In this mini-dissertation, the main aim is to investigate and to describe the representation of gender identity in the four short stories in Mmualebe (A.M. Malope). It also implies developing a critique of the representation of gender identity in the four short stories of Mmualebe; comparing traditionalism and modernity with regard to the representation of gender identity; describing possible responses of the implied readers (male and female) with regard to reception aesthetics and developmental psychology; and to supply the variants and constants regarding the representation of gender identity in the four short stories of Mmualebe. In developing a critique of the representation of gender identity, some important literary techniques are used. Through these techniques, the role of the conflict between traditionalism and modernity regarding the representation of gender identity is determined. In general, it is evident that all theories used in this study, when integrated, can help with the development of a positive gender identity. Men and women need to be made aware of gender equality and equity and at the same time not to abuse their gender rights. / Thesis (M.A. (African Languages))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003

This thesis illuminates meaning(s) of religion in a Swedish radical nationalist context. The empirical study is based on a critical text analysis of author Jonas De Geer, key ideology producer of Swedish radical nationalism. The research questions concern how the publications of Jonas De Geer, during the period 1996-2016, address issues related to religion and Christian imagery. The primary aim of the thesis – to study how the concept of religion is understood, negotiated and used in a Swedish radical nationalist context – is enunciated through an examination of how identity and antagonists are construed through the notions of religion in the material, and how these concepts change over time. An applied text analysis, informed by critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, constitutes the methodological framework of the study. The empirical analysis suggests that Christianity and national identity are construed as intertwined and natural, while Judaism is portrayed as the primary antagonist. Additionally, Islam and modernist ideals are depicted as weapons used by Jewish influence to dominate the West. Drawing on these empirical implications, the study concludes that religion functions as a racist configuration in De Geer's symbolic universe.

Les monuments de Hué sont inscrits sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l’humanité par l’UNESCO depuis 1993. Ils contribuent, par leur histoire même, au rachat d’une guerre qui a aussi été fratricide. La patrimonialisation des constructions impériales entrent dans une politique de construction de l’identité nationale par la culture et le lieu où l’unité vietnamienne s’est la première fois unifiée. La demande de l’organisation internationale qui porte désormais sur le « paysage culturel » suit la même orientation en valorisant ce qui devient une iconographie territoriale. L’extension du patrimoine au « paysage culturel » inclut nécessairement les « maisons-jardin » qui, outre les monuments impériaux, font la gloire d’une culture de Hué très subtile, à la fois élevée et modeste. La continuité de la nature à l’habitat est assurée par le jardin ordonné selon les règles de la géomancie. Mais les maisons-jardin ne sont plus, pour la majorité de leurs habitants, les résidences des mandarins, des artistes et des musiciens de cours. L’histoire est passée par là, provoquant une tension qui a pu être politique (idéologique), qui est sociale et économique assurément. Le discours traditionnaliste qui s’est réveillé autour de l’opération de patrimonialisation visant une « capitale féodale orientale » (ICOMOS, sic, n’est pas sans trouver contradiction dans la réalité contemporaine de l’habitat. Comment peut-on habiter le patrimoine et échapper à la seule vocation touristique qui conduit au musée ou au folklore. C’est à quoi cette thèse tente de répondre. / Hue monuments are inscribed on the List of World Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO since 1993. They contribute through their own history, to the redemption of a war which was also fratricide. The heritage of imperial city fall into a policy of building national identity through culture and the place where the Vietnamese unit was first unified. The request of the international organization that is now on the "cultural landscape" follows the same orientation valuing what becomes a territorial iconography. The extension of the heritage "cultural landscape" necessarily includes "garden houses" which, besides the imperial monuments, are the glory of a culture of Hue subtle, both high and low. Continuity of nature to housing is provided by the garden ordered according to the rules of geomancy. But the houses are no longer the homes of mandarins, artists and musicians for the majority of their inhabitants. The story has been through it, causing a voltage which could be political (ideological), which is certainly social and economic. Traditionalist discourse who woke up around the operation of heritage to a "feudal capital Oriental" (ICOMOS, sic) is not without contradiction found in contemporary reality of the habitat. How can live heritage and escape the single leading tourist or museum folklore. This is what this thesis seeks to answer.

Entre 1808 e 1814, a monarquia hispânica foi acometida por uma grande crise. O território peninsular espanhol foi ocupado por tropas francesas e, com isso, o legítimo monarca espanhol, Fernando VII, foi sequestrado por ordem de Napoleão Bonaparte e o trono hispânico passou para as mãos do irmão do imperador francês, José Bonaparte. Como consequência desses fatos, a crise do Antigo Regime espanhol foi acelerada por uma série de eventos intimamente ligada à ocupação francesa. A resistência espanhola, após as vicissitudes dos embates contra os franceses, organizou-se na cidade de Cádis, onde as mais diversas forças políticas se uniram para combater o inimigo francês e reorganizar os vínculos com os territórios do ultramar. Nesse sentido, durante os anos iniciais do século XIX espanhol, ao mesmo tempo em que se configurava uma nova Espanha, com características modernas através, entre outros motivos, do debate constitucional existente nas Cortes de Cádis (1810- 1814) , o império hispânico era acometido pelos primeiros levantes autonomistas americanos. No ano de 1810, foram convocadas Cortes, que deveriam contar com a presença de representantes escolhidos pelos americanos. Naquele mesmo ano, os deputados eleitos, tanto na península como no ultramar, para as Cortes reunidas em Cádis iniciaram o processo de debate constitucional que, em 1812, culminou no texto da Constituição de Cádis. Essa pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar como os grupos tradicionalistas, identificados como servis, viram o processo de crise do império hispânico por meio da publicação de dois periódicos editados ao longo dos anos de 1811 a 1815, buscando compreender como a crise do império hispânico foi apresentada nesses jornais. A categoria servil surgiu, nos debates públicos realizados na imprensa, para qualificar os opositores dos liberais espanhóis. Servis e liberais defenderam, na maior parte das vezes, posições distintas tanto nas Cortes quanto na imprensa. O grupo antiliberal estava ligado ao tradicionalismo espanhol e era contrário às transformações sugeridas pelos liberais. Diante disso, serão analisados dois periódicos classificados como servis: El Censor General e El Procurador General de la Nación y del Rey, buscando sistematizar as nuances existentes entre os servis a partir da problemática americana. / Between 1808 and 1814, the Spanish Monarchy faced a great crisis. The peninsular territory was occupied by French troops, thereby Napoleon Bonaparte kidnapped the legitimate Spanish monarch, Ferdinand VII, and placed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne. Consequently, the crisis of the Ancient Regime in Spain was hastened by a sequence of events closely related to the French occupation. The Spanish resistance, following the circumstances of the conflict against the french, gathered in the city of Cádiz, where a diversity of political forces were united to fight the french enemy and reorganize the bonds with the ultramarine dominion. Therefore, during the first years of the 19th century, while a new Spain was taking shape, developing modern characteristics through, among other means, the constitutional debate in the Cádiz Cortes (1810-1814) , the Spanish empire was shaken by the first American autonomist revolts. In 1810, the Cortes were summoned up, and they should consider the presence of representatives chosen by American provinces. In this same year, the elected deputies both in American and in the Peninsula, began the constitutional debate in the Cádiz Cortes that in the next year, would result it the Cádiz Constitution. The present research objective is to analyze the manner in which traditionalist groups, identified as servils, beheld the crisis process of the Spanish empire through the edition of two papers published between 1811 and 1815. Our aim is to understand how the Spanish Empire crisis was presented in both these journals. The denomination servil appeared, in the public debates of the press, to label the opponents of the Spanish liberals. Servile and liberals usually advocated opposite positions not only in the Constitutional Assembly but also in the press. The anti-liberal group was associated to the Spanish traditionalism and opposed the changes suggested by the liberals. Bearing this in mind, two periodicals, classified as servils, will be analyzed: El Censor General and El Procurador General de la Nación y de Rey, trying to trace the different nuances among the servils regarding the American question.

This essay aims to examine how science fiction literature is supported and made available for readers at four public libraries. Each library has its own opinion of what a public library’s role in society is, and that affects how literature acquisition and media exposure is done at that particular library. To explore this, the author uses a modified version of Elzinga and Andersson’s theory of traditionalism, pragmatism and emancipationism. The research questions are: 1. What factors lie behind acquisition of science fiction literature? 2. How do the public libraries in question make science fiction literature available to its users? 3. Many public libraries use specific tools when classifying literature. How much are they used at the libraries in question? 4. What do the libraries in question do in order to promote science fiction literature? The methods used are interviews, text studies and observations. The author finds that the libraries are mostly driven by a pragmatic view of the role of the library, buying literature requested by the library users and relying on popularity and trends when displaying media. There is hardly any evidence of emancipationism to be found, but there are some traditionalist influences. Due to lack of popularity, science fiction books are not acquired as often as other, more popular, fiction. Science fiction and fantasy are often put on specific shelves, apart from other fiction. It is also common that those genres are placed in the part of the library where literature for young people is put. One of the libraries promotes these genres in a specific section of their web page, and another one have previously had exhibitions on science fiction. Apart from that, science fiction is rarely promoted as a genre, but is treated as a part of other literature when being promoted. All libraries use specific tools, such as BURK-sök, for classifying literature. They do, however, make their own classifications occasionally.

A estrutura agrária brasileira, em toda sua complexidade, apresenta diversas formas de apropriação da terra. A propriedade privada de uso individual é apenas uma delas. Este trabalho parte da curiosidade em relação ao uso comum do território numa comunidade de faxinal para conhecer as diversas formas que a vida comunitária se difunde. Como ponto de partida, pode-se dizer que um faxinal, também conhecido como criador comunitário, é resultado do consenso entre proprietários e/ou não proprietários de terra na conjugação entre propriedade privada e o uso comum dos recursos florestais e hídricos, disponibilizados na maioria das vezes para pastagem animal. O contexto da pesquisa se dá num momento histórico no qual povos de faxinais reivindicam o reconhecimento identitário como povos tradicionais. Na comunidade de criador do Espigão das Antas, desdobra-se uma etnografia empenhada em conhecer os sentidos da territorialidade, tradicionalidade, sensibilidades e gostos da vida em comum. / The brazilian agrarian structure in all its complexity, has numerous forms of ownership of land. The private property of individual use is only one of them. This work comes from curiosity about the common use of the territory in a faxinal community to know the various ways that community life is spreading. As a starting point, we can say that a faxinal, also known as the breed community, is a result of consensus among the owners and/or landowners in the interplay between private property and common use of forest and water resources, available in most times for grazing animals. The context of the research takes place in a historical moment in which faxinais peoples demand recognition of identity as native peoples. In the Espigão das Antas breed community, unfolds an ethnography keen to see the sense of territoriality, traditionalism, sensibilities and experiences of life in common.

Entre 1808 e 1814, a monarquia hispânica foi acometida por uma grande crise. O território peninsular espanhol foi ocupado por tropas francesas e, com isso, o legítimo monarca espanhol, Fernando VII, foi sequestrado por ordem de Napoleão Bonaparte e o trono hispânico passou para as mãos do irmão do imperador francês, José Bonaparte. Como consequência desses fatos, a crise do Antigo Regime espanhol foi acelerada por uma série de eventos intimamente ligada à ocupação francesa. A resistência espanhola, após as vicissitudes dos embates contra os franceses, organizou-se na cidade de Cádis, onde as mais diversas forças políticas se uniram para combater o inimigo francês e reorganizar os vínculos com os territórios do ultramar. Nesse sentido, durante os anos iniciais do século XIX espanhol, ao mesmo tempo em que se configurava uma nova Espanha, com características modernas através, entre outros motivos, do debate constitucional existente nas Cortes de Cádis (1810- 1814) , o império hispânico era acometido pelos primeiros levantes autonomistas americanos. No ano de 1810, foram convocadas Cortes, que deveriam contar com a presença de representantes escolhidos pelos americanos. Naquele mesmo ano, os deputados eleitos, tanto na península como no ultramar, para as Cortes reunidas em Cádis iniciaram o processo de debate constitucional que, em 1812, culminou no texto da Constituição de Cádis. Essa pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar como os grupos tradicionalistas, identificados como servis, viram o processo de crise do império hispânico por meio da publicação de dois periódicos editados ao longo dos anos de 1811 a 1815, buscando compreender como a crise do império hispânico foi apresentada nesses jornais. A categoria servil surgiu, nos debates públicos realizados na imprensa, para qualificar os opositores dos liberais espanhóis. Servis e liberais defenderam, na maior parte das vezes, posições distintas tanto nas Cortes quanto na imprensa. O grupo antiliberal estava ligado ao tradicionalismo espanhol e era contrário às transformações sugeridas pelos liberais. Diante disso, serão analisados dois periódicos classificados como servis: El Censor General e El Procurador General de la Nación y del Rey, buscando sistematizar as nuances existentes entre os servis a partir da problemática americana. / Between 1808 and 1814, the Spanish Monarchy faced a great crisis. The peninsular territory was occupied by French troops, thereby Napoleon Bonaparte kidnapped the legitimate Spanish monarch, Ferdinand VII, and placed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne. Consequently, the crisis of the Ancient Regime in Spain was hastened by a sequence of events closely related to the French occupation. The Spanish resistance, following the circumstances of the conflict against the french, gathered in the city of Cádiz, where a diversity of political forces were united to fight the french enemy and reorganize the bonds with the ultramarine dominion. Therefore, during the first years of the 19th century, while a new Spain was taking shape, developing modern characteristics through, among other means, the constitutional debate in the Cádiz Cortes (1810-1814) , the Spanish empire was shaken by the first American autonomist revolts. In 1810, the Cortes were summoned up, and they should consider the presence of representatives chosen by American provinces. In this same year, the elected deputies both in American and in the Peninsula, began the constitutional debate in the Cádiz Cortes that in the next year, would result it the Cádiz Constitution. The present research objective is to analyze the manner in which traditionalist groups, identified as servils, beheld the crisis process of the Spanish empire through the edition of two papers published between 1811 and 1815. Our aim is to understand how the Spanish Empire crisis was presented in both these journals. The denomination servil appeared, in the public debates of the press, to label the opponents of the Spanish liberals. Servile and liberals usually advocated opposite positions not only in the Constitutional Assembly but also in the press. The anti-liberal group was associated to the Spanish traditionalism and opposed the changes suggested by the liberals. Bearing this in mind, two periodicals, classified as servils, will be analyzed: El Censor General and El Procurador General de la Nación y de Rey, trying to trace the different nuances among the servils regarding the American question.

The problem investigated in this quantitative study was that schools in a small, rural East Texas town were falling below acceptable ratings in reading on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) and the State of Texas Assessment of Academic Readiness (STAAR). Researchers have found that constructive-based learning environments (CBLEs) can improve student achievement. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between length of time enrolled in a CBLE and reading achievement. Based on the framework of constructivism, 2 research questions were examined. To answer Research Question 1, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) calculated the difference in reading achievement as measured by the TAKS in 2011 and the STAAR in 2015, between 5th grade students (N = 81) enrolled in a CBLE for more than 2 years (Group 1) and students enrolled in a CBLE for less than 1 year (Group 2) when adjusted for 4th grade scores. Results showed that Group 1 students demonstrated higher adjusted mean reading scores than Group 2 students on TAKS with F(1, 32) = 15.374, p = < .001 and on STAAR with F(2, 42) = 9.427, p < 001. To answer Research Question 2, an independent-samples t test compared the means of the reading scores growth from 4th to 5th grade. The result showed no significant difference in TAKS with t = .607, p = .548 and in STAAR with t = .277, p = .783. America's reliance on standardized tests influences the way in which reading is taught. Examining standardized reading test outcomes may indicate how teaching and learning environments affect student success. This information may lead to positive social change as educators examine teaching and testing goals, ultimately contributing to student success on standardized tests.

Literaturbericht Rezensierte Bücher: Bösch, Frank: Die Adenauer-CDU. Gründung, Aufstieg und Krise einer Erfolgspartei 1945– 1969, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 2001, 575 Seiten, ISBN 3-421-05438-X. Bösch, Frank: Das konservative Milieu. Vereinskultur und lokale Sammlungspolitik (1900–1960) (= Veröffentlichungen des Zeitgeschichtlichen Arbeitskreises Niedersachsen 19), Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2002, 266 Seiten, ISBN 3-89244-501-X. Bösch, Frank: Macht und Machtverlust. Die Geschichte der CDU, Deutsche Verlags- Anstalt, München 2002, 312 Seiten, ISBN 3-421-05601-3. Gauland, Alexander: Anleitung zum Konservativsein, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, München 2002, 131 Seiten, ISBN 3-421-05649-8. Geppert, Dominik: Thatchers konservative Revolution. Der Richtungswandel der britischen Tories 1975–1979 (= Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts London 53), Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, München 2002, 463 Seiten, ISBN 3-486-56661-X. Mannheim, Karl / Stehr, Nico / Kettler, David / Meja, Volker (Hrsg.): Konservatismus. Ein Beitrag zur Soziologie des Wissens. Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2003, 288 Seiten, ISBN 3-518-28078-3. Rill, Robert / Zellenberg, Ulrich (Hrsg.): Konservativismus in Österreich. Strömungen, Ideen, Personen und Vereinigungen, Stocker-Verlag, Graz 1999, 368 Seiten, ISBN 3-7020-0860-8. Schrenck-Notzing, Caspar v.: Lexikon des Konservatismus, Stocker-Verlag, Graz 1996, 608 Seiten, ISBN 3-7020-0760-1.

Det västerländska intresset för sufism har under 1900-talet varit stort, liksom antalet böcker som har publicerats rörande ämnet, både inom och utanför den akademiska världen. Samtidigt har en fascination för islams esoteriska dimensioner kunnat påträffas bland flera konstnärer, poeter och intellektuella, vilka inte sällan varit befryndade med philosophia perennis och dess läror, som både inom och utanför de akademiska sammanhangen således har utövat ett visst inflytande. Följande studie inriktas dock på de mest framstående och uttalade företrädarna för philosophia perennis som under 1900-talet dragits till sufismen, med fokus på deras föreställningar och tolkningar av sufism och islam. Studiens syfte är att genom en textkritisk och idéhistorisk metod analysera kvalitativt utvalda skrifter av perennialister som ger uttryck för särskilda föreställningar och tolkningar av sufism genom att relatera dessa till teorier om orientalism, occidentalism, globalisering och modernitet. Detta utreds genom problemformuleringarna: Hur framställs och tolkas sufismen av företrädare för philosophia perennis? Varför framställs sufismen så? Vad finner företrädarna tilltalande i islam och sufism? Resultaten visar att perennialisterna anspelar på och använder de orientalistiska och occidentalistiska föreställningar som finns i både öst och väst vid presentationerna av islam och sufism, bland annat för att kritisera moderniteten och definiera sina egna ståndpunkter. Dessutom pekar resultaten vidare på att perennialismen både närts och influerats av modernitens allt mer påtagliga globalisering, även om de ofta reagerar polemiskt emot den. Utan att reducera 1900-talets philosophia perennis till enbart en anti-modernistisk idéströmning, fokuserar studien på dess relation till modernitet, globalisering, orientalism och occidentalism, enligt syftet att belysa perennialismens föreställningar om sufism, varför just islam tilltalar företrädarna samt vilka särskilda implikationer ovan nämnda faktorer genererar i deras föreställningar och tolkningar av sufism.