Les nouvelles pratiques utilisées pour l’élaboration du vin amènent à une recrudescence des altérations microbiennes. C’est pourquoi, de nouvelles méthodes doivent être développées afin de quantifier ces microorganismes de façon précise, rapide et avec de faibles coûts. Les principales altérations du vin sont dues aux bactéries acétiques (BA) (A. aceti, A. pasteurianus, G. oxydans et Ga. liquefaciens) et à Brettanomyces bruxellensis. Par l’action d’enzymes, les 1ères transforment l’éthanol en acide acétique alors que B. bruxellensis transforme les acides hydroxycinnamiques en éthyles phénols (EP) (molécules odorantes désagréables). La cytométrie en flux couplée à la technique d’hybridation in situ en fluorescence a tout d’abord été étudiée. Aucun résultat reproductible n’a été développé pour les BA en vin rouge alors que pour B. bruxellensis, le protocole existant a été amélioré avec une quantification possible en 18 h. La PCR en temps réel a également été utilisées afin de quantifier ces microorganismes. Un protocole a été développé pour la quantification des BA en vin rouge (103 cellules/mL) avec l’utilisation d’un témoin interne microbiologique permettant de valider le rendement de l’extraction de l’ADN. Pour B. bruxellensis, trois kits commerciaux ont été analysés lors d’une étude interlaboratoires. Les quantifications se sont révélées significativement différentes des énumérations sur boite de Pétri avec une quantification des cellules mortes. De plus, il a été étudié et validé l’effet population de B. bruxellensis sur l’efficacité du SO2. Il ressort également de ces expérimentations que les cellules en état viable mais non cultivable ne produisent pas d’EP. / New practices used to elaborate wine lead to an increase of wine spoilage due to microorganisms. That is why, new technics have to be developed to quantify these microorganisms accurately, quickly and with low costs. The main wine spoilages are due to acetic acid bacteria (AAB) (A. aceti, A. pasteurianus, G. oxydans and Ga. liquefaciens) and Brettanomyces bruxellensis development. AAB transforms ethanol to acetic acid while B. bruxellensis transforms hydroxycinnamic acids to ethyl phenols (EP) (unpleasant odor molecules). In order to detect these wine spoilage microrganisms, flow cytometry coupled to fluorescent in situ hybridization has been assessed. No reproducible results have been developed for AAB in red wine while for B. bruxellensis, the existing protocol has been improved with a possible quantification after 18 h compared to 48-72 h in the previous protocol. The real-time PCR was also used to quantify these microorganisms. A protocol has been developed for the AAB quantification in red wine (103 cells/mL) with the use of a microbiological internal control to validate the DNA yield after extraction. For B. bruxellensis, three commercial kits were analyzed in an interlaboratory study. Quantifications were significantly different to the enumerations by Petri dish, with dead cell quantifications. Moreover, we demonstrated that the effectiveness of sulfite is dependent of the B. bruxellensis population. It also appears from these experiments that cells in viable but not culturable state do not produce EP.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Balancing sustainable development with high productivity is a major current challenges, especially regarding the search for alternatives and technologies focused on devising processes and products that do not generate or reduce damage to the environment. In this sense, the use of tools such as Cleaner Production (CP) can contribute to increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, water and energy by not-generation, minimization or recycling of waste and by products from the production process. Thus, the objective is to analyze CP parameters used by companies in the metal-mechanic sector of the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state, participants Productive Extension Center and Innovation (NEPI), aiming to propose future scenarios resulting from the Theory of inventing problem solving (TRIZ). From this perspective, it was found that the surveyed companies adopt CP practices although no regulation. However, there are many potential to be developed by local entrepreneurs regarding environmental issues, which also depends on public politics, society and market. / Conciliar desenvolvimento sustentável com alta produtividade é um dos grandes desafios atuais, principalmente no que tange a busca por alternativas e tecnologias focadas em idealizar processos e produtos que não gerem ou reduzam passivos ambientais. Nesse sentido, o uso de ferramentas como a Produção mais limpa (PML) pode contribuir para o aumento da eficiência no uso de matérias-primas, água e energia através da não-geração, minimização ou reciclagem de resíduos do processo produtivo. Com isso, objetivou-se analisar parâmetros de PML utilizados por empresas do setor metalmecânico da região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, participantes do Núcleo de Extensão Produtiva e Inovação (NEPI), visando a proposição de cenários prospectivos resultantes da Teoria inventiva de solução de problemas (TRIZ). Nessa perspectiva, verificou-se que as empresas pesquisadas adotam práticas de PML, apesar de não haver sua regulamentação. Contudo, há muitas potencialidades a serem desenvolvidas pelos empresários locais no que tange as questões ambientais, o que depende também das políticas públicas, sociedade e mercado.

[pt] Este trabalho aborda o consumo de lazer sob a ótica de dois grupos dos consumidores de mais idade, comparando as expectativas de um grupo antes da Aposentadoria e as percepções de outro grupo após a aposentadoria. Os resultados, obtidos através de questionários com 202 pessoas, mostraram que há diferenças significativas entre as expectativas e as percepções dos consumidores em relação à prática do lazer após a aposentadoria. Particularmente, nível de satisfação com o lazer encontrado após a aposentadoria supera o nível encontrado entre aqueles prestes a se aposentar. / [en] This study considers leisure from the elderly consumers` point of view, comparing two groups. The expectations of one group before retirement and reality of the other group after retirement. The results were obtained trough questionnaires distributed among 202 people and show that there are significant differences between the consumers` expectations in relation to leisure practice before retirement and the reality they face afterretirement. Moreover the level of satisfaction regarding leisure after retirement overcomes the level of satisfaction found among those who are about to retire. / [es] Este trabajo aborda el consumo de actividades de esparcimiento bajo la óptica de dos grupos de los consumidores de más edad, comparando las expectativas de un grupo antes del Retiro Laboral y las percepciones de otro grupo después del Retiro laboral. Los resultados, obtidos a través de cuestionarios con 202 personas, muestran que existen diferencias significativas entre las expectativas y las percepciones de los consumidores en relación a la práctica de actividades de esparcimiento después del Retiro Laboral. Particularmente, el nível de satisfación con actividades de esparcimiento encontrado después del Retiro laboral supera el nível encontrado entre aquellos prestes a se retirar.

[pt] Causa estranheza que as listas de livros de ficção mais vendidos no Brasil, publicadas em jornais e revistas nos últimos anos, sejam frequentadas quase que exclusivamente por autores estrangeiros, especialmente quando observamos que a situação não se repete nas listas de livros de não-ficção: nestas, autores brasileiros são maioria. Onde se encontra a explicação para este fenômeno? Será que os autores nacionais de ficção, com suas histórias e formas narrativas, não conseguem despertar o interesse dos leitores brasileiros como fazem os autores de não-ficção? Ou o problema se encontra nas editoras, que preferem investir em livros com sucesso já testado em outros países? E os leitores: por que preferem a ficção estrangeira? Pesquisa como esta daria um romance policial. E deu... / [en] Causes strangeness that best-selling fiction books lists published in Brazilian newspapers and magazines in the last years are almost exclusively frequented by foreign authors, especially when we observe that the situation doesnt repeat at the lists of no-fiction books. What explains this phenomenon? Will it be that national authors of fiction, with its histories and narrative forms, dont gather Brazilian readers interest, as non-fiction authors does? Or the problem lies on publishers, that prefers to invest in books with success already tested in other countries? And the readers: why do they prefer foreign fiction instead of national? This research intends to analyze the situation and to look for answers to all those subjects. I could write a novel with a research like this. And I did…

Cette recherche vise à mettre en évidence les transformations des processus identitaires intervenant chez des médecins diplômés à l’étranger et exerçant en France et au Brésil. Nous avons appuyé notre travail sur une approche dynamique et adaptative de l’identité personnelle, en particulier à travers l’identité dialogique et l’identité narrative. De plus, dans la mesure où ce travail fait intervenir de manière importante le contexte professionnel, il nous semblait pertinent de faire intervenir aussi la question de l’identité professionnelle et de ses liens avec la reconnaissance. Enfin, l’interculturalité étant centrale dans cette problématique, nous avons choisi de l’aborder sous l’angle de l’identité interculturelle et de l’interculturation. L’objectif de cette recherche est de caractériser les processus identitaires présents chez médecins diplômés à l’étranger, confrontés à une situation de diversité culturelle dont la gestion a des rapports importants avec leurs processus identitaires personnels et professionnels. En particulier, nous cherchons à comprendre les processus psychiques permettant au sujet de donner sens à son expérience migratoire afin de se l’approprier et d’engager une transformation de son identité. Nous travaillerons également sur les obstacles rencontrés par les sujets et à établir la place de la reconnaissance au sein de ces différents processus. Enfin, l’analyse des données contribue à démontrer les processus d’influence mutuelle intervenant entre l’appartenance culturelle et le contexte d’activité professionnelle. Quatre méthodes de construction et d’analyse des données ont été combinées afin de répondre à ce questionnement. Dans un premier temps, nous avons réalisé un questionnaire visant à caractériser notre population et à recenser les facteurs déclencheurs d’une migration. Ensuite, nous avons conduit des entretiens de type biographique afin d’amener le sujet à « se raconter », à mettre en récit sa trajectoire personnelle, en rapport avec des aspects identitaires. Puis, en fin d’entretien, nous avons proposé aux sujets de visionner un ensemble d’extraits vidéo issus d’un documentaire et de deux reportages afin de les confronter à plusieurs points de vue et situations en vue de faire émerger une réflexion sur leur vécu. Enfin, nous avons effectué une analyse documentaire d’un ensemble d’articles de presse. 89 médecins ont répondu au questionnaire, 43 en France et 46 au Brésil. Huit récits de vie ont été menés en France avec des sujets âgés de 36 à 71 ans, trois femmes et cinq hommes parmi lesquels deux avaient obtenu leur diplôme dans un pays de l’UE et six hors de l’UE. Nous avons également analysé un corpus de 25 articles de presse et trois reportages télévisés. L’influence de la reconnaissance du diplôme sur la trajectoire et les processus identitaires de ces sujets ainsi que l’importance de la langue, du genre et du projet migratoire sur ces processus ont été clarifiés par l’analyse de l’ensemble des données. L’analyse des trajectoires personnelles, professionnelles et migratoires des sujets qui ont participé à cette recherche présente l’impact d’un ensemble de facteurs culturels, sociaux et institutionnels sur des événements biographiques — individuels. Ces deux dimensions — l’individuel et le culturel - se trouvent en constant dialogue et en constante co-évolution pour rendre chaque trajectoire unique et semblable, processus centrale à la formation de l’identité de chaque individu. / This research aims at investigating the changes that occur within the identity processes of physicians with a foreign diploma working in France and Brazil. Our work is based on a dynamic and adaptive approach of personal identity, specifically through the concept of dialogical self but also through the narrative identity approach. Since we also focus importantly on what happens in the professional environment, we also used theories related to professional identity and its relations with recognition. Finally, since the intercultural question is central in this research, we have chosen to include the intercultural identity theory and the concept of interculturation. This research aims at identifying and understanding the identity processes presented by medical doctors confronted to a changing cultural and professional context. We specifically intend to understand the psychological processes which allow the subject to give a meaning to his experience and make it his to start a transformation of his identity. We also focus on the obstacles the subject has to deal with, in particular regarding recognition. Finally, we intend to show the processes of mutual influence occurring between cultural belonging and professional context. We have crossed four methods to build and analyze our data. At first, we have used a questionnaire to characterized our population from a socio-demographic point of view and reunite all the factors which explain their migration. Then, we have conducted eight biographical interviews to encourage the subject to build a self-narrative. In the last phase of the interview, the have subjects have been shown four short videos from three documentaries to confront them to different points of view and situations and have them reflect on their own experience. We also included a documentary analysis using press articles regarding the Brazilian context. We obtained 89 answers to the questionnaire, 43 in France and 46 in Brazil. We conducted 8 narrative interviews, with physicians aged between 36 and 71, 3 women and 5 men, among which 2 had a European Union diploma and 6 had a diploma from outside the UE. Our analysis has shown that the validation of the diploma has a great impact on each individual’s recognition and identity related processes. This recognition aspects are also mediated by factors such as gender, language and cultural through dialogical relationships involving the subject.

A crescente disponibilidade de dados em diferentes domínios tem motivado o desenvolvimento de técnicas para descoberta de conhecimento em grandes volumes de dados complexos. Trabalhos recentes mostram que a busca em dados complexos é um campo de pesquisa importante, já que muitas tarefas de mineração de dados, como classificação, detecção de agrupamentos e descoberta de motifs, dependem de algoritmos de busca ao vizinho mais próximo. Para resolver o problema da busca dos vizinhos mais próximos em domínios complexos muitas abordagens determinísticas têm sido propostas com o objetivo de reduzir os efeitos da maldição da alta dimensionalidade. Por outro lado, algoritmos probabilísticos têm sido pouco explorados. Técnicas recentes relaxam a precisão dos resultados a fim de reduzir o custo computacional da busca. Além disso, em problemas de grande escala, uma solução aproximada com uma análise teórica sólida mostra-se mais adequada que uma solução exata com um modelo teórico fraco. Por outro lado, apesar de muitas soluções exatas e aproximadas de busca e mineração terem sido propostas, o modelo de programação em CPU impõe restrições de desempenho para esses tipos de solução. Uma abordagem para melhorar o tempo de execução de técnicas de recuperação e mineração de dados em várias ordens de magnitude é empregar arquiteturas emergentes de programação paralela, como a arquitetura CUDA. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para buscas kNN de alto desempenho baseada numa técnica de hashing e implementações paralelas em CUDA. A técnica proposta é baseada no esquema LSH, ou seja, usa-se projeções em subespac¸os. O LSH é uma solução aproximada e tem a vantagem de permitir consultas de custo sublinear para dados em altas dimensões. Usando implementações massivamente paralelas melhora-se tarefas de mineração de dados. Especificamente, foram desenvolvidos soluções de alto desempenho para algoritmos de descoberta de motifs baseados em implementações paralelas de consultas kNN. As implementações massivamente paralelas em CUDA permitem executar estudos experimentais sobre grandes conjuntos de dados reais e sintéticos. A avaliação de desempenho realizada neste trabalho usando GeForce GTX470 GPU resultou em um aumento de desempenho de até 7 vezes, em média sobre o estado da arte em buscas por similaridade e descoberta de motifs / The increasing availability of data in diverse domains has created a necessity to develop techniques and methods to discover knowledge from huge volumes of complex data, motivating many research works in databases, data mining and information retrieval communities. Recent studies have suggested that searching in complex data is an interesting research field because many data mining tasks such as classification, clustering and motif discovery depend on nearest neighbor search algorithms. Thus, many deterministic approaches have been proposed to solve the nearest neighbor search problem in complex domains, aiming to reduce the effects of the well-known curse of dimensionality. On the other hand, probabilistic algorithms have been slightly explored. Recently, new techniques aim to reduce the computational cost relaxing the quality of the query results. Moreover, in large-scale problems, an approximate solution with a solid theoretical analysis seems to be more appropriate than an exact solution with a weak theoretical model. On the other hand, even though several exact and approximate solutions have been proposed, single CPU architectures impose limits on performance to deliver these kinds of solution. An approach to improve the runtime of data mining and information retrieval techniques by an order-of-magnitude is to employ emerging many-core architectures such as CUDA-enabled GPUs. In this work we present a massively parallel kNN query algorithm based on hashing and CUDA implementation. Our method, based on the LSH scheme, is an approximate method which queries high-dimensional datasets with sub-linear computational time. By using the massively parallel implementation we improve data mining tasks, specifically we create solutions for (soft) realtime time series motif discovery. Experimental studies on large real and synthetic datasets were carried out thanks to the highly CUDA parallel implementation. Our performance evaluation on GeForce GTX 470 GPU resulted in average runtime speedups of up to 7x on the state-of-art of similarity search and motif discovery solutions

Genomweite Bemühungen haben eine große Anzahl langer nichtkodierender RNAs (lncRNAs) identifiziert, obwohl ihre möglichen Funktionen weitgehend rätselhaft bleiben. Hier verwendeten wir ein System zur synchronisierten Blüteninduktion in Arabidopsis, um 4106 blütenbezogene lange intergene RNAs (lincRNAs) zu identifizieren. Blütenbezogene lincRNAs sind typischerweise mit funktionellen Enhancern assoziiert, die bidirektional transkribiert werden und mit verschiedenen funktionellen Genmodulen assoziiert sind, die mit der Entwicklung von Blütenorganen zusammenhängen, die durch Koexpressionsnetzwerkanalyse aufgedeckt wurden. Die Master-regulatorischen Transkriptionsfaktoren (TFs) APETALA1 (AP1) und SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) binden an lincRNA-assoziierte Enhancer. Die Bindung dieser TFs korreliert mit der Zunahme der lincRNA-Transkription und fördert möglicherweise die Zugänglichkeit von Chromatin an Enhancern, gefolgt von der Aktivierung einer Untergruppe von Zielgenen. Darüber hinaus ist die Evolutionsdynamik von lincRNAs in Pflanzen, einschließlich nicht blühender Pflanzen, noch nicht bekannt, und das Expressionsmuster in verschiedenen Pflanzenarten war ziemlich unbekannt. Hier identifizierten wir Tausende von lincRNAs in 26 Pflanzenarten, einschließlich nicht blühender Pflanzen. Ein direkter Vergleich von lincRNAs zeigt, dass die meisten lincRNAs speziesspezifisch sind und das Expressionsmuster von lincRNAs einen hohen Transkriptionsumsatz nahe legt. Darüber hinaus zeigen konservierte lincRNAs eine aktive Regulation durch Transkriptionsfaktoren wie AP1 und SEP3. Konservierte lincRNAs zeigen eine konservierte blütenbezogene Funktionalität sowohl in der Brassicaceae- als auch in der Grasfamilie. Die Evolutionslandschaft von lincRNAs in Pflanzen liefert wichtige Einblicke in die Erhaltung und Funktionalität von lincRNAs. / Genome-wide efforts have identified a large number of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), although their potential functions remain largely enigmatic. Here, we used a system for synchronized floral induction in Arabidopsis to identify 4106 flower-related long intergenic RNAs (lincRNAs). Flower-related lincRNAs are typically associated with functional enhancers which are bi-directionally transcribed and are associated with diverse functional gene modules related to floral organ development revealed by co-expression network analysis. The master regulatory transcription factors (TFs) APETALA1 (AP1) and SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) bind to lincRNA-associated enhancers. The binding of these TFs is correlated with the increase in lincRNA transcription and potentially promotes chromatin accessibility at enhancers, followed by activation of a subset of target genes. Furthermore, the evolutionary dynamics of lincRNAs in plants including non-flowering plants still remain to be elusive and the expression pattern in different plant species was quite unknown. Here, we identified thousands of lincRNAs in 26 plant species including non-flowering plants, and allow us to infer sequence conserved and synteny based homolog lincRNAs, and explore conserved characteristics of lincRNAs during plants evolution. Direct comparison of lincRNAs reveals most lincRNAs are species-specific and the expression pattern of lincRNAs suggests their high evolutionary gain and loss. Moreover, conserved lincRNAs show active regulation by transcriptional factors such as AP1 and SEP3. Conserved lincRNAs demonstrate conserved flower related functionality in both the Brassicaceae and grass family. The evolutionary landscape of lincRNAs in plants provide important insights into the conservation and functionality of lincRNAs.

No description available.

[pt] Em uma série de aplicações, os pontos de dados podem ser representados como distribuições de probabilidade. Por exemplo, os documentos podem ser representados como modelos de tópicos, as imagens podem ser representadas como histogramas e também a música pode ser representada como uma distribuição de probabilidade. Neste trabalho, abordamos o problema do Vizinho Próximo Aproximado onde os pontos são distribuições de probabilidade e a função de distância é a divergência de Kullback-Leibler (KL). Mostramos como acelerar as estruturas de dados existentes, como a Bregman Ball Tree, em teoria, colocando a divergência KL como um produto interno. No lado prático, investigamos o uso de duas técnicas de indexação muito populares: Índice Invertido e Locality Sensitive Hashing. Os experimentos realizados em 6 conjuntos de dados do mundo real mostraram que o Índice Invertido é melhor do que LSH e Bregman Ball Tree, em termos de consultas por segundo e precisão. / [en] In a number of applications, data points can be represented as probability distributions. For instance, documents can be represented as topic models, images can be represented as histograms and also music can be represented as a probability distribution. In this work, we address the problem of the Approximate Nearest Neighbor where the points are probability distributions and the distance function is the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence. We show how to accelerate existing data structures such as the Bregman Ball Tree, by posing the KL divergence as an inner product embedding. On the practical side we investigated the use of two, very popular, indexing techniques: Inverted Index and Locality Sensitive Hashing. Experiments performed on 6 real world data-sets showed the Inverted Index performs better than LSH and Bregman Ball Tree, in terms of queries per second and precision.

No description available.