Our interests and self-efficacy affects which paths we end up on in life, not the least career wise. Earlier studies have shown a difference of interest and self-efficay beliefs between women and men. The exhibition ”Jobblabb” aims to delimit these differences and help children to openly think about their interest and future occupations. The aim of this study is to investigate: firstly, if there is adifference between girls and boys in the sample of 11-year olds. Secondly, if the exhibition affects the way the students perceive their interests and self-efficacy within different activities. The method used for this analysis is a survey (called ICA-3) which is based on Hollands RIASEC types. The result showed no significant difference between the groups that had and had not visited the exhibition. However, there was a significant difference based on gender in the sample. Boys rated their interest and self-efficacy higher in realistic-activities than girls and girls rated their interest and self-efficacy higher in artistic-activities than boys, these results are in line with previous research. Lastly the study contributes suggestions for efficient career-counselling activities.

. This thesis consists of an introduction and four previously published articles. The joint empirical focus is papermaking based on textile rags as fibre raw material. Furthermore the physical environment is central in the studies. The relationship between continuity and change is a prevailing theme. The thesis also pays attention to the use of different sorts of rags and to the connection between this kind of papermaking and the textile industry. The overall purpose is to throw new light upon the paper industry based on rags – a part of early industry seldom mentioned in historical surveys of the industrialization process in Sweden. The aim is also to question the prevalent Swedish historical writing commissioned by the branch, characterized by set divisions between different phases of technical and industrial development, from simple craft to modern industry. One of these borderlines has been drawn between papermaking by hand and papermaking by machine, with the 1830s as the selected transition period. By studying and analysing changes in the traditional and seemingly static papermaking as well as the opposite: the traditional that has lingered in the new, this thesis shows that the course of events was much more complicated than that. An outcome of the studies is that the industrialization of the rag based paper industry has been a complex, uneven and prolonged process. The first main part of the thesis consists of two Swedish regional studies centred on the province of Östergötland in a long-time perspective. The focus is mainly on the long continuity of papermaking by hand, which was carried out between 1628 and 1968. The study shows that a variety of types and sizes of mills regarding ownership, forms of production, location, paper qualities and techniques can be identified. Continuity was the dominating feature but within this framework technological and industrial change also took place. The second main part of the thesis has a Nordic perspective and deals with a shorter period, mainly 1830-1870. One study examines the introduction of the paper-machine and the establishment of the first machine-made paper mills in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland with special attention given to the Swedish mill Holmen in Norrköping and the Finnish Tammerfors mill, both situated in textile mill towns. A second Nordic study surveys hand-made paper mills founded during and after the time when the paper-machine technology had been established. As the studies show, two parallel development tracks were prevalent in the paper industry in the Nordic countries during the period 1830-1870 – papermaking by machine and papermaking by hand. The first paper machines were imported from Britain to some of the oldest and largest paper mills. The introduction of the new technology led to changes in for instance the paper mill buildings and the organization of work regarding the papermaking process. In the preparatory and finishing work manual methods remained, and as before it employed mostly women. At the same time, papermaking by hand continued to change and new hand-made paper mills were founded until as late as the 1890s. The study discusses possible explanations, among them growing markets for special qualities and combinations with other branches of industry. All the studies show a connection between hand-made paper mills and wool mills on one hand, and machine-made paper mills and cotton and linen mills on the other hand. The paper industry based on rags could in fact be characterized as a kind of textile industry / <p>QC 20101129</p>

<p>  Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera möjlig utveckling av kommunerna och tätorterna i Jönköpings, Kalmar och Östergötlands län fram till 2020, med utblickar mot framtiden. Bakgrunden till uppsatsen är de diskussioner som förs i Sverige kring nya regionkommuner, där sammanslagningar av befintliga län ska ske. I denna process är Östra Götland ett förslag för de tre länen och därför är det av intresse att studera hur dessa kan utvecklas i framtiden.</p><p>För denna analys har tidsgeografiska utgångspunkter kombinerats med Christallers centralortsteori för att skapa ett tredimensionellt tillgänglighetslandskap. Detta har sedan legat som en viktig förklaringsgrund för hur tätorter utvecklas. Resultatet av uppsatsen visar att de som lyckats locka till sig nya invånare kan delas upp i huvudsak i tre grupper;<strong> </strong>pendelorter med goda kommunikationer till andra orter, förorter med kort avstånd till regioncentra eller residensstäder (undantaget Östergötland där både Linköping och Norrköping är tillväxtorter). För de orter som inte lyckats utmärks dessa av att de ofta saknar goda kommunikationer och/eller befinner sig i en näringsomvandling, från dominerande basindustri till ett mer tjänstebaserat näringsliv. Framtidens vinnare blir troligen samma som idag och för den studerade regionen får Jönköping anses vara den största vinnaren, även om de andra länscentrana, Kalmar och Linköpipng/Norrköping, också är vinnare. Vissa frågetecken kring hur Norrköping klarar konkurrensen med Jönköping finns, på samma sätt som mellan Kalmar och Växjö, då en stark tillväxt i en ort kan få andra orter att stå tillbaka.</p> / <p>  The purpose of the paper is to study the possible development of municipalities and urban areas in the county of Jönköping, Kalmar and Östergötland to 2020, with glimpses into the future. The background to the paper are discussions taking place in Sweden on a new regional division, where a merge of existing counties are about to happen. In this process is the forming of Eastern Götaland a proposal for the three counties and it is therefore of interest to study how these may evolve in the future.</p><p>For this analysis, time-geographical bases combined with Christaller central place theory are used to create a three-dimensional landscape of accessibility. This has then been used as an starting point in the discussions about how urban areas evolve. The results of the paper shows that those who succeeded in attracting new residents can be divided mainly into three groups; commuter towns with good transport links to other places, suburbs whit short distances to a regional center or provincial capitals (except in Östergötland, where both Linköping and Norrköping are growth centers). For those which have not been able to this has often a lack of good communications and/or are in a business transformation, from primary industry to a more service-based economy. Tomorrow's winner will likely be the same as today, and in the studied region Jönköping may be considered as the biggest winner, though the other county towns, Kalmar and Linköping/Norrköping, also are winners. There are some uncertainties about how Norrköping stands in the competition with Jönköping, just as between Kalmar and Växjö,. A strong growth in one urban area may cause that the growth in other areas are reduced.</p>

Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera möjlig utveckling av kommunerna och tätorterna i Jönköpings, Kalmar och Östergötlands län fram till 2020, med utblickar mot framtiden. Bakgrunden till uppsatsen är de diskussioner som förs i Sverige kring nya regionkommuner, där sammanslagningar av befintliga län ska ske. I denna process är Östra Götland ett förslag för de tre länen och därför är det av intresse att studera hur dessa kan utvecklas i framtiden. För denna analys har tidsgeografiska utgångspunkter kombinerats med Christallers centralortsteori för att skapa ett tredimensionellt tillgänglighetslandskap. Detta har sedan legat som en viktig förklaringsgrund för hur tätorter utvecklas. Resultatet av uppsatsen visar att de som lyckats locka till sig nya invånare kan delas upp i huvudsak i tre grupper; pendelorter med goda kommunikationer till andra orter, förorter med kort avstånd till regioncentra eller residensstäder (undantaget Östergötland där både Linköping och Norrköping är tillväxtorter). För de orter som inte lyckats utmärks dessa av att de ofta saknar goda kommunikationer och/eller befinner sig i en näringsomvandling, från dominerande basindustri till ett mer tjänstebaserat näringsliv. Framtidens vinnare blir troligen samma som idag och för den studerade regionen får Jönköping anses vara den största vinnaren, även om de andra länscentrana, Kalmar och Linköpipng/Norrköping, också är vinnare. Vissa frågetecken kring hur Norrköping klarar konkurrensen med Jönköping finns, på samma sätt som mellan Kalmar och Växjö, då en stark tillväxt i en ort kan få andra orter att stå tillbaka. / The purpose of the paper is to study the possible development of municipalities and urban areas in the county of Jönköping, Kalmar and Östergötland to 2020, with glimpses into the future. The background to the paper are discussions taking place in Sweden on a new regional division, where a merge of existing counties are about to happen. In this process is the forming of Eastern Götaland a proposal for the three counties and it is therefore of interest to study how these may evolve in the future. For this analysis, time-geographical bases combined with Christaller central place theory are used to create a three-dimensional landscape of accessibility. This has then been used as an starting point in the discussions about how urban areas evolve. The results of the paper shows that those who succeeded in attracting new residents can be divided mainly into three groups; commuter towns with good transport links to other places, suburbs whit short distances to a regional center or provincial capitals (except in Östergötland, where both Linköping and Norrköping are growth centers). For those which have not been able to this has often a lack of good communications and/or are in a business transformation, from primary industry to a more service-based economy. Tomorrow's winner will likely be the same as today, and in the studied region Jönköping may be considered as the biggest winner, though the other county towns, Kalmar and Linköping/Norrköping, also are winners. There are some uncertainties about how Norrköping stands in the competition with Jönköping, just as between Kalmar and Växjö,. A strong growth in one urban area may cause that the growth in other areas are reduced.

<p>. This thesis consists of an introduction and four previously published articles. The joint empirical focus is papermaking based on textile rags as fibre raw material. Furthermore the physical environment is central in the studies. The relationship between continuity and change is a prevailing theme. The thesis also pays attention to the use of different sorts of rags and to the connection between this kind of papermaking and the textile industry.</p><p>The overall purpose is to throw new light upon the paper industry based on rags – a part of early industry seldom mentioned in historical surveys of the industrialization process in Sweden. The aim is also to question the prevalent Swedish historical writing commissioned by the branch, characterized by set divisions between different phases of technical and industrial development, from simple craft to modern industry. One of these borderlines has been drawn between papermaking by hand and papermaking by machine, with the 1830s as the selected transition period. By studying and analysing changes in the traditional and seemingly static papermaking as well as the opposite: the traditional that has lingered in the new, this thesis shows that the course of events was much more complicated than that. An outcome of the studies is that the industrialization of the rag based paper industry has been a complex, uneven and prolonged process.</p><p>The first main part of the thesis consists of two Swedish regional studies centred on the province of Östergötland in a long-time perspective. The focus is mainly on the long continuity of papermaking by hand, which was carried out between 1628 and 1968. The study shows that a variety of types and sizes of mills regarding ownership, forms of production, location, paper qualities and techniques can be identified. Continuity was the dominating feature but within this framework technological and industrial change also took place.</p><p>The second main part of the thesis has a Nordic perspective and deals with a shorter period, mainly 1830-1870. One study examines the introduction of the paper-machine and the establishment of the first machine-made paper mills in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland with special attention given to the Swedish mill Holmen in Norrköping and the Finnish Tammerfors mill, both situated in textile mill towns. A second Nordic study surveys hand-made paper mills founded during and after the time when the paper-machine technology had been established. As the studies show, two parallel development tracks were prevalent in the paper industry in the Nordic countries during the period 1830-1870 – papermaking by machine and papermaking by hand.</p><p>The first paper machines were imported from Britain to some of the oldest and largest paper mills. The introduction of the new technology led to changes in for instance the paper mill buildings and the organization of work regarding the papermaking process. In the preparatory and finishing work manual methods remained, and as before it employed mostly women.</p><p>At the same time, papermaking by hand continued to change and new hand-made paper mills were founded until as late as the 1890s. The study discusses possible explanations, among them growing markets for special qualities and combinations with other branches of industry.</p><p>All the studies show a connection between hand-made paper mills and wool mills on one hand, and machine-made paper mills and cotton and linen mills on the other hand. The paper industry based on rags could in fact be characterized as a kind of textile industry</p>