This thesis examines the long term effects of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). Building on existing critique of the TRC’s narrow mandate and sociologist Melissa Steyn’s argument that apartheid was predicated on an ignorance contract amongst South African citizenry, this thesis asks if the mandate of a truth commission can actually serve to entrench ignorances and divisions. More specifically, this thesis asks in what ways can the ignorance contract be seen in South African society now? It identifies key discourses that represent ongoing ignorances in South Africa: non-acknowledgement, denial, misrecognition and truth and ignorance. Looking at the performance of memory and the areas of immigration, emigration, and gender, this thesis finds that the TRC’s mandate has led to ongoing ignorance about apartheid in South Africa. / Graduate / 0615 / 0331 / alisonj@uvic.ca

Magister Theologiae - MTh / This study investigates three case studies, namely, the “Pepco Three”, the “St James Church incident”, and the “Gugulethu Seven incident” from the perspective of ongoing reflections on the nature of reconciliation in the sub-discipline of Systematic Theology. The research problem that is investigated in this project is: What role did visible signs of remorse (or its absence) play in the willingness or unwillingness of victims (or their close relatives) to offer forgiveness to the perpetrators of gross violations of human rights related to the three cases studies mentioned from the amnesty hearings of the South African Truth and Reconciliation commission, namely the “Pepco Three” the “St James Church massacre incident”, the “Gugulethu Seven”. In each case study, the crucial question that will be asked is whether the victims or their relatives understand forgiveness as something that is conditional and part of a longer process of reconciliation, or whether they understand forgiveness as something that can be offered unconditionally. The research draws on some standard theological literature with specific reference to literature on the concepts of reconciliation, forgiveness and remorse emerging in the aftermath of the South African TRC. This is followed by a description and critical analysis of the three identified case studies. In each case, I listened to the recordings, read the transcriptions, and considered the available secondary material on the case studies.

Much has been studied about the impact of transitional justice mechanisms as well as gendered impactof armed conflict. However, less is known about the gendered impact of transitional justice, includingtruth commissions. This thesis aims to fill this research gap by exploring the long-term consequencesof gender sensitive and gender-blind truth commissions for women’s security in post-conflict societies.Combining and building upon feminist critiques on transitional justice and discourses on thetransformative potential of truth commissions, I argue that truly gender sensitive truth commissionscan facilitate improvement of women’s security, as the reparations and institutional reformsrecommended by such commissions are also gender sensitive and help address root causes of violenceagainst women (VAW). The argument is tested through a structured focused comparison of two cases– South Africa and Sierra Leone. The results provided meager support for the theorized relationship.South Africa, which was characterized by low gender sensitivity of its truth commission, shows nochange in terms of the prevalence of VAW; whereas Sierra Leone with a highly gender sensitive truthcommission demonstrated improvement in some areas of women’s security. However, the evidencebase is thin while the poor implementation of the recommendations obscures the observable impactof the Sierra Leone truth commission, which compels further research with a larger number of casesand robust data collection strategy.

The purpose of my research is to analyze the Liberian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (LTRC) lack of attention towards accessing rural Liberian women's voices as opposed to privileged Liberian women residing in urban and Diaspora spaces. By analyzing the LTRC and its Final Report from a critical global feminist perspective, I was able to not only illuminate, but bring a spotlight over issues including access, privilege, and multicultural insensitivity related to Liberia's indigenous tribal cultures. Liberia, being a country founded by American colonials, is socially constructed by Western ideological norms. As Western ideology is mainly normalized and enforced by the privileged class, Americo-Liberians, the LTRC and Final Report were also constructed within Western constructions. Given Liberia's historical colonial ties to the United States and its current relations to the global community, the LTRC decided to include Liberians in the Diaspora to its focus group. The Diaspora, also referred to as Liberia's 16th county, is made up of privileged Liberians displaced in overseas countries including the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. As with any progress, fashion, or business, attention is given to the newest, most profitable merchandise, or in the case of the LTRC, population. I hypothesized, and feared, that the LTRC did not provide indigenous Liberian women, many of whom reside in rural Liberia, equal access and effort as they did privileged Liberian women residing in urban and Diaspora spaces. To prove this, I conduct a feminist content analysis of the LTRC Final Report, recorded public testimonies which are available on the LTRC website (www.trcofliberia.org) and quantitative data collected and processed by, Benetech, a human rights statistics organization based out of Minnesota... a city which happens to be home to the highest number of Diaspora Liberians in the world. After conducting my investigation, I was able to conclude my thesis with reasons as to why underprivileged women's voices in Liberian should be included in doctrine, like the LTRC, and suggest ways to improve methods like the LTRC to ensure indigenous women's voices are fairly accessed and heard.

No description available.

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-05-28T12:52:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 876873 bytes, checksum: 2968371fe11b0e64a482261aaec69e1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-28T12:52:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 876873 bytes, checksum: 2968371fe11b0e64a482261aaec69e1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In 2012 the national truth commission in Brazil was sanctioned to work for two years, with the objective of investigating human rights violations and appointing the people responsible for killings, torture and disappearances during the military regime. In 2014, on the 50th anniversary of this period, the committee should release reports. In this context, the study has the general objective of analyzing the social representations of three generations regarding the military dictatorship, as well as the opinion of these people about the truth commission. The sample is comprised of 209 participants. Data was analyzed by the Evoc program, from the expression “Governo Militar”. The core of the representation showed that the introduced contents are strongly attached to a negative action (repression) associated with the government structure of "dictatorship". The data was also analyzed by Alceste software. The results indicate the formation of 5 classes, with Class 2, "Investigation of Human Rights Violations by the Commission of Truth", being the most representative of the group. Taken together, the results demonstrate the importance of the subject for the participants. It also leads to the perception that the rescue of historical memories influence the representations anchored overtime by those who have lived and/or listened to facts of this period, such as killings, torture and political disappearances. / Em 2012 a comissão nacional da verdade do Brasil foi sancionada, para funcionar por dois anos, com a finalidade de apurar as violações de direitos e apontar responsáveis por mortes, torturas e desaparecimentos durante o regime militar. Em 2014, ao completar 50 anos desse período, esta comissão deverá divulgar relatório. Nesse contexto, este estudo tem como objetivo geral analisar as representações sociais de três gerações acerca da ditadura militar e a opinião destas pessoas sobre a comissão da verdade. A amostra deste estudo compreendeu 209 participantes. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa Evoc, a partir da expressão “Governo Militar”. O núcleo central da representação apontou que os conteúdos evocados estão fortemente ancorados em uma ação negativa “repressão”, associado a isto, a um regime governamental “ditadura”. Os dados também foram analisados pelo software Alceste. Os resultados apontaram a formação de 5 classes, tendo, a Classe 2, “Apuração de Violações de Direitos Humanos pela Comissão da Verdade”, a maior representatividade do corpus. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados obtidos demonstram a importância do tema para os participantes e percebe-se como o resgate à memória histórica atinge às representações profundamente ancoradas ao longo do tempo pelos que viveram e/ou escutaram fatos ocorridos neste período como mortes, torturas e desaparecimento político.

[pt] A disseminação de ideias negacionistas a respeito da ditadura militar tomou uma grande proporção nos últimos anos. Impulsionada pelo alto número de acesso de usuários à internet e também pelo uso frequente das redes sociais, essas ideias têm sido altamente difundidas e propagadas por meio de um grande número de seguidores e com alcance de um público cada vez maior. Nesse contexto em que o negacionismo se mostra crescente, é importante olhar para esse fenômeno a fim entendê-lo e buscar estratégias de enfrentamento dentro dos parâmetros da educação. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa procurou compreender e propor caminhos possíveis para o ensino da ditadura militar no Brasil no contexto do ensino básico mediante o uso de fontes em sala de aula. Procurou-se fomentar a reflexão sobre a utilização de fontes históricas como estratégia de ensino, especificamente por meio dos documentos e relatórios disponibilizados no site (http://cnv.memoriasreveladas.gov.br/) da Comissão Nacional da Verdade (CNV) como forma de pensar e fortalecer o estado democrático de direito e também de combater as fake news e o negacionismo. O estudo procura contribuir para o pensamento crítico sobre as formas possíveis de utilização das fontes disponibilizadas pela CNV que podem contribuir para o ensino da ditadura militar no Brasil. Para isso foram propostas sequências didáticas baseadas nos relatórios produzidos pela CNV que podem ser utilizadas nas aulas de história pelo professor. Desse modo, esta dissertação de mestrado pretende pensar como estabelecer uma relação entre os documentos acima mencionados no período da ditadura militar com o ensino de história de maneira a construir conhecimento e auxiliar na aprendizagem dos alunos. / [en] The dissemination of revisionist ideas about the military dictatorship took great proportion in the last years. Fostered by the high number of people having access to the internet and also by the frequent usage of social networks, those ideas have been highly widespread and propagated through a great number of followers and reaching an increasing audience. In this context, where revisionism seems to be growing, it is important to look at this phenomenon in order to understand it and to look for strategies of confrontation inside the parameters of education. Therefore, the research attempted to understand and offer possible ways for teaching the military dictatorship in Brazil in the context of primary education through the usage of sources in class. It was intended to foster the reflection about the usage of historical sources as teaching strategy, specifically through the documents and reports provided by the Comissão Nacional da Verdade (CNV) in their website (http://cnv.memoriasreveladas.gov.br/), as a way of thinking and strengthening the democratic rule of law and also fight the fake news and the revisionism. The study seeks to contribute with the critical thinking about the possible ways of using the sources provided by CNV that can contribute with the teaching of military dictatorship in Brazil. In this regard, educational sequences based on the reports produced by CNV that can be used by the teacher in history classes were suggested. Thereby, this master’s thesis intends to think of ways for establishing a relation between the documents mentioned above about the military dictatorship and the teaching of history in a way of building knowledge and assist the student learning.

Anos de intensos conflitos armado internos resultaram em inúmeros fatos de violência e violações de direitos humanos na Guatemala (1960-1996) e no Peru (1980-2000). Depois do fim destes enfrentamentos se estabeleceram Comissões de Verdade com o fim de investigar o acontecido durante os mesmos e de elaborar relatos que incluíssem as causas dos conflitos, os períodos de violência, os atos de violência perpetrados e as consequências e sequelas dos mesmos na população. Em ambos os países, os principais afetados pela violência foram as populações indígenas, o setor historicamente mais excluído e marginalizado. Nesta dissertação analisa-se comparativamente as abordagens usadas pela Comisión de Esclarecimiento Histórico (CEH) da Guatemala e a Comisión de la Verdad (CVR) do Peru nos seus Relatórios Finais para retratar a situação de impacto diferenciado da violência que as mulheres indígenas sofreram durante os enfrentamentos armados internos acontecidos nestes países. Baseados no conceito de colonialidade do poder de Aníbal Quijano e da colonialidade do gênero de María Lugones, buscar-se-á entender a etnia, o gênero e a classe social como fatores de exclusão indissolúveis que repercutiram nas experiências e no impacto diferenciado da violência que sofreram as mulheres indígenas durante os conflitos armados internos acontecidos na Guatemala e no Peru. / Years of intense internal armed conflicts resulted in countless acts of violence and human rights violations in Guatemala (1960-1996) and Peru (1980-2000). After the end of these conflicts, Truth Commissions were established in order to investigate what occurred during these clashes and elaborate reports that would include the causes of the struggles, the periods of violence, the acts of violence that were carried out and the consequences and effects on the population. In both countries the indigenous populations, the most excluded and marginalized historically, were the main victims of horrendous crimes. In this dissertation we compare the approaches that the \"Historical Clarification Truth Commission\" of Guatemala and the \"Truth and Reconciliation Truth Commission\" of Peru used in their Final Reports regarding the differential impact of violence on indigenous women during the armed conflicts that took place in these countries. Based on the concept of coloniality of power by Aníbal and coloniality of gender by María Lugones, we argue that ethnicity, gender and social class are indissoluble factors that greatly influenced the experiences and the singular impact of violence on indigenous women during the armed conflicts in Guatemala and Peru.

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur le processus de la mémoire collective dans le cadre d’un pays en période de transition. Nous y développons une conception de la construction de la mémoire collective et en particulier de son rôle pour la réussite de la transition vers une démocratie stable et durable dans un pays en voie de transition. Plus précisément, notre recherche porte sur les apports et bénéfices de la mémoire collective dans le contexte de la justice transitionnelle (JT). Pour plusieurs pays, la JT a été la réponse adoptée en vue du passage d’un conflit interne et/ou d’une dictature à l’institution d’une nouvelle démocratie, c’est-à-dire un système basé sur le respect des droits de l’homme et de l’État de droit. Il s’agit donc d’un processus complexe, qui se compose de plusieurs phases, mécanismes et catégories d’action. Fondamentalement, la JT vise à (re)construire une société suffisamment juste pour garantir une certaine stabilité et suffisamment stable pour garantir une certaine justice. Deux approches générales sont alors possibles pour mettre en place la JT et tenir compte de ses nombreux défis : l’approche holiste (de Grieff) et celle que nous nommerons, faute de mieux, « atomiste » (Elster). En général, ceux qui soutiennent la vision atomiste voient dans les divers mécanismes de la JT des éléments séparés et indépendants les uns des autres, ce qui peut conduire à prioriser hiérarchiquement certains mécanismes et à en rejeter parfois d’autres qui semblent moins importants. Nous entendons plutôt défendre la thèse selon laquelle, puisque les différents aspects de la transition sont toujours en relation les uns avec les autres, il vaut mieux réfléchir quant à savoir comment combiner les éléments plutôt que les isoler. Nous présentons en ce sens la mémoire collective comme étant le domaine où peut se penser cette relation entre les diverses composantes de la JT. La question de la mémoire collective a donc une double fonction dans cette thèse : elle est certes un élément parmi d’autres de la justice transitionnelle, mais elle est également le cadre qui permet de penser les interactions entre les différentes composantes de la JT. La question qui dirige nos réflexions est donc : comment la mémoire collective peut-elle aider une société en devenir à régler ses comptes avec son passé ? Deux alternatives se présentent dans la littérature sur cette question : la stratégie du « forgive and forget », qui consiste essentiellement à oublier le passé et à ii repartir à zéro comme si rien n’était survenu, ou celle du « revealing is healing », qui consiste à analyser toutes les responsabilités passées (individuelles et collectives), à reconnaître le rôle des acteurs (victimes, coupables, profiteurs, neutres, etc.) et à travailler sur un passé encore présent. / This thesis focuses on the role of collective memory in transition countries. We aim to provide a clear understanding of the construction of collective memory and its specific function towards national identity in transition countries (especially Tunisia, Libya and South Africa). The construction of collective memory seems to result in a more efficient and sustainable political, social and economic transition. More specifically, our research focuses on the benefits of collective memory in the context of transitional justice (TJ). For many countries, TJ was the answer to ensure the transition from an internal conflict or a dictatorship towards a new democracy, that is to say, a system based on respect of human rights and the rule of law. TJ is therefore a complex process, which consists of several phases and mechanisms of action. From a broad perspective, TJ aims to build or rebuild a society and institutions that are just enough to ensure stability and stable enough to ensure justice. Two general approaches are possible to establish TJ while gauging its many challenges: the holistic approach (De Grieff) and an approach that we will call, for lack of a better term, "atomistic" (Elster). In general, those who support the atomistic conception of TJ see in the various mechanisms of TJ distinct and independent elements, which can lead to prioritize certain mechanisms over others and sometimes reject those who seem less important. Since the different aspects of transition are in relationship with each other, we intend to defend that it is better to think about the how to combine the elements, rather than how to isolate them. Hence, we present collective memory as the way by which the different components of TJ can effectively be related and integrated to one another. The question of collective memory therefore has a dual role in this project: at first we will describe it as one of the elements of TJ, but it will also turn out to be the sphere where the different mechanisms of TJ interact. Our question therefore is: how can collective memory help a society to come to terms with its past? Two alternatives are presented in the literature on this question: the strategy of "forgive and forget", which consists in forgetting the past and starting from scratch as if nothing happened, and that of "revealing is healing," which consists in determining all past responsibilities iv (individual and collective), recognizing the role of everyone (victims, perpetrators, opportunists, etc.) and work on a past that is still present.

Submitted by Marina Ribeiro da Silva (ma_ribeiros@hotmail.com) on 2018-10-03T00:47:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marina Ribeiro da Silva.pdf: 1583726 bytes, checksum: 5b1bd9434eae2dc9dcae224d80f9834b (MD5) / Rejected by Jacqueline de Almeida null (jacquie@franca.unesp.br), reason: Bom dia, solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 1. O título em inglês no repositório está diferente que no trabalho Abstract. 2. A data de defesa e do trabalho estão corretos? 2017 ? Se sim ignore a pergunta. Att Jacqueline. on 2018-10-03T13:18:51Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marina Ribeiro da Silva (ma_ribeiros@hotmail.com) on 2018-10-03T17:16:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marina Ribeiro da Silva.pdf: 1583726 bytes, checksum: 5b1bd9434eae2dc9dcae224d80f9834b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jacqueline de Almeida null (jacquie@franca.unesp.br) on 2018-10-03T18:11:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MR_me_fran.pdf: 1583726 bytes, checksum: 5b1bd9434eae2dc9dcae224d80f9834b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-03T18:11:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MR_me_fran.pdf: 1583726 bytes, checksum: 5b1bd9434eae2dc9dcae224d80f9834b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-28 / Esta pesquisa pretende analisar a percepção expressa pela Comissão Nacional da Verdade acerca da atividade jurisdicional desenvolvida pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, durante os anos da Ditadura Militar brasileira. Órgão de cúpula do Judiciário, o Supremo Tribunal Federal foi profundamente afetado pelos Atos Institucionais editados pelo Poder Executivo militarizado. A investigação, à semelhança daquela realizada pela comissão de verdade, tomará o interregno compreendido entre 1964 e 1969 como marco temporal, e se preocupará com o estudo dos habeas corpus de caráter político que chegaram ao Tribunal nestes primeiros anos da ditadura militar. Objetivando descortinar os critérios utilizados pela Comissão Nacional da Verdade, em seu relatório final, ao vaticinar que o Supremo Tribunal Federal, em consonância com todo o Poder Judiciário brasileiro, compactuou com as arbitrariedades e graves violações de direitos humanos perpetradas pelo Regime Militar, adotaremos uma abordagem multimétodo. Em um primeiro momento, serão levantadas fontes jurídico-históricas referentes à utilização da garantia do habeas corpus no Brasil e ao impacto que os Atos Institucionais editados durante a Ditadura Militar tiveram sobre o Supremo Tribunal Federal. Posteriormente, na segunda parte da pesquisa, buscaremos apreender o que é uma comissão de verdade, ferramenta de Justiça Transicional, e como a Comissão Nacional da Verdade, utilizando-se de métodos e materiais próprios, entendeu o funcionamento do Supremo Tribunal Federal nos primeiros anos do período de exceção brasileiro. / This research aims to analyze the perception expressed by the National Truth Commission on the judicial activity of the Supreme Federal Court, during the years of dictatorship the Brazilian military. Judiciary umbrella body, the Supreme Court was deeply affected by the Institutional Acts issued by the Executive Branch militarized. The research, like that carried out by the truth commission, will take the interregnum between 1964 and 1969 as a timeframe, and be concerned with the study of the political nature of habeas corpus which reached the Court in these early years of the military dictatorship. Aiming to uncover the criteria used by the National Truth Commission in its final report to predict that the Supreme Court, in line with all the Brazilian Judiciary, agreed with arbitrariness and serious human rights violations perpetrated by the military regime, adopt one multi-method approach. At first, legal and historical sources referring will be raised to the use of the habeas corpus guarantee in Brazil and the impact that the Acts Institutional edited during the military dictatorship had on the Supreme Court. Later, in the second part of the study, we seek to grasp what a truth commission, transitional justice tool, and as the National Truth Commission, using methods and materials themselves, understand the functioning of the Supreme Court in the early years Brazilian exception period.