This project is a reaction towards the static nature of the built world, and seeks to empower the end-user in the housing market by developing a highly customizable non-load bearing prefabricated panel system that allows for people to design, build, own, change and move their own apartments. It then explores the potential for it to resolve the current housing situation - both as new construction and through parasitic means (inhabiting parking garages, industrial buildings, renovation projects) - and the dynamics of user-defined living within society as a whole.

[pt] Esta pesquisa apresenta novas perspectivas para o desenvolvimento de objetos de vestuário a partir da aplicação de tecnologias digitais de produção. Aborda-se a transição do processo de fabricação sob medida para a produção em massa, e as etapas de produção industrial de um objeto de vestir. Explora-se o processo de digitalização corporal 3D, ferramenta que integra um novo modelo de manufatura com base na individualização; a modelagem paramétrica, baseada em algoritmos; e o potencial da manufatura aditiva. Para isso, foram realizadas atividades experimentais, que incluíram o estudo de uma palmilha anatômica, a parametrização de moldes base de saia e de blusa, e ainda a criação de um têxtil impresso a partir do processo FDM, com filamento flexível. / [en] This research presents new perspectives for clothing pieces development by the application of digital production technologies. It addresses the transition from custom-made to mass-production manufacturing, bringing into viewchanges in industrial production line. It explores 3D body scanning, a tool that assists a new manufacturing model based on individualization; parametric modeling, based on algorithms; and the potential of additive manufacturing. Experimental designs were carried out, including the study of an anatomical insole, the parametrization of skirt and blouse pattern, and a textile printed in flexible filament with FDM technology.

Denna rapport syftar primärt till att undersöka hur väl system för maskinöversättning kan prestera i relation till Scanias kravbild. Undersökningen riktar sig främst till att undersöka systemens förmåga till domänanpassning och vilken effekt det har på dess maskinöversättningar. Utvärdering görs dels med automatiska utvärderingsmetoder som på olika sätt mäter korrelation till existerande textinnehåll från diverse tjänster i samlingsplattformen MyScania, men även manuellt av översättare med erfarenhet inom Scanias språkbruk. Resultatet av denna undersökning visade att domänanpassning med egna data generellt ökar kvaliteten av maskinöversättningar. Det noteras även hur väl maskinöversättningarna presterar varierar mycket på faktorer som exempelvis språk. Google AutoML lyckas däremot prestera bäst i alla de testade språken. Detta visades vid både automatisk utvärdering och manuell utvärdering. Undersökningen visade även svagheter i automatisk utvärderingsmetrik vid fristående användning men samtidigt att det kan bidra med meningsfulla insikter när det kompletteras med mänsklig bedömning. Undersökningen bekräftar att mänsklig bedömning alltid bör användas om det är möjligt. / This report’s primary purpose is to examine how well systems for machine translation can perform in relation to what is sought after by Scania. This examination is primarily aimed at investigating the systems capability for domain customization and what effects these have on the results of machine translations. Evaluation is done partly using multiple automatic metrics that in different ways measure correlation to existing translations within MyScania, combined with manual evaluation done by translators experienced with Scania’s language usage.  The results of this examination showed that domain customization using own data generally increases the quality of machine translations. It is noted that how the machine translations perform is affected by many factors such as languages, Google AutoML however succeeds to perform the best in all the tested languages. This is proven both in evaluation using automatic metrics and manual evaluation. This investigation also showed weaknesses in automatic metrics in stand-alone use but that they can contribute with meaningful knowledge when complemented by manual evaluation. This investigation confirms that manual evaluation should always be used when possible.

Mjukvaruutveckling kräver bra arbetsmetoder för att man ska kunna leverera effektivt och välfungerande mjukvara. För att lyckas med detta behöves en bra arbetsmetod som de kan arbeta efter. Agila metoder blir mer populära att arbeta med när det gäller mjukvaruutveckling i dagens teknikföretag. Fler företag går över att arbeta efter agila metoder med projekt istället för den traditionella vattenfallsmetoden. Anledningen till detta är att fler och fler företag misslyckas att leverera projekten i tid med vattenfallsmetoden vilket medför mer kostnader för företag. Agila metoder hjälper däremot företag att få struktur som leder till bättre arbetssätt som i sin tur resulterar i att projekten blir avslutade i tid. Denna studie undersökte användning och anpassningar av agila metoden Scrum på en bank och om detta har medfört några förbättringar i arbete med mjukvaruutvecklingsprojekt. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av intervjuer med Scrummästare, Agila coacher, produktägare samt chefer som arbetar med Scrum-metoden. Resultatet visar att agila metoden Scrum ger mer struktur samt transparens till projekt. Anpassningar till produktägarrollen på företaget har medfört att rätt uppdrag blir prioriterade och teamen får en tydlig backlogg att arbeta efter. Arbetet enligt Scrummetoden har hjälpt team att få en tydlig struktur och ökat leverans av projekt. / Software development requires good working methods to be to deliver efficient and effective software. To achieve this, companies require a good working method that they can work with. Agile methods are becoming more popular to work with when it comes to software development in today's technology companies. More companies are beginning to work with agile methods for project management instead of the traditional waterfall method. The reason for this is that more and more companies fail to deliver projects on time with the waterfall method, which means more costs for companies. The reason for this is that more and more companies fail to deliver projects on time with the waterfall method, which means more costs for companies. Agile methodologies however help companies to get structure that led to better work, which in turn results in that projects are completed on time. This study examined the usage and customization of agile method Scrum in a bank, and if this has led to some improvements in the work of software development projects. The investigation was conducted through interviews with Scrum Master, Agile coaches, product owners and managers who work with the Scrum method. The result shows that the agile method Scrum provides more structure and transparency to projects. Adaptations to the product owner role in the company has led to that right assignment are prioritized and teams get a clear backlog to work with. The work with the Scrum method has helped the team to have a clear structure and increased delivery of projects.

Providing products that are customized to meet a specific customer's unique needs is challenging for companies. Product configuration systems are tools that enables parts of these activities to be performed automatically. However, there is a lack of systems designed to ensure that the configured products are based on customer needs. Decision support systems based on Multi-criteria decision making methods have the potential to solve this problem. Yet, there is a lack of knowledge regarding various multi-criteria decision making methods. Moreover, there is a need to reduce the complexity of the methods by incorporating them into user-friendly software’s. This research therefore investigates how the architecture of a decision support system based on multi-criteria decision making methods could be structured to include customer needs and suggest product configurations based on them. Through a literature review various methods are analyzed. In collaboration with an aircraft towing tractor manufacturer as a representative of customizable products the architecture of the system is developed. The study shows that a system based on a combination of Analytical Hierarchy Process, Quality Function Deployment and Expert system can solve the problem. This is to the authors knowledge the first study to use this combination. It provides an approach of how to ensure that product configurations can be aligned with customer needs and that the consistency of these needs is assured.

本研究將探討已處於穩定發展階段的個案企業，如何在競爭環境中設計定位出與製造服務業之客製化策略互相配合的策略，有效地將營運策略、擴大企業實力與規模經濟相互整合，從而尋求提高技術水準、工人素質、產品品質的有效途徑。本研究將做出整合企業內部核心競爭力的分析、競爭優勢在產品市場的表現、競爭劣勢、機會與威脅的分析比較，並篩選與執行適合本個案公司特色的營運策略，從而取得競爭優勢，獲得經營業績。 本研究從個案公司內外部競爭優劣勢分析及企業現階段的發展特色之中，篩選出與企業自身發展相配合的差異化策略，即客戶服務的差異化，使個案公司能比競爭對手更有效率地為買方提供更有附加價值的差異化產品、能夠有效做出產品品質的差異化、能將知識管理與人力資源管理有效地整合在一起，而使得人力資源管理成為了真正“策略管理”的核心，從而有效形成與營運策略互相吻合的動態組織結構。 本研究首先從三個維度（策略維度、文化維度、學習和創新維度），系統地對公司內部管理情況加以深入地分析，來研究所亟須解決的重要問題。本研究從策略維度研究企業的策略目標、組織結構、內部工作流程、內部資訊溝通、人力資源的開發與評估以及公司的制度建構；從文化維度來研究企業核心價值觀的確立，並運用深層思維的價值觀來打造企業不敗的竅門；從學習和創新的維度來研究建構出學習型組織對企業營運的重要意義。 本研究之重點由個案公司簡介及個案研究與分析所組成。個案公司簡介部分描述了致綺國際有限公司成立二十多年來的公司沿革、經營理念、公司定位、公司策略、策略執行、公司組織架構、 深圳公司組織架構、主要產品、美国BERGQUIST產品、主要客户、生產能力、銷售額、品質政策、品質目標、绝缘片產品作業流程、導熱片產品作業流程、品質控制流程圖、個案公司之終極學習標的:Brady公司簡介與經營歷程及經營績效，其中重點介紹了致勝深圳電器配件廠的經營方式與管理改善計劃。 個案公司簡介主要分四部分來加以闡述:一、致綺國際有限公司之公司沿革簡介，包括致綺國際有限公司各地公司之分佈及公司組織架構，致綺國際有限公司所生產之主要產品類別及銷售額等。二、深圳致勝電器配件廠組織架構之介紹。三、深圳致勝電器配件廠之生產系統及管理。四、從銷售情形、庫存狀況、毛利率及競爭優勢等構面闡述了致綺國際有限公司最近之營運績效。 個案研究與分析部分主要從管理持續改善的全方位角度，分析了致綺國際有限公司未來經營成功的關鍵性績效指標(Key Performance Index,KPI)如下:一、提升工程作業能力，以主動、迅速、正確，服務內外部客戶。二、持續提升生產效率，以正確（Q）、低成本（C）、迅速（D）之優勢來滿足客戶的需求。三、強化組織架構權責、人員培訓體系，以建立優質人力資源。四、強化資材供應與管理能力，以適質、適量、適價優勢提升競爭力。五、精實品質管理系統，以降低客戶抱怨。六、員工生活品質優化，以降低員工流動率。七、提高核心競爭優勢。八、強化企業文化與價值。九、強化企業領導模式。十、 強化產品資訊與客戶支援解決方案。十一、強化個案公司之市場目標。十二、有效強化管理、彈性應變與工程執行能力。十三、以客為尊，提高客戶滿意度，策略方向聚焦與定位於行銷服務業。十四、高素質的材料有效地支援了產品、元件及其他資產。十五、確保運用適當的員工，適時適地來強化安全性。十六、緊縮與裁撤不必要之間接部門，全面緊縮成本。十七、聚焦於利基市場及新產品，重新定位利基策略。十八、將公司的總管理處、研發設計、業務、財務儘量維持駐在地深圳。 / This thesis analyzes the corporate strategy of the case company Everfame International Co., Ltd, which becomes customized at a steady development stage gradually .How to propose a good corporate strategy according to the competitive environment and the company’s real status is the first priority of the case company. The key point is how to improve the quality level of the technology and production. It thoroughly is a critical issue for combining corporation strategy with building up the strength of the case company. This article combines company’s internal core competitiveness. It contains competitive strength、 competitive weakness、 opportunities and threats. The suitable strategy must be adaptive to the company’s real characteristic and strengthen to improve the company’s operational performance. A differentiation strategy is focused on the development of a product or service that offers unique attributes that are valued by customers, and the customers perceive to be better and different from the products of the competitive rivals. The value added by the uniqueness of the product may allow the case company to charge a premium price for it. The case company expects that the higher price will be more than covering the extra costs incurred in offering the unique product and service. Therefore, Using the above core competency, The case company can combine the unique domain knowledge and excellent human resource management to construct a dynamic and flexible organization , and focused on catching up the economic scale of their ultimate target: rolemodel company Brady as the long term visional mindset of The case company.

半導體光電元件普及於各式各樣的電子設備與產品中，可說是支持現代工業社會迅速發展的基礎，因此半導體產業一直是相當引人注目之行業。一般而言，企業要尋求及建立相對優勢，以保有相對之競爭優勢，其可茲運用之策略眾多，價格差異化、強化本身與顧客之關係、發展品牌、提升顧客滿意度，均是可使用之方式。對半導體設備商來說，除了價格、品牌策略外，本研究認為顧客關係管理對於半導體設備商來說，是相當重要的一項議題，半導體光電設備供應商的供應鏈必須具有高回應性才能滿足客戶需要。透過個案研究，本研究系探討半導體光電設備商顧客關係管理之面向與策略，以及顧客關係管理對半導體光電設備商之影響。研究發現，透過顧客關係管理，半導體光電設備商得以在提升顧客價值、客製化顧客需求、降低顧客成本、模組化顧客溝通模式的目標下，利用整合顧客知識、建置顧客管理平台、建立顧客認同、以及公司高階管理者涉入的策略下，得以降低公司在取得新顧客時所需的成本，同時提高既有顧客忠誠度、提升產品競爭力、並提高銷售績效。 / Semiconductor industry is still a promising business in high technology, and the companies in this field have to seek and construct their strength and superiorities to retain the competitiveness. In the light of the distinct tactics of business, customer relationship management is quite an important issue for semiconductor equipment manufacturers besides price and brand image strategies. For the supply chains of semiconductor equipment manufacturers, only the high responsiveness of customer can bring the high satisfactions of customer. The purpose of study hence is to discuss the dimensions and the tactics of customer relationship management of semiconductor equipment manufacturers, and the effect of customer relationship management to the development of semiconductor equipment manufacturers through case study. As the results, semiconductor equipment manufacturers can improve their product competitiveness, customer loyalty, and the cost of getting new possible customers via the tactics of customer knowledge integration, the customer identities, customer management platform, and the involvement of high level manager under the multiple feasible targets.

The topic of this dissertation is the anatomical, psychological, and cultural examination of a human face in order to effectively construct an anatomy-driven 3D virtual face customization and action model. In order to gain a broad perspective of all aspects of a face, theories and methodology from the fields of art, engineering, anatomy, psychology, and cultural studies have been analyzed and implemented. The computer generated facial customization and action model were designed based on the collected data. Using this customization system, culturally-specific attractive face in Korean popular culture, “kot-mi-nam (flower-like beautiful guy),” was modeled and analyzed as a case study. The “kot-mi-nam” phenomenon is overviewed in textual, visual, and contextual aspects, which reveals the gender- and sexuality-fluidity of its masculinity. The analysis and the actual development of the model organically co-construct each other requiring an interwoven process. Chapter 1 introduces anatomical studies of a human face, psychological theories of face recognition and an attractive face, and state-of-the-art face construction projects in the various fields. Chapter 2 and 3 present the Bezier curve-based 3D facial customization (BCFC) and Multi-layered Facial Action Model (MFAF) based on the analysis of human anatomy, to achieve a cost-effective yet realistic quality of facial animation without using 3D scanned data. In the experiments, results for the facial customization for gender, race, fat, and age showed that BCFC achieved enhanced performance of 25.20% compared to existing program Facegen , and 44.12% compared to Facial Studio. The experimental results also proved the realistic quality and effectiveness of MFAM compared with blend shape technique by enhancing 2.87% and 0.03% of facial area for happiness and anger expressions per second, respectively. In Chapter 4, according to the analysis based on BCFC, the 3D face of an average kot-mi-nam is close to gender neutral (male: 50.38%, female: 49.62%), and Caucasian (66.42-66.40%). Culturally-specific images can be misinterpreted in different cultures, due to their different languages, histories, and contexts. This research demonstrates that facial images can be affected by the cultural tastes of the makers and can also be interpreted differently by viewers in different cultures.

Face à la forte concurrence internationale, de nombreuses entreprises manufacturières orientent leurs investissements vers les marchés africains pour accroître leur part de marché et rester compétitives sur le marché mondial. Ces marchés sont effet en plein essor mais demandent des produits de grande diversité. En dépit de cette attractivité, les flux commerciaux en Afrique demeurent faibles en raison de la faible qualité des infrastructures et de l’absence d’écosystèmes logistiques régionaux connectant les pays africains de manière fiable et efficace.C’est pourquoi cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à la modélisation et à la résolution du problème de conception de réseaux de distribution hybrides en Afrique, intégrant des plateformes de distribution et de personnalisation finale des produits. Ces réseaux incluent, en amont, des hubs régionaux servant de porte d’entrée vers les marchés d’une région continentale. Le report de la personnalisation finale en aval du réseau logistique permet de réduire les délais de livraison aux marchés et le coût de distribution tout en maintenant une économie d’échelle. La méthodologie que nous proposons repose sur deux grands axes de recherche :▪ Le premier axe vise à définir la localisation des hubs logistiques régionaux, sur la base d’une analyse multicritères floue, version améliorée de TOPSIS floue et d'AHP ;▪ Le deuxième axe aborde conception de réseaux de distribution hybrides servant des marchés fortement diversifiés (exemple : marchés des engrais). Nous avons proposé deux nouveaux modèles d'optimisation multi-objectifs minimisant le coût total d’exploitation et d’investissement, maximisant la proximité des produits aux marchés et minimisant les dommages sur les produits finis durant leur distribution. Le premier modèle est déterministe tandis que le deuxième propose une conception flexible alignée sur la dynamique et l’incertitude de l’évolution des marchés africains. / In the context of intense international competition, many manufacturing firms are directing their investments toward African markets to increase their market share and maintain their competitiveness in the global market. These markets are rapidly growing but require customized products. Despite their attractivity, trade flows in Africa remain low due to the poor quality of infrastructure and the lack of regional logistic ecosystems, connecting African countries through reliable and efficient services.This doctoral thesis therefore focuses on modelling and solving the problem of designing hybrid distribution networks in Africa, integrating distribution and final customization platforms. These networks incorporate, upstream, regional hubs that serve as gateways to regional markets. The postponement of final customization downstream of the logistics network reduces the delivery times and downstream distribution costs while maintaining upstream economies of scale.The methodology we suggest is based on two main areas of research:▪ The first axis aims to define the location of regional logistics hubs, based on a fuzzy multi-criteria analysis approach, which is an improved version of TOPSIS fuzzy and AHP;▪ The second axis focuses on the design of hybrid distribution networks serving highly diversified markets in Africa (for example: fertilizer markets). To this aim, we propose two new multi-objective optimization models minimizing total operating and investment costs, maximizing product proximity to markets and minimizing damage to finished products during their distribution. The first model is deterministic while the second one proposes a flexible design in response to the dynamics and uncertainty of the evolution of African markets.

L’intégration du langage informatique dans l’architecture et l’ingénierie a commencé dès les années 1960, mais a connu un réel essor dans les années 1990. Les outils de modélisation ont alors progressivement fait émerger une nouvelle architecture. Tout d’abord baptisée « architecture blob », on lui a ensuite attribué le nom de « blobisme » et ses dérivés sont aujourd’hui appelés « architecture non standard ». Au cours de la dernière décennie, certains chercheurs comme Mario Carpo ou praticiens comme Patrick Schumacher ont introduit les termes de « paramétrisme », « customisation de masse », et « architecture non standard » pour définir ces nouvelles constructions complexes. Elles ne sont pas nécessairement savantes, mais ont été conçues grâce à des outils numériques et réalisées avec des méthodes de fabrication digitales. Cette thèse prend appui sur le postulat qu’une approche non standard dans un projet est loin de se résumer à une démarche purement plastique ou fonctionnelle : elle est destinée à produire des objets constructibles. Le domaine d’étude est celui des murs et enveloppes construites en bois et plus particulièrement les parois de type cellulaire. Ce travail inclut donc un outil paramétrique d’aide à la conception (ACPT, Aided-Conception Parametric Tool) et à la fabrication qui peut accompagner les concepteurs dans l’exploration de solutions non-standards pour des problèmes architecturaux spécifiques Cet outil paramétrique et intégré s’appuie sur une modélisation géométrique et technique des parois murales et des différents dispositifs cellulaires qui les composent. L’approche paramétrique autorise le développement de nombreuses variantes morphologiques. Sa dimension intégrée permet la production et l’optimisation des données tant topologiques que constructives. La production grandeur nature d’une paroi réalisée par un robot de coupe a servi de cadre expérimental pour démontrer les potentialités de notre approche mais aussi en identifier les difficultés. Les améliorations effectuées ont conduit à produire une série de clusters (groupes de fonctions) pour Rhinoceros-Grasshopper (RGH) qui ont permis de mettre en oeuvre la première version opérationnelle de cet outil, baptisée Fab-Cell / The integration of computing language into architecture and engineering has been present since the 1960s but it only proved practical by the 1990s when modeling tools started to participate in an architectural shift that has conceptually mutated through the years. By then, the trend was called “blob architecture” and thirteen years ago, trends succeeding “blobism” were named as non-standard architecture. In the last ten years, academicians like Mario Carpo and practitioners such as Patrick Schumacher nested the terms parametricism, mass customization, and nonstandard architecture to define those complex –not necessarily complicated architectures created by using of digital tools and aided-manufacturing methods. This thesis is underpinned on the fact that using the non-standard approach in any architectural project needs more than just a plastic or functional intention but the means to translate that intention into actual buildable objects. The aims of this study are therefore oriented towards architectural elements using cellular-like patterns as morphologic resource. This work brings up an Aided-Conception Parametric Tool (ACPT) that actually helps designers to explore non-standard solutions to specific architectural problems regarding timber-built walls and envelopes. This ACPT is meant then to succeed architectural intentions in which geometric patterns –as morphologic modifiers- are used to provide walls and envelopes with a particular language (a cellular structure) that might require morphologic form searching (Carpo, 2015a) and topologic optimization by means of parametric generative modeling. The previously mentioned aims were validated by means of a full-scale prototyping exercise in which the first version of the ACPT is tested. Furthermore A series of modeling improvements regarding pattern generation, jointing calculation and fabrication simulation, helped fixing the difficulties found during the first validation stage in order to produce a set of Rhinoceros-Grasshopper (RGH) functional clusters that embody the early operational state of this ACPT called Fab-Cell