A thesis completed by published work, Submitted to the School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Johannesburg, South Africa December 2016. / Introduction With the largest epidemic in the world, the consequences of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in South Africa extend far beyond its disease burden. In fact, patterns of HIV-related infection and mortality in South Africa still reflect social cleavages and inequalities. Similarly, poverty-related issues such as poor education, unemployment and subsequent low socio-economic status, rural residence and inadequate access to health care are all implicated in human papillomavirus (HPV) associated cervical cancer-related mortality (of which South Africa also has the highest globally). Despite the knowledge of reproductive functions and sexuality being poor among adolescents in South Africa, the majority commence their sexual activity early with an estimated national average of 15 years for girls and 14 years for boys. Further, many South African adolescents engage in sexual risk-taking behaviours including concurrent partners and unprotected sexual acts that considerably increase their vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections including HIV and HPV. In recognising the unique health needs of adolescents in South Africa, the national government has already pin-pointed school health services as a strategic arm of primary health care re-engineering. The aim of this body of work is to elaborate on restructuring of adolescent health care by introducing the HIV and HPV vaccine concomitantly in South Africa via a school-based sexual and reproductive health service. Methodology Data from four studies were analysed and are presented in three published and two unpublished papers. The first study evaluated the synergism between HIV and HPV in the South African context and formed the basis of the literature review. The second study considered HIV vaccine implementation alone. The third study assessed dual HIV and HPV vaccine strategies among females and the final study compared the dual vaccination strategy against recognised biomedical HIV prevention interventions. The studies evaluated the implementation of a hypothetical HIV vaccine and the bivalent HPV vaccine both individually and in combination when administered to school-going adolescents in South Africa. The health outcomes and the cost-effectiveness of these strategies were assessed. Assumptions were made regarding the hypothetical HIV vaccine (based on HIV vaccine studies conducted to date) including a coverage rate of 60% (uncertainty range: 30-70%), vaccine efficacy of 50% (uncertainty range: 30-70%) and vaccine price per dose of US$ 12 (uncertainty range: US$ 3-24). The uncertainty ranges were tested in the sensitivity analysis. Mortality statistics, disease transition parameters (for the individual diseases and the models representing joint disease) and HPV vaccine characteristics were drawn from the South African literature. The joint effectiveness of the dual vaccine strategy was considered multiplicative. Nine year old adolescents attending South African schools in 2012 were eligible for the intervention (vaccination) that was introduced opportunistically as part of the national health initiative introducing school-based sexual and reproductive health services. The learners were targeted prior to their reported sexual debut. The HIV vaccine was considered against the comparator of HIV counselling and testing (HCT) and the national roll-out of antiretroviral therapy (ART) that constituted the standard of care in South Africa. The HPV vaccine was modelled as prevention against HPV-related cervical cancer and pre-cancerous HPV-related cervical states. The health service provider (provider) perspective was adopted and the cohort was modelled through a lifetime horizon of 70 years with annual cycles. The economic costs and health outcomes were discounted at 3% with an uncertainty range between 0% and 6% assessed. Cost valuations were for 2012 and costs were adjusted to this common year. The quality-adjusted life year (QALY) was used as the outcome measure of health related quality of life and was used to calculate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the comparator against the vaccination interventions. The core model was a semi-Markov simulation with annual cycles. The study population entered the model HIV and HPV disease free and were exposed to the risk of acquiring each disease annually. The model structure was parameterised drawing from South African data available in the literature. One-way sensitivity analyses evaluated the impact of single assumptions on cost and outcomes. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) with a bootstrapping technique explored the uncertainty in the model and evaluated the robustness of the results. The PSA data generated determined if the intervention fell below the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold. As South Africa does not have a pre-defined WTP threshold, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (for 2012) was used as a proxy in accordance with the World Health Organization’s Guide to Cost-Effective Analysis. Additionally, benchmark interventions were used in the final comparison study as a measure of cost-effectiveness. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee (Medical) of the University of the Witwatersrand. Findings The second study explored the implementation of the HIV vaccine on an individual and national, programmatic level. The simultaneous implementation of HIV vaccination services with current HIV management programmes would be cost-effective, even at relatively higher vaccine cost. At base vaccine cost of US$ 12, the ICER was US$ 43 per QALY gained, with improved ICER values yielded at lower vaccine costs. The ICER was sensitive to the duration of vaccine-mediated protection and to variations in the vaccine efficacy. Data from this work demonstrate that vaccines offering longer duration of protection and at lower cost would result in improved ICER values. Assessing this HIV vaccine model on a national programmatic level, yielded an ICER of US$ 5 per life-year gained (LYG) (95% CI US$ 3-12) compared with the comparator. This fell considerably below the national WTP threshold of cost-effectiveness. This also translated to an 11% increase in per capita costs from US$ 80 to US$ 89. National implementation of this intervention could potentially result in an estimated cumulative gain of 24 million years of life (95% CI 8–34 million years) among those adolescents aged between 10-19 years that were vaccinated. The 10 year absolute risk reduction projected by HIV vaccine implementation was 0.42% for HIV incidence and 0.41% for HIV mortality. The ICER was sensitive to the HIV vaccine efficacy, coverage and vaccine pricing in the sensitivity analysis. The third study assessed the impact of dual HIV and HPV implementation strategies. Programmes that involved the dual vaccine strategy were assessed as cost-saving. ICER values were sensitive to the HIV vaccine cost. The dual vaccine strategy resulted in 10 year absolute risk reductions in HIV incidence (5.24%), dual mortality (1.21%) and a reduction in HPV incidence (0.39%) compared with no vaccination. Importantly, the reduction in HIV incidence rate and dual mortality rate in the dual vaccine strategy exceeded the reductions noted with the use of the HIV vaccine alone. All scenarios assessed with the dual vaccine strategy were cost-effective. Lower vaccine prices and reduced discount rates were associated with improved ICER outcomes. The final study compared the biomedical interventions of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) and the scaling-up of ART coverage against the vaccine strategies. When compared with other biomedical HIV prevention interventions, the dual vaccination intervention was the most cost-effective strategy (US$ 7 per QALY gained) and averted 29% of new HIV infections. VMMC (US$ 30 per QALY gained) proved more cost-effective than HIV vaccination alone (US$ 93 per QALY gained), though VMMC averted 6% more new infections than the HIV vaccine. PrEP interventions were the least cost-effective. Combined dual vaccination and VMMC strategies represent the only dominant intervention. Strategies involving oral PrEP were the least cost-effective. Conclusion The findings of this thesis have implications for school-based adolescent health care and HIV- and HPV-related disease prevention among adolescents, a highly susceptible population. The cost-effectiveness of the dual HIV and HPV vaccine strategy was demonstrated, and the improved health outcomes associated with the interventions quantified. Proposals were suggested regarding possible combinations of HIV prevention interventions that could yield the favourable health outcomes with the most efficient use of financial resources. Several important areas for future research were identified to shed light on improving adolescent health care and for optimising HIV prevention strategies. These include integrating HIV and HPV services as part of the re-engineering of primary health care in South Africa, and then formulating economic evaluations of HIV/HPV prevention strategies targeting adolescents specifically. Further, more effective methods of collecting data on socially marginalised populations such as young people need to be explored. Another vital research area is the discussion and implementation of existing school health documents with the ideals embodied in the school health programme envisaged under the National Health Insurance restructuring. Once these are integrated, the cost implication of the combined programmes need to be assessed. / MT2017

O melanoma canino é uma neoplasia frequente em cães, tem um caráter maligno, invasivo, com potencial metastático e, neste contexto, estudos acerca do envolvimento das galectinas se justifica para ampliar o conhecimento do microambiente tumoral desta neoplasia. As galectinas são proteínas da família das lectinas animais que apresentam domínios de reconhecimento de carboidratos e podem estar localizadas no núcleo, no citoplasma, na superfície de células e secretadas em diversos tecidos. Acredita-se que principalmente a galectina-1 (gal-1) e a galectina-3 (gal-3) estejam associadas à transformação neoplásica, sobrevivência da célula neoplásica, angiogênese, evasão do sistema imune e formação de metástases. A gal-1 está principalmente relacionada com a transformação tumoral e evasão do sistema imune. A gal-3 está principalmente associada com a angiogênese, desenvolvimento de metástases pelo aumento da motilidade e adesão entre as células neoplásicas e adesão entre as células neoplásicas e o endotélio, além de contribuir para a evasão do sistema imune. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o padrão de expressão de gal-1 e gal-3 nos diferentes graus de agressividade do melanoma canino, além de avaliar a concentração sérica de gal-3 e comparar com cães clinicamente saudáveis. Foram analisadas a expressão de gal-1 e gal-3 em 30 fragmentos de melanoma canino, seis fragmentos de melanocitoma e nove fragmentos de linfonodos metastáticos. Foi realizada a dosagem sérica de gal-3 em 30 cães com melanoma e comparada a 10 cães clinicamente saudáveis. O melanoma canino expressou gal-1 principalmente no citoplasma e expressou um padrão variável de gal-3 no citoplasma e no núcleo. Em relação à expressão de gal-3 observou-se que conforme a agressividade do melanoma houve diminuição da frequência de células com marcação citoplasmática e um aumento da intensidade de marcação nuclear com concomitante diminuição da frequência de células com marcação nuclear. Os cães com melanoma apresentaram aumento dos níveis séricos de gal-3 antes da exérese da neoplasia quando comparados aos animais clinicamente saudáveis, mostrando o seu potencial uso como biomarcador do melanoma. / Canine melanoma is a frequent neoplasm in dogs. It has a malignant, invasive and metastatic potential. In this context, studies about the involvement of galectins are justified to increase the knowledge of melanoma tumor microenvironment. Galectins are proteins of the animal lectins family, that display carbohydrate recognition domains and may be located in the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell surface, as well as secreted in various tissues. Galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) are associated with neoplastic transformation, neoplastic cell survival, angiogenesis, immune system evasion, and metastasis formation. Gal-1 is mainly related to tumor transformation and immune system evasion. Gal-3 is mainly associated with angiogenesis, development of metastasis by increased motility and adhesion between neoplastic cells and adhesion between neoplastic cells and endothelium, while contributing to the evasion of the immune system. The aim of the study was to ascertain the expression pattern of Gal-1 and Gal-3 in different severity degrees of canine melanoma, as well as to evaluate the serum concentration of Gal-3 and to compare with clinically healthy dogs. Gal-1 and Gal-3 expression was analyzed in 30 canine melanoma fragments, six melanocytoma fragments and nine fragments of metastatic lymph nodes. Serum Gal-3 was measured in 30 dogs with melanoma and compared to 10 clinically healthy dogs. Canine melanoma expressed Gal-1 primarily in the cytoplasm and presented a variable pattern of Gal-3 in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Regarding the expression of Gal-3, it was observed that according to melanoma severity, there was a decrease in the percent frequence of cells with cytoplasmic labeling and an increase in the nuclear marking intensity with concomitant decrease in the percent frequency of nuclear-labeled cells. Dogs with melanoma had increased serum levels of Gal-3 before the excision of the neoplasia when compared to the clinically healthy animals, showing its potential use as a melanoma biomarker.

Introdução: O Câncer de próstata (CaP) é o mais comum do homem brasileiro. É importante a identificação de alterações moleculares que possam prever o seu desenvolvimento e potencial biológico. Polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNP) são alterações da seqüência do DNA onde somente uma base é trocada com uma freqüência superior a 1% na população, que podem levar a modificações estruturais e funcionais na proteína, ou afetar a sua quantidade, e podem constituir marcadores de predisposição e prognóstico de neoplasias. Metaloproteinases (MMP) são proteínas da família de enzimas proteolíticas, que degradam a matriz extracelular, e SNP na sua estrutura têm sido associados ao comportamento de tumores. Objetivos: Avaliar a freqüencia de SNP nos genes das MMP1, 2, 7 e 9, em pacientes com CaP e grupo controle, relacionando com suscetibilidade para o desenvolvimento da doença e previsão de seu potencial biológico. Material e Métodos: A amostra é constituída por tecido não tumoral de 100 indivíduos com CaP, e 100 amostras controle representadas por soro de indivíduos saudáveis, sem câncer de próstata. O DNA foi obtido utilizando protocolos convencionais de extração. Para genotipagem foi utilizada técnica de identificação de base única com uso de sondas marcadas com fluoróforos (Taqman®) pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real. As freqüências alélicas foram calculadas e a comparação entre os grupos foi feita utilizando-se o teste de qui-quadrado com valor de significância de 0,05. Resultados: Nos genes das MMP1 a freqüência do genótipo homozigoto polimórfico esteve mais presente no grupo controle que no CaP (p>0,001). No gene da MMP9 o alelo polimórfico esteve mais presente em pacientes com CaP (p>0,001), e em tumores com escore de Gleason6 (p=0,003). No gene da MMP2 de acordo com estadiamento patológico o alelo polimórfico foi mais freqüente em tumores pT3 (p=0,026) e Gleason maior ou igual a 7(p=0,042). Conclusão: Nossos resultados sugerem que o polimorfismo no gene da MMP1 está associado a um caráter de proteção aos indivíduos quanto ao desenvolvimento do CaP. O polimorfismo no gene da MMP9 está associado a um aumento no risco de desenvolvimento desta neoplasia, e quando analisamos as associações com os fatores prognósticos encontramos uma correlação com tumores de melhor prognóstico. Por outro lado o polimorfismo do gene da MMP2 se associa a tumores não órgãoconfinados / Introduction: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent tumor in males in Brazil. Research has been directed for the identification of molecular markers that can predict the PCa predisposition and prognosis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome variations, present in a frequency of 1% or more. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix. SNPs have been demonstrated in the promoter region of these genes and have been associated with development and progression of some cancers. Objective: To investigate the correlation between polymorphisms of MMP1, 2, 7, 9 with susceptibility and classical prognostic parameters in PCa. Patients and methods: The sample is constituted by normal tissue of 100 patients with PCa, and 100 healthy men as controls (serum). DNA genomic was extracted from paraffin blocks and serum using conventional protocols. The DNA sequence containing the polymorphic sites was amplified by Real-Time polymerase chain reaction, using fluorescent probes (Taqman®). The allelic frequency was calculated and the comparison between the groups was made using the qui-square test with value of significance of 0.05. Results: The polymorphic homozygote genotype of the MMP1 was more frequent in the control group than in the PCa (p<0.001). The polymorphic allele of MMP9 was more frequent in the PCa group (p<0.001), and in tumors Gleason6 (p=0,003). The polymorphic allele of MMP2 was more frequent in tumors of higher stage (pT3) (p=0.026) and higher Gleason Score (7) (p=0.042). Conclusion: We have shown that MMP1 polymorphism is more frequent in the control group, than in patients with PCa, it may be associated to protection for the development of PCa. The MMP9 polymorphism was related to higher risk for development of this neoplasia, but associated with lower Gleason score. MMP2 polymorphism was associated with non organconfined disease.

Introdução: A queilite glandular (QG) é uma doença inflamatória rara, de causa desconhecida, que afeta as glândulas salivares menores, principalmente do lábio inferior. Há secreção de saliva espessa através das glândulas salivares alteradas, causando desconforto ao doente. O quadro clínico consiste em graus variáveis de macroqueilia, acompanhada pela presença de ostíolos dilatados de glândulas salivares menores no vermilião. À expressão, há saída de material espesso e mucóide, que geralmente adere ao lábio acometido. A palpação cuidadosa pode revelar a presença de áreas nodulares endurecidas, que raramente podem supurar e drenar material purulento. O lábio inferior é o mais frequentemente acometido, e a doença tende a ser crônica e de difícil manejo. As opções terapêuticas incluem uso de corticóides tópicos ou intralesionais, antibioticoterapia oral, fotoproteção e cirurgia. A queilite glandular é considerada por alguns autores como uma condição pré-maligna, com alguns relatos de desenvolvimento de carcinoma epidermóide no lábio acometido. Aquaporinas são proteínas transmembrana que possuem a capacidade de transportar água entre os meios extra e intracelular. Desempenham, dessa maneira, papel importante na homeostase corporal. São proteínas amplamente distribuídas pelos tecidos humanos, existindo mais publicações sobre sua importância na fisiopatologia renal e do sistema nervoso central, até o momento. Os estudos sobre o papel das aquaporinas nas glândulas salivares são escassos, muitos realizados apenas em animais, não em humanos. Na queilite glandular, há alteração clínica evidente da viscosidade da saliva, o que é uma das queixas mais importantes. A alteração da expressão das aquaporinas na queilite glandular poderia corroborar o achado clínico-patológico de composição da saliva nesses doentes. Objetivos: Apresentar os achados clínicos e histopatológicos de 22 doentes com diagnóstico de queilite glandular, revisar os aspectos histopatológicos, assim como as terapias utilizadas e estudar a expressão das aquaporinas nas glândulas salivares menores labiais dos doentes em relação a controles de glândulas normais. Método: Foram analisados 22 doentes com diagnóstico de QG, acompanhados no Ambulatório de Estomatologia da Divisão de Dermatologia do HCFMUSP. Todos foram avaliados quanto aos dados clínicos e demográficos. Dez dos 22 doentes foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico, que consistiu na vermilionectomia do lábio inferior, seguida da dissecção das glândulas salivares menores, sendo o material analisado histopatologicamente. Em sete doentes foi realizada a análise da expressão das aquaporinas nas glândulas salivares menores labiais, comparando-os a glândulas salivares normais, através da técnica de imuno-histoquímica. Resultados: Os achados clínicos e histopatológicos evidenciaram maior prevalência de QG em indivíduos de pele clara. Observaram-se graus variáveis de sialadenite crônica e alterações epiteliais nos doentes submetidos a biopsias ou a tratamento cirúrgico. Dos 22 doentes, 3 apresentaram focos de carcinoma epidermóide no lábio inferior. A análise da expressão das aquaporinas nas glândulas salivares menores labiais mostrou positividade para AQP1, AQP2, AQP4, AQP5 e AQP8, em intensidades e localizações diversas em relação aos casos controles. Conclusões: Na queilite glandular, há aumento da chance de desenvolvimento de carcinoma epidermóide do lábio. A doença parece ter origem tanto a partir de causas exógenas, como a exposição aos raios ultravioleta, como causas endógenas, fato sugerido pelo encontro de alteração na expressão das aquaporinas nas glândulas salivares menores labiais dos doentes. Na literatura, algumas aquaporinas ainda não haviam sido detectadas por imuno-histoquímica na glândula salivar menor labial humana / Background: Cheilitis glandularis (CG) is a condition of unknown cause which thick saliva is secreted from swollen minor salivary glands from the lips. The condition is considered rare; there are few published case series, and most reports refer to single cases. The clinical picture of CG consists of variable degrees of macrocheilia accompanied by the presence of red, dilated ostia of minor salivary glands on the vermilion area. A thick, mucoid material can be obtained from these ostia by manual expression. This viscous saliva often sticks to the vermilion causing discomfort to the patient. Changes occur more frequently on the lower lip. The condition tends to be chronic and difficult to manage. Treatments vary from topical or intra lesional steroids, oral antibiotics, sun protection and surgery. Cheilitis glandularis is frequently regarded as a \"premalignant\" condition, with a few reported cases of development of squamous cell carcinoma. Aquaporins are small membrane proteins that exhibit channel activity specific for water and small solutes. They are considered essencial for corporal homeostasis, and are widely expressed through human tissues. Until now, most aquaporins studies are based on renal and nervous system fisiopathology, with few studies on situations involving salivary glands, such as Sjögrens disease. Some of them are performed over murine models, not human salivary glands. Objectives: In cheilitis glandularis, there is clinical evidence of thick saliva, which is one of the biggest complains of affected patients. We have diagnosed CG at our Oral Diseases Clinic in what seems to be a higher frequency than usually reported. This has prompted us to study these patients and present our results. Most CG reports are about isolated cases. We performed immunohistochemistry analysis to indicate aquaporins expression in human minor salivary glands affected by CG, since there is clinically thick saliva and its production is related to the activity of aquaporin channels. Methods: Data from 22 patients with diagnosis of cheilitis glandularis, from Oral Diseases Clinic of HC-FMUSP, were reviewed. Ten of 22 patients were submitted to surgical treatment, which was the surgical removal of the lower lip. We performed, on seven patients, analysis of aquaporins expression in minor labial salivary glands, in comparison to healthy tissues, through immunohistochemistry studies. RESULTS: Clinical findings showed higher prevalence of CG on fair skinned patients. Histopathological exams revealed variable degrees of chronic sialoadenitis and epithelial changes in patients submitted to surgical treatment or biopsy. Three of them have developed epidermoid carcinoma of lower lip. Analysis of aquaporins expression showed positivity for AQP1, AQP2, AQP4, AQP5 e AQP8, that differs from normal minor labial salivary glands. Conclusions: In CG, the chance of develop labial epidermoid carcinoma is increased. It seems that exogenous and endogenous components are related to the etiology of CG, as we found different expression of aquaporins in affected glands

Neoplasia maligna de pele ou câncer de pele é uma das doenças que afeta a população e também os trabalhadores rurais devido, entre alguns motivos, ao seu longo período de exposição aos raios solares. Uma forma que se supõe eficaz na prevenção desta patologia refere-se às atividades de educação em saúde. O presente estudo tem como objetivo elaborar, por meio das evidências científicas identificadas, um material educativo, sobre câncer de pele direcionado aos trabalhadores rurais. Para isso, utilizou-se de uma revisão integrativa, a qual permite a busca, a avaliação crítica e o resumo de evidências disponíveis sobre determinada questão de estudo, cuja finalidade é a verificação do estado atual do conhecimento sobre determinado tema, o uso de intervenções mais efetivas e consequentemente a redução de custos e identificação de lacunas. Para tal, foram realizadas estratégias de busca em seis bases de dados diferentes, sendo elas: CINAHL, PUBMED, LILACS, Academic Search Premier, EMBASE e SCOPUS. O somatório de produções científicas disponíveis identificadas nessas bases foi de 187 estudos e após a seleção feita pela atentiva leitura dos artigos, foram selecionados quatro estudos, publicados entre os anos de 1996 a 2011, que se encontravam em adequação ao tema e aos critérios de seleção. Após a análise dos dados foi possível identificar que ainda é incipiente a quantidade de artigos sobre essa temática. As atividades de intervenção educativas são importantes para a prevenção do câncer de pele em trabalhadores rurais, porém quando há dificuldades na realização destas atividades pessoalmente, de modo individual ou em grupo, a elaboração de um material educativo apropriado, baseado na experiência prática do pesquisador, nas evidências disponíveis na literatura e na realidade dos trabalhadores rurais, torna-se de grande valia para que a educação em saúde aconteça e, consequentemente a prevenção de doenças e promoção da saúde. O material educativo ilustrativo abordando a temática do câncer de pele, intitulado \"Câncer de Pele: Plantando Proteção, Colhendo Saúde\" foi elaborado e será disponibilizado aos trabalhadores rurais, como um produto do presente estudo / Malignant skin neoplasm or skin cancer is one of the diseases that affect the population and also the rural workers, due to, among other reasons, their long period of exposure to the sun\'s rays. One form that is supposed to be effective in preventing this pathology refers to the health education activities. This present study intends to develop an educational material on skin cancer oriented towards the rural workers. For this purpose, an integrative review was used, which enables the search, critical assessment and summary of available evidence on a certain study question, whose purpose is to check the current state of the knowledge about a certain issue, the use of more effective interventions and, consequently, the reduction of costs and the identification of gaps. To that end, some search strategies were performed in six different databases, namely: CINAHL, PUBMED, LILACS, Academic Search Premier, EMBASE and SCOPUS. The sum of the available scientific productions identified in these databases was 187 studies; and, after the selection made by the thorough reading of the papers, four studies that were in line with the theme and the selection criteria were chosen, which were published between the years 1996 and 2011. Upon analyzing the data, it was possible to identify that the amount of papers on this issue is still incipient. Educational intervention activities are important for the prevention of skin cancer in rural workers, but when there are difficulties in conducting these activities personally, whether individually or collectively, the development of an appropriate educational material, based on the researcher\'s own practical experience, the evidence available in the literature and in the rural workers\' reality, it becomes of great value for the implementation of health education and, consequently, the prevention of diseases and the promotion of health. The illustrative and educational material addressing the issue of skin cancer entitled \"Câncer de Pele: Plantando proteção, Colhendo Saúde\" has been developed and will be made available to the rural workers, as a product of this study in question

Introdução: No Brasil são escassos os estudos que abordam custos em serviços de saúde, mais ainda na área da Oncologia, disciplina complexa que agrega procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos de alta tecnologia e mão de obra especializada a fim de melhorar a qualidade de vida e sobrevida das pessoas com câncer. Objetivo: Identificar o custo total médio (CTM) de procedimentos relacionados ao tratamento quimioterápico ambulatorial destinado às mulheres portadoras de câncer de mama em um hospital privado. Método: Pesquisa quantitativa, exploratória, descritiva, do tipo estudo de caso, realizada no Ambulatório de Quimioterapia (Amb Qt) de um hospital privado da cidade de São Paulo. O CTM foi calculado multiplicando-se o tempo despendido pelos profissionais envolvidos no tratamento farmacológico (Farmacêuticas, Auxiliar de Farmácia, Enfermeiras e Técnica de Enfermagem) pelo custo unitário da mão de obra direta (MOD), somando-se ao custo dos materiais, fármacos e soluções. Para a realização dos cálculos utilizou-se a moeda brasileira (R$). Resultados: Durante cinco meses de coleta de dados realizaram-se 60 observações de procedimentos abrangendo desde o preparo até o descarte dos resíduos quimioterápicos. Houve predomínio do antineoplásico Paclitaxel (41,67%) e do esquema combinado Adriblastina/Ciclofosfamida (35,00%). O CTM do processo correspondeu a R$ 1.783,01 (100%), sendo R$ 1.671,66 (93,75%) com fármacos, R$ 74,98 (4,21%) com materiais, R$ 28, 49 (1,60%) com MOD e R$ 7,88 (0,44%) com soluções. Conclusão: A partir da realização desta pesquisa espera-se que os resultados obtidos contribuam com a gestão de custos no Amb QT e possam inspirar a condução de investigações semelhantes em outros contextos, públicos ou privados, para ampliação dos conhecimentos acerca da temática em questão. / Introduction: In Brazil there are few studies about costs in health services, even more in Oncology complex discipline which aggregates high-technology diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and specialized workforce, in order to improve the quality of life and survival of people with cancer. Knowing, analyzing and managing costs of such procedures becomes indispensable due to its economic impact on health systems, organizations, patients and their families. Objective: Identifying the average total cost (ATC) of the pharmacological outpatient treatment for women with breast cancer in a private hospital. Method: Quantitative, exploratory, descriptive research, of the sort case study, performed at the Chemotherapy Outpatient Clinic (CHEMO OPC) of a private hospital in the city of São Paulo. The ATC was calculated by multiplying the time spent by the professionals involved in the pharmacological treatment (Pharmacist, Pharmacy Assistant, Nurses and Nursing Technician) by the unit cost of the direct labor (DL), added to the cost of materials, medicine and solutions. In order to perform these calculations the currency used was the Brazilian Real (R$). Findings: In five months of data collection 60 observations were done, from the preparation to the disposal of Chemotherapy waste. There was a predominance of the antineoplastic Paclitaxel (41.67%) and the Adriblastine/Cyclophosphamide (35,00%). The ATC of the process corresponded to R$ 1,783.01 (100%), of which R$ 1,671.66 (93.75%) derive from medicine, R$ 74.98 (4.21%) from materials, R$ 28.49 (1.60%) from DL and R$ 7.88 (0.44%) from solutions. Conclusion: It is expected that the discoveries of this research shall contribute with the cost management at the CHEMO OPC and may inspire the undertaking of similar investigations under other contexts, either public or private, for the enlargement of knowledge of the matter in question.

Bakgrund: I Sverige är de vanligaste formerna av cancer prostata- och bröstcancer. En stor andel av patienterna diagnostiserade med cancer är i behov av palliativ vård på hospice eller inom hemsjukvården. Dessa patienter hamnar ofta i sorg och hoppet kan bli centralt i den sårbara situationen. Sjuksköterskan bör ge möjlighet för patienterna att få en värdig död, främja livskvalitet och stödja närstående. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka känslan av hopp hos patienter med cancer inom palliativa slutenvården och palliativa hemsjukvården. Metod: Litteraturöversiktens metod formades efter Friberg. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar valdes från databaserna Cinahl Complete, PubMED samt PsychINFO. Artiklarna var både kvalitativa och kvantitativa. Resultat: Resultatet delades upp i tre huvudteman och sju subteman; Aspekter av hopp med subteman Hopp och hopplöshet samt Livskvalitet; Skapa hopp med subteman Behov av hopp, Autonomi; Motstridiga känslor i livets slut med subteman Acceptans och Inför döden. Resultatet visade att känslan av hopp hos patienter med cancer inom palliativ vård ofta pendlar mellan hopp och hopplöshet. Diskussion: Resultatdiskussionen tar upp nyckelresultaten hopp och hopplöshet som visades sig i resultatdelen. Katie Erikssons teori om hopp, vårdrelationen och lidande diskuteras. Vidare beskrivs hoppets betydelse för patienterna och hur detta skiljer sig bland olika patientgrupper. Även patienters psykiska hälsa diskuteras då ångest och depression kan förekomma bland dessa patienter. / Background: The most common form of cancer in Sweden is prostate- and breast cancer. A large proportion of the patients diagnosed with cancer are in a need of palliative care at the hospice or at home care. These patients often end up in grief, and hope is central to that vulnerable situation. The nurse should enable patients to receive a dignified death, promote quality of life and support close relatives. Aim: The aim was to investigate the feeling of hope among patients with cancer in palliative care and palliative home care. Method: The literature review method was formed after Friberg. Ten scientific articles were selected from the databases Cinahl Complete, PubMed and PsychINFO. The articles were both qualitative and quantitative. Results: The result was divided into three main themes and seven sub-themes; Aspects of hope with the subthemes Hope and Hopelessness and Quality of life; The creation of hope with the subthemes Need of hope, Autonomy; Contradictory emotions at the end of life with the subthemes Acceptance and Facing death. The result showed that the feeling of hope in patients with cancer in palliative care often commutes between hope and hopelessness. Discussion: The findings discuss the two keyresults hope and hopelessness that appeared in the results. Katie Eriksson’s theory of hope, the caring relationship and suffering is discussed. Further, it describes patients significance of hope and how this differs among different patient groups. Even patients' mental health is discussed when anxiety and depression can occur among these patients.

Metastases pulmonares isoladas de sarcomas de partes moles ocorrem em 20%-50% dos pacientes, e 70% destes pacientes apresentarão doença limitada aos pulmões. A ressecção cirúrgica é bem aceita como tratamento padrão nas metastases de sarcomas de partes moles confinadas aos pulmões, com muitos estudos relatando sobrevida em cinco anos de 305-40%, ssndo que o fator preditor de sobrevida é a ressecção completa. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar as variáveis clínicas e demográficas relacionadas ao tratamento e associadas com a sobrevida global a longo prazo (90 meses) nos pacientes submetidos a metastasectomia pulmonar de sarcomas de partes moles. Uma revisão retrospectiva foi realizada nos pacientes com metastases pulmonares que foram submetidos à toracotomia para ressecção das metástases, após o tratamento do tumor primário. Os dados foram coletados de acordo com as características do tumor primário, dados demográficos, tipo de tratamento e evolução. Pacientes (n=77) com sarcomas de partes moles previamente tratados foram submetidos a um total of 122 toracotomias e 273 nódulos ressecados. O seguimento mediando de todos os pacientes foi de 36.7 meses (variação: 10-138 meses). O índice de complicações pós-peratórias foi 9.1%, e a mortalidade em 30 dias de 0%. A sobrevida global em 90 meses para todos os pacientes foi de 34.7%. A análise multivariada identificou o número de metástases, o intervalo livre de doença, e ressecção completa, como fatores prognósticos independentes para a sobrevida global. Estes resultados confirmam que a metastasectomia pulmonar é um procedimento seguro e com potencial curativo para pacientes com tumors primários tratados. Um grupo seleto de pacientes pode apresentar uma sobrevida a longo prazo interessante após a ressecção pulmonar / Isolated pulmonary metastases from soft tissue sarcomas occur in 20%-50% of these patients, and 70% of these patients will have disease limited only to the lungs. Surgical resection is well accepted as a standard approach to treat metastases from soft tissue sarcomas isolated to the lungs, with many studies reporting overall 5-year survival ranging from 30% to 40%, and the most consistent predictor of survival in these patients is complete resection. The aim of this study is to determine demographics and clinical treatment-related variables associated with long-term (90-month) overall survival in patients with lung metastases undergoing pulmonary metastasectomy from soft tissue sarcomas. A retrospective review was performed of patients who were admitted with lung metastases and underwent thoracotomy for resection, after treatment of the primary tumor. Data were collected regarding primary tumor features, demographics, treatment, and outcome. Patients (n=77) with preview soft tissue sarcomas treated, were submitted to a total of 122 thoracotomies and 273 nodules resected. Median follow-up time of all patients was 36.7 months (range: 10-138 months). The postoperative complication rate was 9.1%, and the 30-day mortality rate was 0%. The 90-month overall survival rate for all patients was 34.7%. Multivariate analysis identified the number of metastases resected, disease-free interval, and complete resection as the independent prognostic factors for overall survival. These results confirm that lung metastasectomy is a safe and potentially curative procedure for patients with treated primary tumors. A select group of patients can achieve long-term survival after lung resection

Introdução: A prostatectomia radical é uma forma definitiva de tratamento do câncer localizado da próstata. Aproximadamente 40% dos pacientes tratados pela prostatectomia radical apresentaram progressão da doença, mesmo com a doença confinada ao órgão. Acurácia previsão do risco de recorrência é útil para se considerar uma terapia adjuvante ou alguma forma de tratamento investigacional. Observa-se, atualmente, que fatores anatomopatológicos e clínicos são insuficientes para o estadiamento preciso do câncer da próstata. Alguns estudos têm ressaltado a influência dos processos de adesão celular como pré-requisitos para invasão tumoral e metástase, sendo as moléculas CD44 e a família Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin (ERM), citadas como facilitadoras destes processos. Objetivos: Avaliar a expressão do complexo protéico CD44/ERM, no câncer da próstata, bem como sua associação com os fatores prognósticos e sobrevida nesta neoplasia. Material e Métodos: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os blocos de parafina de 100 pacientes, portadores de câncer localizado da próstata comprovado por biópsia transretal da próstata, submetidos à prostatectomia radical, no período de 1995 a 2000, do Departamento de Anatomia Patológica do Hospital Geral de Fortaleza e Laboratório Biopse. As lâminas de todos os casos selecionados para este estudo foram coradas com hematoxilina e eosina e revisadas. A preparação das lâminas foi feita pela técnica de Tissue Microarray. A análise imunohistoquímica foi realizada, utilizado-se para controle positivo um tecido sabidamente com expressão da proteína a ser pesquisada. Foram realizadas duas lâminas de controle negativo. A primeira delas foi feita com a retirada do anticorpo primário e substituição por soro bovino fetal. O segundo controle negativo foi realizado com a retirada da reação do anticorpo secundário e substituição por soro contendo imunoglobulina do mesmo idiotipo do anticorpo primário, mas da mesma espécie. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados através do Teste do Qui-quadrado ou do Teste Exato de Fisher. Foram elaboradas curvas de sobrevivências, segundo o método de Kaplan-Meier. Curvas de sobrevivência foram comparadas através do Teste Log-Rank. Resultados: Os níveis de expressão imunohistoquímica de Ezrin,Radixin, Moezin e CD44V6 no câncer da próstata, foram respectivamente 48,8%, 16,3%, 20,9% e 70,9%. Houve uma diminuição da expressão do Radixin e Moesin quando comparados com os valores de PSA pré-operatório. Esta diminuição da expressão foi estatisticamente significante (p< 0,008 e p< 0,044) para os pacientes portadores de PSA> 10ng/ml no pré-operatório. A expressão do Ezrin teve significância estatística com relação à redução global da sobrevida dos pacientes quando comparado com as outras proteínas de adesão. Conclusão: A expressão da proteína Ezrin no câncer da próstata parece ser fator prognóstico independente na redução da sobrevida global, podendo vir a ser um importante marcador molecular em câncer da próstata / Introduction: Radical prostatectomy is one form of definite treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. Approximately 40% of the patients treated by radical prostatectomy presented disease progression, even with the disease confined to the organ. Predictive accuracy of the risk of recurrence is useful to be considered as an adjuvant therapy or in some form of investigational treatment. To date, anatomopathological and clinical factors are observed as insufficient for the precise staging of prostate cancer. Some studies have emphasized the influence of cellular adhesion processes as a prerequisite for tumor invasion and metastasis, with the molecules CD44 and the ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) family cited as facilitators of these processes. Objectives: To evaluate the expression of CD44/ERM complex protein in prostate cancer, as well as its association with prognostic and survival factors in this neoplasm. Material and Methods: Retrospectively analyzed were the paraffin blocks of 100 prostate cancer patients, proven by transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, submitted to radical prostatectomy in the period from 1995 to 2000 at the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the General Hospital of Fortaleza and a private laboratory (Fortaleza, Brazil). The slides of all cases selected for this study were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and reviewed. The preparation of the slides was done by tissue microarray technique. Immunohistochemical analysis was carried out using a tissue known to have expression to the protein being studied as positive control. Two slides of negative control were prepared. The first slide was prepared with the omission of the primary antibody and substitution by fetal bovine serum. The second negative control was prepared with the omission of the secondary antibody response and substitution by serum containing immunoglobulin of the same idiotype of the primary antibody, but of the same species. The obtained data were evaluated through chi-square test or Fishers exact test. Survival curves were prepared following the Kaplan-Meier method. Survival curves were compared by the log-rank test. Results: The immunohistochemical expression levels of Ezrin, Radixin, Moezin and CD44V6 in prostate cancer were respectively 48.8%, 16.3%, 20.9% and 70.9%. There was a reduction of Radixin and Moesin expression when compared with preoperative PSA values. This reduction of expression was statistically significant (p <0.008 and p <0.044) for the patients with preoperative PSA> 10ng/ml. Ezrin expression had statistical significance in relation to reduction of overall patient survival when compared with other adhesion proteins. Conclusion: Ezrin protein expression in prostate cancer seems to be an independent prognostic factor in the reduction of overall survival, being able to become an important molecular marker in prostate cancer

INTRODUÇÃO: O mixofibrossarcoma (MFS) é um dos mais frequentes sarcomas de partes moles (SPM) em idosos que afeta principalmente as extremidades. Historicamente, é um grupo de tumores heterogêneos. Clinicamente está caracterizado por apresentar uma alta incidência de recorrência local (RL) e um conhecimento limitado sobre a sua capacidade de metástase. O índice de RL após a ressecção cirúrgica é relativamente maior quando comparado com outros SPM. Não existe um consenso em como identificar os pacientes com maior risco. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores de prognóstico dos pacientes diagnosticados com MFS em uma instituição única. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os prontuários de 75 pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de MFS nas extremidades, que foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico, nos últimos 25 anos. Comparamos idade, sexo, tamanho e localização do tumor, grau histológico segundo a Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer (FNCLCC) e o estádio segundo a American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). A média de idade foi 49,7 anos. A localização foi: membro superior (25,4%), membro inferior (66,6%) e pelve (8%). Os pacientes apresentaram baixo, intermediário e alto grau, em: 29,3%, 24% e 46,7% dos tumores, respectivamente. Pelo tamanho foram categorizados em: =/< 5 cm (13,3%), > 5 e <10 cm (42,7%), > 10 e <15 cm (9%) e =/> 15 cm (18,7%). Em total, 26,7% receberam radioterapia pós-operatória. As margens foram livres em 76% e comprometidas em 24%. A análise da regressão de Cox bivariada foi utilizada para determinar as associações entre os fatores clínicos e de tratamento com a RL. RESULTADOS: O tempo médio de seguimento foi 30.7 meses. O 26,7% dos pacientes apresentaram RL. Metástase foi reportada em 27 (36%) pacientes. O local mais comum de metástase foi: pulmão (92,6%) e gânglios linfáticos (18,5%). O tempo médio de sobrevida dos pacientes com metástase foi 21,2 meses. Os fatores preditivos para RL foram: margens comprometidas (hazard ratio 5.47, 95% intervalo de confiança, 2.23-13.40, P < 0.001) e metástase (hazard ratio 10.24, 95% intervalo de confiança, 3.53-26.68, P < 0.001). Os fatores preditivos da sobrevida livre de RL foram: grau histológico, margens comprometidas (hazard ratio 3.18, 95% intervalo de confiança, 1.51-6.70, P =0.001), e metástase (hazard ratio 15.23, 95% intervalo de confiança, 5.57-41.61, P= 0.001). Os fatores preditivos de sobrevida em geral foram: RL (hazard ratio 5.13, 95% intervalo de confiança, 2.15-12.24, P < 0.001), e metástase (hazard ratio 540.97, 95% intervalo de confiança, 5.04-58112.03, P < 0.001). CONCLUSÃO: As margens cirúrgicas comprometidas e a metástase estão diretamente associadas com a RL. O grau histológico do tumor, as margens comprometidas, a RL e a metástase, são fatores de pior prognóstico no MFS / BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas (STS) in elderly patients and it primarily affects the extremities. They are a historically heterogeneous group of tumors. The clinical course of MFS is characterized by a high incidence of local recurrences (LR), but knowledge about distant metastasis is sparse. MFS is reported to have a higher risk of LR following definitive surgical excision relative to other STS. There is no agreement on how to identify patients at major risk. The objectives of this study were to analyze the prognostic factors and outcomes of patients with MFS treated at a single institution. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 75 patients with pathologically confirmed MFS of the extremities who underwent surgery in the last 25 years. We compared the age, sex, tumor size and location, Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer (FNCLCC) grade and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage. Median age was 49.7 years (range, 1 to 88 y). Site of disease was: upper extremity (25.4%), lower extremity (66.6%) and pelvic (8%). Patients had low, intermediate and high-grade, in: 29.3%, 24% and 46.7% of tumors, respectively. Tumors were categorized as =/< 5 cm (13.3%), > 5 and < 10 cm (42.7%), > 10 and < 15 cm (9%) and =/> 15 cm (18.7%). In total, 26.7% received postoperative radiotherapy. All patients underwent surgery. Margins were negative in 76% and positive in 24%. Bivariate Cox regression analysis was utilized to determine associations between clinical and treatment factors with LR. RESULTS: Median follow-up time was 30.7 months (range, 1.8 to 383.8 m). We found a 26.7% of LR. Distant metastasis was reported in 27 (36%) patients. The most common sites of metastasis were: lung (92.6%) and lymph nodes (18.5%). The overall survival rate in patients with metastasis was 21.2 months (range, 4.8 to 114.8 m). Predictors of LR were: positive margins (hazard ratio 5.47, 95% confidence interval, 2.23-13.40, P < 0.001) and distant metastasis (hazard ratio 10.24, 95% confidence interval, 3.53-26.68, P < 0.001). Predictors of overall survival free of LR were: grade, positive margins (hazard ratio 3.18, 95% confidence interval, 1.51-6.70, P =0.001), and distant metastasis (hazard ratio 15.23, 95% confidence interval, 5.57-41.61, P= 0.001). Predictors of overall survival were grade, LR (hazard ratio 5.13, 95% confidence interval, 2.15-12.24, P < 0.001), and distant metastasis (hazard ratio 540.97, 95% confidence interval, 5.04-58112.03, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this institutional series of MFS, positive margins and distant metastasis were significantly associated with a higher risk of LR. Tumor grade, LR, positive margins and distant metastases were significant predictors of overall survival poor prognosis