Abstract Gang violence is a social concern because of the risks of victimization among gang members and their communities. Many gang members have been victims of gang violence, and some choose to remain involved with their gang even after being victimized. Researchers have explored why people join gangs, but less is known regarding the gang-victimization link, which is the focus of this study. Social bond theory guided the study's research question on the motivation of gang members to rejoin their gang after severe physical victimization. A multiple case study design was employed with a purposeful sample of six English-speaking men, ages 20-50 years, who identified as current or former gang members and who experienced severe physical victimization in the gang. Semistructured interviews were conducted to gain a better understanding of study participants' motivation for returning to their gangs after severe physical victimization. Thematic content analysis was employed to identify patterns and emerging themes in the data. Key findings were that behaviors and beliefs of gang violence victims are similar to those of domestic violence victims, and the importance of the bond among members is greater than the importance of the victimization. The study findings and implications are far reaching as this knowledge can serve as the staging point for interventions by social work practitioners, policy makers, and activists as they seek to develop effective programs for gang members. Study results contribute to positive social change by providing a better understanding of gang members' thinking and motivation and helping to inform efforts to discourage gang members from returning to gang life.

The study is a qualitative systematic literature study that maps existing research on help-seeking barriers for abused women. The purpose of the study was to identify which help-seeking barriers exist. Violence in a close relationship is a worldwide problem. It affects every third woman at some point in her life. Despite several measures to counteract and prevent violence, the statistics rather show an increase. Social agencies work hard with various information campaigns, and research has come a long way in mapping and understanding how violence in close relationships works. Various action programs have been launched to counteract harmful gender norms, and unhealthy masculinity norms. Men's violence against women, even if we call it violence in close relationships, stems from patriarchal societies and values, where control and the need for power constitute a strong driving force for men. The violence is usually of an escalating nature, and lasts for a long time. Violence can take the form of physical, psychological, sexual and material violence, and through systematic combinations of these, the man restricts his female victim's freedom of action and controls her behavior. There are various explanatory models for acts of violence, the most common of which are the need to control the woman and maintain the position of power as a man. Despite preventive work, efforts and information campaigns, knowledge-seeking and outreach from social services, women's shelters and the police, the problem remains. Why do women not seek help? The result of our study were several barriers, which have been divided into different themes, including barriers based on stigma, and various structural barriers, among others. The thematization has then been analyzed on the basis of selected psychological and sociological theories. We present suggestions for future research, and provide an overall picture of the research which is reviewed.

Background: Men´s violence against women in relationship is a global healthproblem. 30% of all women in the world have at some point been exposed to violence in relationships. The problem tends to increase despite attempts to prevent the problem. Aim: The aim of this study is to achieve a deeper knowledge of prevention work to prevent violence against women in relationships. Methods: The study is based on six individual qualitative interviews with criminal investigative within the police and therapists in prison. Crime prevention models are used to analyze the qualitative interviews. Results: The results from this study show that poor self-esteem is a major risk factor for men´s violence against women in relationships. The criminal investigative och therapist agreed that the problem must be tackled at an early age. Conclusion: We need to start working and strengthening individs poor self-esteem at an early age through social crime prevention. When men have reached the stage where they are subject of the judiciary, the violence has often lasted a long time and the men have extensive problems.

Bakgrund: Runt 30 procent av alla kvinnor som någon gång varit i en relation har utsatts för våld. Våld är ett samhällsproblem som växer globalt sett och kan bidra till bristande hälsa och minskat välmående hos kvinnan. Syfte: Få en djupare förståelse kring hur omhändertagandet av våldsutsatta kvinnor ser ut inom vården samt kvinnors upplevelser av vårdpersonalens bemötande efter att ha berättat om våldet. Metod: En litteraturstudie med systematisk sökning och innehållsanalys av kvalitativa studier. Resultat: Två huvudkategorier identifierades: Omhändertagande och Kvinnors erfarenheter med två respektive tre underkategorier. Åtgärder består till största del av att remittera kvinnan vidare till andra instanser. Det finns en stor brist på utbildning och kunskap hos vårdpersonal i att bemöta och ge ett adekvat omhändertagande av våldsutsatta kvinnor. Kvinnors erfarenheter av bemötande varierar stort. En del uppger att de blivit bemötta med empati, blivit tagna på allvar och tilläts prata om våldet medan andra blivit skuldbelagda, dömda och förminskade. Barriärer som motsätter att kvinnorna berättar om våld kan vara brist på tillit, rädsla för att bli skuldbelagda och dömd, att våldsutövaren ständigt närvarar samt ekonomiska hinder. Slutsats: Det finns behov av ytterligare forskning kring omvårdnadspersonalens befintliga utbildning samt kvinnors behov vid bemötande. / Background: About 30 percent of all women who have ever been in a relationship have been subjected to violence. Violence is a societal problem that is growing globally and can contribute to poor health and reduced well-being in women. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to gain a deeper understanding of how women are treated in the health care services, and the experiences women have with health care personnel after the disclosure of violence. Method: A literature search was conducted alongside content analysis of qualitative research. Results: Two main themes were found: Care and Women’s experiences’, two respectively three subcategories. Action mainly consists of referring the women on to other agencies. There is a great lack of training and knowledge among healthcare professionals in responding to and providing adequate care for abused women. Women’s experiences of treatment vary highly. Some state that they’ve been treated with empathy, been taken seriously and allowed to talk about the violence, whilst others have been blamed, judged and reduced. Barriers that prevent women from disclosing about violence can be lack of trust, fear of being blamed and judged, the perpetrator may be constantly present or financial obstacles. Conclusion: There is a need for further research on the existing training of nursing staff and the needs of women in treatment.

Bakgrund Sedan 1970-talet har studier visat att män och kvinnor utövar våld i nära relationer till liknande grad. Även senare år har studier genomförts som visar att både män och kvinnor kan utöva och vara utsatta för våld i nära relationer. Män som blivit utsatta för våld i nära relationer söker hjälp både hos informella resurser som familj och vänner, samt hos formella resurser som hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal och hjälporganisationer. Männen upplever att de har blivit hjälpta till olika grad. Majoriteten av de män som sökt hjälp från olika hjälporganisationer upplever att organisationerna inte alls varit hjälpsamma, och många gånger har männen upplevt att de blivit dåligt bemötta. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva hur amerikansk hjälppersonal arbetar med heterosexuella män utsatta för våld i nära relationer samt deras tankar och upplevelser runt våldet. Metod Sju semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes, varav en exkluderades. Intervjuerna transkriberades ordagrant. Materialet analyserades med metoden kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat Hjälppersonalens arbete med heterosexuella män utsatta för våld i nära relationer, samt deras tankar och upplevelser runt våldet resulterade i tre övergripande teman. Tema ett handlar om de män hjälppersonalen kommer i kontakt med. Tema två behandlar hur hjälppersonalen förhåller sig och arbetar i kontakt med män utsatta för våld i nära relationer samt hur de arbetar med ämnen runt männen. Tema tre handlar om hjälppersonalen som arbetar med männen, deras tankar och upplevelser om våldet samt om samhället och heterosexuella män utsatta för våld i nära relationer. Slutsats Hjälppersonalen mötte män som upplevde olika typer av våld, reagerade och hanterade våldet på olika sätt. Deras arbete med heterosexuella män som utsatts för våld i nära relationer bestod av direkt arbete med männen utifrån deras behov och administrativt arbete för att på diverse sätt underlätta männens hjälpsökande. En annan del av hjälppersonalens arbete bestod av att nå ut till samhället och dess olika professioner. Arbetet påverkade hjälppersonalen på varierande sätt, bland annat kunde arbetet vara givande. Starka barriärer uppgavs vara extra viktigt för att inte påverkas negativt av sitt arbete.

Bakgrund: Våld i nära relation innefattar fysiskt våld, sexuellt våld, känslomässigt våld men även ojämna maktförhållanden till exempel att förtrycka eller kontrollera någon för att få sin vilja igenom. Enligt Region Skånes riktlinjer bör vårdpersonal fråga alla patienter om våldsutsatthet samt att vårdpersonal alltid ska fråga vid misstanke. Joyce Travelbees omvårdnadsteorin belyser vikten av att sjuksköterskan ska fokusera på individen vilket kan bidra till en mer personcentrerad omvårdnad. Ett sätt att upptäcka våld i nära relation är att använda screeningmetoder som utförs av vårdpersonal. Syfte: Syftet med denna kvalitativa litteraturstudie är att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelser i mötet med kvinnor som är utsatta för våld i nära relation. Metod: Det utfördes en kvalitativ litteraturstudie baserad på 10 empiriska studier. Databaserna som användes var Cinahl, PubMed och PsycInfo. Resultat: De tre huvudkategorierna som presenterades var: Vikten av att skapa relation, Att balansera den professionella rollen och inre reaktioner och Sjuksköterskors medvetenhet och utbildningsbehov vid vård av våldsutsatta kvinnor. Under dessa huvudrubriker beskrivs sjuksköterskors upplevelser som kan påverkas av bland annat relation, kommunikation och utbildning. Konklusion: I mötet med kvinnor som är utsatta för våld i nära relation upplevde sjuksköterskor att god kommunikation till patienten, samt att balansera den professionella rollen och inre reaktioner såsom sympati och viljan att hjälpa påverkade omvårdnaden. Resultatet visade även att verktyg och resurser ibland saknades och gjorde det svårt för sjuksköterskor att uppfylla kvinnans omvårdnadsbehov. / Background: Intimate partner violence includes physical violence, sexual violence, emotional violence but also unequal balance of power, for example oppressing or controlling someone to get one's way. According to Region Skåne's guidelines, healthcare staff should ask all patients about exposure to violence and always ask in case of suspicion. Joyce Travelbee's nursing theory highlights the importance of the nurse focusing on the individual, which can contribute to a more person-centered nursing. One way to discover intimate partner violence is to use screening methods performed by healthcare professionals. Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative literature review is to describe the nurse's experiences in the meeting with women who are exposed to intimate partner violence. Method: A qualitative literature review was conducted based on 10 empirical studies. The databases used were Cinahl, PubMed and PsycInfo. Results: The three main categories that were presented were: The importance of creating relationships, Balancing the professional role and inner reactions and Nurses' awareness and educational needs in the care of abused women. Under these main headings, nurses' experiences are described which can be influenced by, among other things, relationships, communication, and education. Conclusion: In the meeting with women who are exposed to domestic violence, nurses experienced that good communication with the patient, as well as balancing the professional role and inner reactions such as sympathy and the desire to help influenced nursing. Moreover, tools and resources were sometimes missing and made it difficult for nurses to meet the woman's nursing needs.

The purpose of this study is to examine if gender differences regarding the effect of experiencing domestic violence among children exists and how this field can be comprehended in the light of different perspectives on gender and with social learning theory. A literature review was chosen as the mean for achieving this. The process of collecting articles resulted in the finding of 31 peer-reviewed articles. The compilation of the articles shows varying results and different perspectives on gender differences. Three themes materialized during the compilation of the articles, ”the cycle of violence and the social construction of gender”, ”externalizing and internalizing” and ”behavioral problems and psychological difficulties”. Some scientists have concluded that no gender differences can be found in relation to the three themes. The majority of these articles does however conclude that gender differences exist, and that they can be explained through different theoretical perspectives. The results of this study have been analyzed using gender theories and the theory of social learning. Using these theories in tandem has revealed the different reasons behind the gender differences, both on micro as well as macro levels. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om könsskillnader finns i hur barn påverkas av att uppleva våld i hemmet samt hur detta område förstås med hjälp av olika perspektiv på genus samt social inlärning, en litteraturöversikt har därmed valts som uppsatsens metod. Artikelsökningen för litteraturöversikten resulterade i 31 vetenskapligt granskade artiklar. Kartläggningen av dessa artiklar har visat att forskare fått varierande resultat samt utgått från olika teoretiska perspektiv gällande om könsskillnader finns i hur barn påverkas av att uppleva våld i hemmet. Kartläggningen av artiklarna påvisade tre olika teman i artiklarna, “våldscykeln och könskonstruktion”, “externalisering och internalisering” samt “beteendeproblematik och psykiska svårigheter”. Några forskare har kommit fram till att det inte existerar könsskillnader i relation till dessa tre teman. Majoriteten av artiklarna har kommit fram till att det finns könsskillnader i relation till dessa tre teman, och dessa könsskillnader kan förklaras och förstås ur olika teoretiska perspektiv. Resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av genusteorier samt den sociala inlärningsteorin, och har visat orsaksförklaringar till könsskillnader på både mikro- samt makronivå.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o funcionamento em rede no Sistema de Garantia de Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente no município de Volta Redonda/RJ. Para a consecução dos objetivos foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de entrevistas com os representantes das diversas instâncias integrantes do Sistema de Garantia de Direitos local. As informações obtidas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo, em sua modalidade temática. Os resultados apontam para um processo incipiente de implantação de um trabalho articulado, faltando ainda espaços de pactuação e integração coletiva de todas as instâncias que compõe o sistema. / [en] This paper aims to discuss the Children and Adolescents Rights Assurance System network functioning in the city of Volta Redonda/RJ. To achieve the objective a qualitative research was conducted through interviews with representatives of varied instances that are part of the local Rights Assurance System. The information obtained was submitted to content analysis, in its thematic modality. The results indicate an articulated work incipient implementation process, yet lacking agreement spaces and collective integration of all system composing instances.

Brottsutredning av brott som begås i en nära relation innebär omfattande belastningar för utredarna som möter brottsutsatta och våldsutövare, granskar grafiskt material och samtidigt ska navigera sig inom en stor myndighet. Syftet med denna studie var att granska vilka belastningar som polisutredare upplever i sin yrkesutövning, vad som skyddar från belastningar och om det finns skyddsfaktorer som saknas. Dessa frågor besvarades genom intervjuers med sju utredare inom Brott i Nära Relation och en tematisk analys. Teorier om hanteringsmekanismer och systemteori har använts för att fördjupa förståelsen av det empiriska underlaget. Studien visade att de olika belastningarna kunde delas in i två fält. Det första fältet var yrkesrelaterade påfrestningar där påträngande insyn i människors liv och traumatiska berättelser var återkommande. Organisatoriska påfrestningar var det andra fältet och innefattade hög arbetsbelastning, personalbrist samt bristande förståelse från ledande aktörer inom myndigheten. Det kollegiala stödet och chefens inställning till medarbetarnas mentala hälsa var den skyddande faktor som frekvent återkom i samtliga intervjuer. Studien visade även att de skydd som erbjöds av arbetsgivaren ibland fungerade undermåligt, dels på grund av svårigheter att prioritera skydd, dels kollegors negativa inställning. Det lyftes även önskemål att skyddet skulle vara mer frekvent återkommande, och finnas i nämnare anslutning till arbetsplatsen. Slutligen önskade utredarna att ledande aktörer i myndigheten skulle få en ökad förståelse för arbetets påfrestande natur. / Investigating domestic violence entails substantial strain on the investigators that meet victims and perpetrators, reviews graphic material and simultaneously must navigate within a sizeable governmental authority. The aim of this study was to examine what strains the investigators experienced in their profession, what protective aspects where there and what protective measure was lacking. These questions were answered through interviews with seven domestic violence investigators and through thematic analysis. Theories of coping and systems theory was applied to expand the comprehension of the empirical foundation. The study showed that these strains could be separated into two factions. The first faction was strains related to the professional practice where invasive insight into people’s lives and traumatic reports where frequently occurring.  Organizational strains were the second faction and included a high workload, lack of staff and a dearth of understanding from the leaders in the authority. Support from colleagues and the closest manager’s attitude towards mental health in the employees was frequently brought up in the interviews as protective aspects. The study also showed that the protective aspects offered by the employer was deficient in some respects. This was in part because of difficulties in prioritizing the protection, and in part due to colleagues’ negative attitude towards these protections. The investigators expressed desires about how the protection could be more frequent and remain in a closer proximity to the workplace. Finally, the investigators coveted an increased understanding of the straining work from the employers.

The purpose of this essay is to describe if and how the situation of abused women hasbeen affected in their homes during covid-19. The researchers also want to drawattention to this serious societal problem that the researchers believe should betalked about more. The following questions will fulfill the purpose: - How has the effects of the pandemic influenced tendencies to violence andabusive relationships? - How much has domestic violence increased during the pandemic? - What have been the consequences of this from a societal perspective? The empiric of the essay is based on qualitative interviews with respondents who have expertise in the subject “women who live in domestic violence”. The used theories are patriarchal structures, including Sylvia Walby's theory and Ulla Wikander's theory. Some other theories that are being used are Coercive control, the Normalization process and social sustainability. The patriarchal structures aretheories which build upon the authority the perpetrator has over the woman inviolent relationships, who in various ways manipulate and depress the woman. This affects the woman's life including her social network, and also the equality in the relationship, which social sustainability also covers. The conclusion of the essay is that women's situation who live in domestic violence has been affected by the pandemic in several respects. Among other reasons, the isolation in the homes with the perpetrator increased, which leads to more violent opportunities.