d’ajustement et notamment de suivre la constitution d’un ordre d’interaction. Pour cela, j’ai mené trois enquêtes ethnographiques comparatives dans trois résidences universitaires internationales : deux Maisons Internationales en France (Fondation Ulysse à la Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris) et aux États-Unis (l’International House) et une troisième dans une Graduate House au Canada. Ces trois terrains sont relativement similaires sur plusieurs points : la population y est constituée d'étudiants diplômés de licence de différents domaines d'études, avec une forte proportion d'étudiants étrangers et internationaux ; les conditions de vie sont également comparables (cuisines collectives et sanitaires, salles communes, organisation d'une vie communautaire [community life]). Par ailleurs, les deux premières maisons portent un programme institutionnel similaire, activant une idéologie internationaliste. Leur comparaison et celle avec la troisième résidence universitaire permettra de saisir différentes ingénieries institutionnelles, parties prenantes dans la production d’une normativité pratique. Après avoir présenté les terrains, les méthodes et l’objet d’étude (chapitre introductif), nous suivrons plusieurs questions qui ont émergé sur les terrains d’enquête : la temporalité des sociabilités au cours d’un séjour (chapitre 1) le passage de relations d’anonymes aux relations ancrées (chapitre 2), la coproduction d’un ordre d’interaction, d’une idioculture et d’un ordre social (chapitre 3), une réflexion autour des commérages (chapitre 4) et enfin une réflexion sur les ingénieries institutionnelles et leurs engagements dans les sociabilités des résidents et leur normativité pratique (chapitre 5). En somme, cette recherche contribue aux travaux en sociologie et en micropolitique des sociabilités, en sociologie des petits groupes, en sociologie des réseaux personnels et en sociologie de la communication. / My thesis aims to study how people live together and develop relationships in an international context. These situations are marked by the fact that nobody masters beforehand these collective settings; indeed, they are marked by interactional unpredictability. How do individuals manage to live together, when they share almost no common rules, and no pre-defined shared ways of being? How do they develop personal relationships, and end by building up affinity relationships? What kind of skills of understanding and evaluation, innovation and adjustment, do they have to activate? In order to get a better knowledge of such situations, since 2011, I have conducted three ethnographic fieldworks: two in International Houses in France (Fondation Ulysse at the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris) and the United States, and a third one in a Graduate House in Canada. These three residences have relatively similar general settings: the population is graduate students from different fields of study, with a large proportion of foreign and international students, also the living conditions are comparable (collective kitchens and sanitary facilities, communal rooms, organization of a community life). In addition, the first two residences carry a similar institutional project, advocating an internationalist ideology. The comparison between these houses, and with the Canadian residence, will allow us to grasp the institutional engineerings and the practical normativity coproduced by current residents in each house. After introducing the fieldworks, the methods and the research questions (introductionnary chapter), we will study several questions which emerged from the surveys: the temporality of sociabilities during a stay in student residency (chapter 1), the passage of anonymous relationships to anchored relationships (chapter 2), the co-production of an order of interaction, of an idioculture and of a social order (chapter 3), a reflection on gossip (chapter 4) and finally a study on institutional engineering and their engagement towards residents’ sociabilities and their practical normativity (chapter 5). In sum, this research contributes to sociology and micropolitics of sociability, sociology of small groups, sociology of social networks, and sociology of communication.

[pt] Este estudo visa a contribuir, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, para a discussão em torno da possibilidade de uma releitura do fenômeno jurídico à luz de uma crítica às concepções constitutivas do paradigma moderno. Ao longo da formação e da trajetória do direito estatal na sociedade moderna, o pensamento jurídico foi se fechando na significação lógico-identitária da razão instrumental. Distante dessa metafísica do direito, a postulação daquilo que podemos denominar direito como obra reclama o reconhecimento da auto-produção histórica do homem e da vida social, com as tensões próprias que se originam nesse processo. Portanto, criatividade e sociabilidade são noções que se entrelaçam como pano de fundo da presente investigação, tornando possível que a pesquisa avance também na tentativa de resgatar a sensibilidade como fator operativo do real. Produzida no interior de um campo empírico específico, o saber psicanalítico nos auxilia a fundamentar uma determinada perspectiva sobre os vínculos humanos. Através de um diálogo entre Hobbes, Rousseau, Freud e Winnicott nos foi possível reconhecer não somente a indissociabilidade entre processo de socialização e processo de subjetivação, como postular que, na emergência de subjetividades individuais e coletivas, podem ser criadas as condições para a reinvenção de uma cultura jurídica emancipatória. / [en] The present study is an attempt to contribute, through bibliographical research, to the debate on the possible interpretations of the juridical phenomena. It intends to achieve its goal based on a critical view of the very conceptions that constitute the modern paradigm. As the state legal frame took shape in modern society, juridical thinking limited itself to the identitarian logic signification and the instrumental reason behind it. Apart from this metaphysics of law, the defense of what we may call law as craftsmanship demands the acknowledgement that man and his social life are historical product of men themselves, as are the tensions that emerge during this process. Therefore creativity and sociability are notions that intertwine to form the background of the present investigation. Thus this research is expected to contribute to the reintroduction of sensibility as an aspect that also participate in the construction of operative reality. Originated within a specific empiric field, psychoanalytic knowledge is part of the support needed to ground any given conception of human binding. The voices of Hobbes, Rousseau, Freud and Winnicott in constant dialogue allowed us to perceive not only how the process of socialization and the process of civilization are entangled, but also to argue that conditions to reinvent an emancipating legal culture might be created as collective and individual subjectivities emerge.

Unsocialized stray dogs live unrestrained in urban areas, having limited to no direct contact with humans. Aggressive behaviour towards humans leads to their apprehension to shelters, where they tend to stay permanently. This study aimed to determine if unsocialized stray dogs could be rehabilitated and develop the social skills needed for adoption. Six unsocialized stray dogs (Group Stray) and 12 socialized dogs (C1: Control Group 1, n=6; C2: Control Group 2, n=6) housed in a shelter were selected. Stray and C2 dogs went through two training phases: social rehabilitation towards humans and leash training. Sociability towards humans and behaviour on a leash were tested in all groups following Valsecchi et al. (2011). Sociability Tests (ST) and Leash Tests (LT) were conducted before any intervention (ST1), after sociability training (ST2, LT1) and after leash training (ST3, LT2). Training sessions and tests were video recorded and posteriorly analysed by four observers. Results showed that for Stray, but not for C1 and C2, there was a significant increase in sociability from ST1 to ST3. Moreover, for Stray Group there was a significant decrease in the frequency of fear-related behaviours between ST1 and ST3. For leash behaviour, no significant changes were found from LT1 to LT2 for neither group. However, there was considerable individual variation, as not all strays overcame their extreme fear towards humans. These findings suggest that dog­–human interactions can be improved through training for dogs who do not show extreme fear and/or aggression towards humans.

This study explores the social and cultural implications of photography and metadata crowdsourcing at the level of smaller communities as a means of preserving, rekindling, and representing local culture. A multiple case study approach is used, each case focusing on various instances of photography crowdsourcing both in and outside the digital environment, in order to quantitatively analyse a hand-picked selection of photographic material, its respective metadata, and the social ecosystem. The study finds that by circulating photographic material within their communities of provenance, the information crowdsourced differs from institutional metadata standards, as communities evaluate the material through its socially embeddedness, its ability to be evocative of a collective memory, and as an active means of reclaiming identities. Crowdsourcing activities of the sort are an alternative means of record making, not bound by issues of copyright or ownership. By taking into account the unique experiences and identities of non-centric communities, the gap between GLAMs and non-affiliated projects can enrich national cultural heritage and possibly reevaluate the importance of the photograph as a socially salient and relevant medium.

[pt] Esta pesquisa explora a importância do botequim como um espaço vital para grupos historicamente marginalizados, proporcionando modos de vida alternativos e um sentimento de pertencimento ao bairro, às ruas e à cidade. Também destaca a conexão entre o botequim e a dimensão urbana, uma vez que constitui um lugar de encontro e ocupação em uma cidade cada vez mais segregada. Busca-se ampliar a discussão sobre a literatura que aborda o botequim, sua relação com o território e as formas de sociabilidade, bem como suas implicações para a autonomia do indivíduo e várias formas de opressão, além do impacto das políticas urbanas e culturais. A pesquisa também visa apontar para uma reflexão crítica a respeito da implementação de políticas culturais no Rio de Janeiro, onde a patrimonialização do botequim parece estar sujeita à lógica do neoliberalismo urbano. / [en] This research explores the significance of the botequim as a vital space for historically marginalized groups, providing alternative ways of living and a sense of belonging to the neighborhood, streets, and the city. It also highlights the connection between the botequim and the urban dimension, as it constitutes a meeting place and occupation in a city that is becoming increasingly segregated. The study aims to broaden the discussion on literature that addresses the botequim, its relationship with the territory and forms of sociability, as well as its implications for the individual s autonomy and various forms of oppression, in addition to the impact of urban and cultural policies. The research also aims to prompt a critical reflection on the implementation of cultural policies in Rio de Janeiro, where the heritage recognition of the botequim seems to be subject to the logic of urban neoliberalism.

Children with language impairment (LI) often demonstrate difficulties in social communication. Although a number of general social communication interventions have been suggested, there is relatively little work done to examine the efficacy of these interventions for school-age children with LI, and none reported to target general emotional competence. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on teacher perception of an intervention designed to improve emotion understanding. The intervention was centered on the presentation and use of children's stories to introduce and practice aspects of emotion understanding. The withdrawn and sociable subscales of the Teacher Behavior Rating Scale (TBRS) were selected as variables on which to measure teacher perception. Following treatment five of the six participants scored higher ratings of prosocial behavior, with two demonstrating overall reductions in withdrawn behavior and increases in sociable behavior. For one of these participants, the reported progress was notable. The most positive indicator of change following treatment was the reduction in solitary-active withdrawal behavior reported for three of the participants. A reduction in this type of behavior would most likely have an important impact on the quality of social interactions experienced by these individuals.

The purpose of this research study was to use the Technology Acceptance Model (Pan, 2003) for re-examination of the relationships between students' attitude toward the use of WebCT and the relevance of the actual usage in light of social presence and sociability. By using Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) developed by F. Davis (1989), this study focused on variables such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, computer self-efficacy, subjective norms, attitude and actual use of WebCT to account for the effect towards the achievement in the exam which is an outcome variable. The data were collected over three different time periods during the spring semester of 2007 to find how these results changed over time. The participants were the students who enrolled in the business marketing course (Principle of marketing) at the University of Central Florida in spring, 2007. The course was divided to three sections: on-campus, video-streaming and online classes. Although there were three different delivery methods, there was only one instructor and they used same material for all sections so the results were used to compare the differences from three classes. The study was conducted by using instruments to measure perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, computer self-efficacy, subjective norms, actual use, attitude, sociability, social presence and an additional demographic instrument.

Sociability is an individual’s tendency to associate with conspecifics in a non-aggressive manner. Sociability can manifest in the formation of social groups that can reduce predation risk and increase feeding success. Studies of social behaviour in insects are typically through the lens of classically know social insects, however many insect species that have been long thought as non-social have been shown to exhibit social behaviour, in particular Drosophila. A previous experiment evolved lineages of high and low sociable fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) following 25 generations of artificial selection, after which RNA and DNA was extracted and sequenced. The main goal of this thesis was to integrate analyses of differential gene expression, transcript usage and population genomics to investigate the genetic architecture of sociability in Drosophila. I developed a pipeline to perform differential gene expression analysis by modelling gene expression using a generalized linear mixed-effect model. Here I found a total of 327 genes differentially expressed and 174 genes differentially expressed between the low and high sociable lineages. Next, I developed a pipeline to perform differential transcript usage analysis using a generalized linear mixed-effect model to model transcript usage. I found 619 genes to have transcripts with differential usage and 190 genes to have transcripts with differential usage between the low and high sociable lineages. Lastly, I developed a pipeline for population genomics to identify regions of the genome under selection. I identified genes that are likely under selection and the overlap between these genes and genes/transcripts found to be differentially expressed/used. Overall, I identified potential genes that are involved in the genetic architecture of sociability and can be further candidate tested. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

<p>Numerous studies have suggested that shyness and sociability may be orthogonal personality traits, each of which are associated with distinct behavioural and psychophysiological correlates. Shyness has been linked to a variety of adverse mental health outcomes, and individuals who are high on both shyness and sociability (conflicted subtype) may be particularly at risk. The current study first aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (RCBSS; Cheek, 1983) before examining the moderating influence of sociability on shyness in relation to psychological and psychosomatic functioning. The internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and convergent/discriminant validity of the RCBSS was assessed using a sample of 152 university students, a subset of whom were tested 6 months later. Results provided support for the strong internal consistency and short- and long-term stability of the measure, as well as its convergent, divergent, and predictive validity.</p> <p>A significant shy X social interaction was found for the Bodily Preoccupations (BP) subscale of the Illness Attitudes Scale (IAS; Kellner, 1986, 1987). In particular, BP scores were significantly higher for the high shy-high social group than the low shy-high social group. This finding suggests that the conflicted subtype can be distinguished not only on behavioural and psychophysiological dimensions but also on the psychosomatic level. This result extends prior research and lends further evidence towards the notion that the treatment of shyness as a multidimensional construct, rather than a unitary construct, accounts for additional variance in psychosomatic outcomes in different types of shy and socially withdrawn individuals. Accordingly, this knowledge may better inform treatment in some cases of extreme shyness in which people are socially withdrawn and inhibited for different reasons.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Le terme Tamurt revêt, dans la culture berbère (amazigh), plusieurs acceptions : il désigne couramment un ensemble de personnes possédant la même identité, une région ou un territoire structuré par la même langue, la même origine, mais aussi ce qui a trait à la terre, au paysage ou à l’espace et ce qui est présent dans une même entité : les valeurs, les traditions ou les systèmes d’organisation.Les proverbes kabyles illustrent bien cette polysémie et ont encore, de nos jours, toute leur place dans la vie quotidienne des habitants du village de Tifrit Nait Oumalek, situé dans les monts d’Akfadou près de Tizi-Ouzou. La monographie que nous avons réalisée, prenant appui sur un travail d’enquête qui associe observations in situ, entretiens semi-directifs et questionnaires, se propose d’éclairer – à travers l’analyse des processus de transmission et d’identification – les rapports à la tradition et à la modernité.La relecture de la poésie mohandienne et des écrits, plus contemporains, de Mouloud Feraoun, de Mouloud Mammeri ou de Aït Menguellet, enrichit la discussion et permet de mieux appréhender la problématique de l’oralité, de la symbolisation et des dynamiques intergénérationnelles. / The term Tamurt in the Berber (Amazigh) culture is endowed with many acceptances : it habitually designates a set of people possessing the same identity, a region or territory structured by the same language, and the same origin ; it is also related to the land, landscape or space and to what is present in the same entity : the values, traditions, or systems of organization.The Kabyl proverbs illustrate this polysemy in a good way and they still at this time and age have their entire place in the every day life of the inhabitants of Tifrit Nait Oumalek village situated in the Akfadou Mount near Tizi-Ouzou . The monography that we have realised supported by a survey that associates in situ observations, semi-directive interviews, and questionnaires suggests to clarify, through the analysis of the processes of transmission and identification, the relations with tradition and modernity.The rereading of the Mohandien poetry and that of the more contemporary writings of Mouloud Feraoun, Mouloud Mammeri, or Ait Menguellet enriches the discussion and permits to better apprehend the question of orality, symbolism, and intergeneration dynamics.