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工作中，我們常常可以發現主管與員工對於工作上有著不同的看法，這些差異不僅會影響主管與員工之間的關係，同時也會對組織績效產生影響，為重視職務角色對於公司績效衡量認知差異的影響，並增加衡量指標的多元面向，本研究期藉由導入平衡計分卡的概念，兼顧組織績效評估的均衡性。爰此，以平衡計分卡之四項構面探討職務角色對於港務公司主觀績效指標之認知差異，輔以績效指標之重要性-滿意度分析，針對各構面的指標進行剖析。 本研究以臺灣港務公司高雄港務分公司員工為填答對象，依照人員資位進行抽樣，總計發出350份問卷，共回收290份問卷，有效回收率為83%。採用量化分析方式，以LISREL進行量表之驗證性因素分析，並採用T檢定、單因子變異數分析(ANOVA)與重要性-滿意度分析(IPA)驗證各研究假設。 根據實證分析結果，本研究獲致以下四項主要結論：(1)擔任主管員工於知覺績效指標重要性認知程度高於非主管員工；(2)擔任主管員工知覺實際實施表現感受之滿意度高於非主管員工；(3)知覺績效指標重要程度與實際實施表現感受之滿意度有顯著相關；(4)不同職務角色知覺績效指標重要程度與實際實施表現感受之滿意度有差異。 本研究提出管理建議如下：於組織面可朝向(1)暢通決策管道與資訊透明化、(2)促進交流與溝通的開放、(3)朝向創新與彈性的制度設計、(4)改進人事制度、(5)檢討績效考評制度及(6)鼓勵單位間的相互合作；於員工層面應關心員工的適應情形與人際互動，增進組織認同感。 / In daily work,we can find that manager and staff have different opinion very often.This difference will not only affect the relationship between each other but also the working performance.To emphasis the different coginition of organizational performance evaluation by managerial role,and add the different dimention of performance indicators,this study use Balanced ScoreCard to make the organizational performance evaluation more balance.Therefore,the study will find out the coginition of state-owned enterprises perceived performance by managerial role in the perspective of BSC.Futhermore,we can through Importance- Performance Analysis to analysis the each dimension of BSC. This study is a case from TIPC,Port of Kaohsiung , The participants of the present study were employees and managers chosen by position in the company.Send out 350 questionaries,and 290 is returned,the responded rates is 83%.Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to examine the construct validity of adopted measurement instruments and T-test,ANOVA,IPA was employed to test the hypotheses. The main findings show that: (1) managers feel the performance indicators are more important than employees.(2) managers feel the performance indicators are more satisfied than employees.(3) the performance indicators’ importance and satisfication are significant relevance.(4) the performance indicators’ importance and satisfication will have different coginition by managerial role. Finally,few practical recommendations were made : from organizational perspect (1)open the decision making procedure and imformation.(2) letting the communication and exchange more often.(3) institution rules toward more innovate and flexible (4) change the personnel institution.(5) reviw the performance appraisal.(6) encourage sectors work together; from employee perspect:care about new staffs’ adapt situation and relationship,raising their organizational commitment.

競爭者訴訟需具有競爭關係之存在與公行政介入此兩大要素，競爭者並據此提起行政救濟以維護自身利益。關於競爭關係之概念與競爭狀態應有所區別。競爭狀態是一種現象，是一動態過程，而競爭關係則是在個別法秩序規範下存有兩個或兩個以上之自然人或法人，其中一人對於所欲追求的目標或利益，會對另一方不利，彼此之間存在著此消彼長關係，而此種此消彼長關係是必然的。 其次，關於競爭者訴訟之類型，防禦型的競爭者訴訟可涵蓋競爭者防禦訴訟、國庫防禦訴訟、利益防禦訴訟。因為行政訴訟本來就是在保障實體與程序權利，仍然不排除未來在個別法規中設計出不同實體或程序權利，或因有不同競爭關係型態、不同結構，而發展出新的競爭者訴訟類型。 而在競爭者訴訟中，競爭者是否具備訴訟權能，而可以提起行政訴訟以維護自身權利，是最富爭議性之問題。是否具備訴訟權能需視所提之訴訟種類而定，撤銷訴訟與確認行政處分無效訴訟可援用相對人理論以取得訴訟權能。若非行政處分之相對人，且為利害關係相反之第三人，則是以保護規範理論予以判斷。在提起課予義務訴訟之案件，亦是以保護規範理論予以判斷。至於一般給付訴訟一般來說應和課予義務訴訟同樣是以保護規範理論予以判斷。惟基於基本權之防禦功能，若具有公法上結果除去請求權，則提起一般給付訴訟亦符合訴訟權能之要件。 此外，在涉及到多邊利益衝突之情況，傳統之保護規範理論的分析與探討，無法明確說明問何須保護第三人與說明私人利益衝突之間之關係，而衝突調和公式之建立則是有助於此些問題的解決。

輪班工作者除了睡眠片段化、睡眠品質降低等困擾外，工作時間的嗜睡與警醒度下降亦是常見問題，這些影響都可能跟輪班造成的內在晝夜節律與輪班工作時間的不一致有關。根據Minors & Waterhouse (1983)提出的定錨睡眠的概念，每天若能有四個小時在固定時間的睡眠，會有穩定內在晝夜節律、減少位移的效果，然而過去研究未曾探討定錨睡眠應用在輪班工作者的效果。因此，本研究的目的在於以模擬輪班的方式，比較採用定錨睡眠者與非定錨睡眠者在模擬輪班工作中的主觀嗜睡度、心理動作警覺度，以及睡眠指標，以探討定錨睡眠對於輪班工作者的睡眠與警覺度的影響，以期有助於輪班工作中的適應。 本研究採混合實驗設計，招募睡眠品質良好的受試者，並排除極端夜貓型或極端早晨型晝夜節律型態者，共包含20名受試者、依據性別配對隨機分派至定錨睡眠與無定錨睡眠組（各7名女性、3名男性，平均年齡24歲）。受試者需進行11天的模擬輪班，進行白班與大夜班的輪班；班表為：2天白班-1天休假-2天大夜班-1天休假-2天白班-1天休假-2天大夜班，受試者在實驗期間均配合配戴活動記錄儀與填寫睡眠日誌，並在第二次輪值的工作時間測量心理動作警覺作業（psychomotor vigilance task，PVT）與史丹福嗜睡度量表（Stanford Sleepiness Scale，SSS）。研究結果以三因子及雙因子變異數分析進行統計考驗。 研究結果發現在PVT的反應時間中位數與疏漏次數上，採用定錨睡眠者在白班至大夜班所增加的反應時間與疏漏次數低於非採用定錨睡眠者，且採用定錨睡眠者在工作時有較低的主觀嗜睡度、持平的主觀警醒度；在睡眠指標上，定錨睡眠組入睡後醒覺時數較短、夜班的主觀睡眠品質較佳。整體來說，研究結果顯示採用定錨睡眠能增進在工作中的心理動作警覺度、降低主觀嗜睡度，並促進睡眠的穩定度及夜班主觀睡眠品質，提供定錨睡眠運用在實際的輪班工作場域的初步證據。 / Sleep fragmentation, poor sleep quality, as well as sleepiness and decreased alertness at work are all common problems in shift workers. It is assumed that these problems are associated with the dyssynchronization of endogenous circadian rhythms and shift-work schedule. According to the concept of anchor sleep proposed by Minors & Waterhouse (1983), consistent sleep for few consecutive days can stabilize endogenous circadian rhythm and prevent the phase shift. However, previous studies have not investigate the effect of anchor sleep in shift workers . The current study used an experiment-manipulated shift work schedule to explore the effects of anchor sleep on sleep, sleepiness and psychomotor vigilance at work in a simulated shift work, in order to evaluate the possibility of applying anchor sleep in the assistance of adaption to shift work. Twenty participants with good sleep quality, intermediate types of morning-eveningness, were divided according to gender and randomly assigned to an anchor-group and a non-anchor-sleep control group (7 females and 3 males in each group, mean age 24). They were required to follow an eleven-day schedule that simulate the schedule of shift work. The subjects were required to wear actigraphy and keep sleep logs throughout the experimental period and their psychomotor vigilance and subjective sleepiness at the second work shifts were measured with psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) and Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS). The data was analyzed using three-way and two-way ANOVA. The data showed that PVT median reaction time and the number of lapses increased less from day-shift to night-shift in anchor sleeper, the anchor sleeper also had lower sleepiness, and more steady subjective alertness during the working time. Also, they had better subjective sleep quality in night-shift and shorter wake after sleep onset time than the control subjects. The findings of the current study suggest that anchor sleep can reduce the deterioration of subjective sleepiness and vigilance at work in shift workers, and maintain the sleep quality in night-shift. It provides preliminary evidence that support the use of anchor sleep in the assistance of the adjustment of shift work.

本論文探討「很X」構式在口語語料中的語意變化，透過「很X」在口語語料庫及電視節目語料中的分布，分析「很X」語法化及詞彙化的情形，藉由語言學的角度，提供未來華語教學實用多樣的內涵。 過去相關文獻多集中於構式、詞類的分析，較少使用口語語料作為研究素材，而言談過程常是造成語言變化的重要因素，因此本文應用語法化及詞彙化理論，探討政治大學口語語料庫及公視節目「爸媽囧很大」中「很X」的分布情形，分析詞類結構、句法範疇及字數三個方面。兩個語料來源中「很X」的分布情形一致，「很」的語法化一直演變，「X」可擔任的範疇向其他詞類擴張，也可以由單詞、詞組、句子等字數不同的單位擔任。「很X」也藉由詞彙化持續演變，「很X」凝結為一個單位，用以修飾其他詞組或是句子。「很」除了保有表示高程度的副詞功能外，亦開始具有突顯「X」特性的功能，與特定詞類搭配時，「很X」必須一起出現才足以表達說話者的意思，這些現象顯示了「很X」的主觀性有逐漸提升的趨勢。本文以語法化和詞彙化理論來分析討論口語語料中「很X」的句法語意變化以及分布情形，研究結果可提供華語教學者進行相關學術研究、編撰教材以及實地教學的素材來源。 / The study aims to investigate the syntactic and semantic changes of hěn X constructions in spoken copora. Many studies have discussed the history of hěn, the development of its degree adverb function and the host expansion of X. To understand the gradual changes of hěn X in daily usages, the study, extracting the data from the NCCU Corpus of Spoken Chinese and Taiwan Public Telivision show, examines the grammaticalization and lexicalization patterns of hěn X . Several findings are found. First, the syntactic and semantic distributions of both sources are consistent. While adjectives and stative verbs still claim the majority of X, new categories of words are discovered, showing host expansion of hěn X. Second, not only words but also phrases and clauses can play the role of X. The flexibility of the length of hěn X demonstrates the gradual grammaticalization of hěn.On the other hand, hěn X can also be used as a unit to modify other grammatical constittuents, showing lexicalization process is also happening regarding. In particular, when hěn X is regarded as a unit, hěn appears to be obligatory, not only indicating degree but also highlighting the characteristics of X. The analysis of the spoken materials also clearly demonstrates that subjectivity is increasing in hěn X. These findings of hěn X in spoken copora can be applied to linguistic studies and Mandarin teaching.

摘 要 醫療品質日趨重視，但是，對於醫療品質的測量方法卻無一定論。以往有關於醫療品質的研究均是從客觀角度著手，從主觀面著手的研究卻都沒有屬於量化的研究。再加上，過去醫療品質的相關研究均是以大型醫院為研究對象，缺少基層診所的樣本。然而，大型醫院的性質與規模與基層診所相差甚遠。因此，本研究以基層診所患者為樣本，發展主觀面的醫療品質測量工具，並論證主觀面醫療品質的重要性。 本研究以變異數分析來檢測病患主觀上對於醫師醫療過程滿意度是否有差異？研究結果顯示，病患個人基本特徵上的差異是會影響到病患主觀上對醫師醫療過程的滿意度。由此可知，病患是有差異性的個體，病患主觀上對於醫療品質的感受度會因不同的個人特質而有所差異。測量醫療品質時若只測量客觀層面而忽略主觀層面是無法測量出醫療品質的全貌。 為更深入分析基層診所病患與醫師的互動，透過因素分析發現了四個因素與基層診所的醫病互動有相關，分別是：醫師看診表現、醫療專業與同理心、病況問與答、仔細與細心。並發現在基層診所的醫病互動中，病患感受特別深的是醫師的看診表現而非醫師的醫療專業。而透過變異數分析也發現病患個人基本特徵在不同因素上的滿意度也是有所差異，更是印證病患主觀層面滿意度的重要性。 本研究建議後續研究者能透過施測與修改來確定研究問卷的效度與信度，並能將這份問卷發展下去成為一套適合台灣基層診所病患主觀面醫療品質測量問卷。 關鍵字：病患滿意度、醫病互動、主觀滿意度、醫病關係、基層診所

消費者對於產品的要求逐漸走向精緻化與客製化，貼近消費者需求的產品，在行銷上有更佳的說服力。在網路購物風氣逐漸成熟的情況下，購物網站為了更好的經營績效，經營顧客忠誠度，是很重要的課題。如何針對網路特性瞭解消費者知覺地付出溢價購買產品，以及相關的消費者購買行為形塑過程，與購物後的情感滿足是很重要的課題。另外，企業對於如何滿足網路消費者的顧客價值，乃至於提供消費者物質乃至情感滿足，尚未有從消費者觀點的完整瞭解。本研究以理性行為理論探討線上購物時消費者從重要他人、主觀規範、個人態度、購買意願、乃至於知覺地形成購買行為的影響因素。 本研究以調查研究法為主，針對台灣地區的網際網路使用者發放網路問卷，所有資料經過分析之後顯示，網路購物時顧客付出溢價的存在，此與一般對於網路購物廉價的印象相左。除此之外，產品類型、品質敏感、情感、安全及品質會影響網路購物溢價購買態度；而環保及時間的影響則不顯著。另一方面，在網路購物時，溢價購買態度及主觀規範會影響網路購物溢價購買意願，而以主觀規範影響為大。 關鍵字：溢價、理性行為理論、主觀規範、搜尋性產品、經驗性產品

本研究主要探討裁量性紅利對企業未來財務績效之激勵效果，而本研究係以2010年美國S&P500公司作為研究對象，研究期間為2006年至2010年。實證結果顯示：(1)依據主觀績效衡量所發放的裁量性紅利確實可以對企業未來財務績效產生激勵效果；(2)獎酬契約運用主觀與客觀績效衡量時，主觀績效衡量所發放的裁量性紅利佔總紅利比重愈高，對於企業未來財務績效激勵效果愈高；(3)裁量性紅利對於企業未來後續財務績效具有長期激勵效果；(4)績效較低之企業發予高階經理人主觀績效衡量之裁量性紅利，對於企業未來財務績效仍具有激勵效果。 / The study investigate the impact of discretionary bonus on the future firm financial performance. Based on a sample of 2010 S&P500 companies spanning from 2006 and 2010. I find : (1) Discretionary bonus, which was measured subjectively, can improve future firm financial performance. (2) The more proportion of discretionary bonus to total bonus can improve more future firm financial performance. (3) Discretionary bonus can improve the long-term future firm financial performance. (4) Using subjectively discretionary bonus to CEOs on low-profit-company can improve the future firm financial performance.

面對多變的時代，如何邁向未來，正向心理學所提及的心理特質，可以幫助大學生達到身、心、靈的安適。本研究旨在探討大學生在邁向未來人生中，其「用心」、「心理資本」與「心理健康」之關係。其研究目的之一：瞭解「用心」與「心理資本」能否影響不同類型的「心理健康」狀態。其研究目的之二：探討「用心」、「心理資本」、「主觀幸福感」及「憂鬱」之關係。 本研究採用問卷調查法，以大專院校學生共1,540位為對象，採用「用心評估量表」、「心理資本量表」、「主觀幸福感量表」、「臺灣憂鬱症量表」及「社會期許量表」為工具。經描述統計分析、獨立樣本t 考驗、多變量變異數分析、區別分析、結構方程式模型，得出研究結果如下： 1.大學生在用心的得分上，以「新奇產生」因素得分最高；在心理資本的得分上，以「希望」因素得分最高；在心理健康狀態的人數分布上，「大眾型」共425人，占27.6%。 2.不同性別受試在「用心」與「心理資本」有顯著差異。男性大學生在「新奇產生」與「變通性」的得分顯著高於女性大學生。女性大學生在「復原力」與「樂觀」的得分顯著高於男性大學生。 3.不同年級受試在「心理資本」有顯著差異。大一學生在「希望」的得分顯著高於大四學生。 4.不同主修領域在「用心」有顯著差異。理工醫農學群的大學生在「新奇產生」上的得分顯著高於社會科學學群的大學生。 5.「擔任志工的時間越長」與「擔任社團領導者或班級幹部」的大學生在「用心」、「心理資本」及「心理健康」上的得分顯著高於「擔任志工的時間較短」與「未擔任社團領導者或班級幹部」的大學生。 6.「幽谷型」的學生在自我效能、希望、復原力、樂觀、自我反省、體驗情緒、包容自我、新奇追求、參與、及新奇產生的得分上，顯著低於「顛峰型」的學生。 7.心理資本與主觀幸福感扮演用心對憂鬱完全中介的角色。 本研究根據資料分析結果進行討論，並對高等教育與未來研究提出建議。 / Facing a changeful time how to head for the future, the related psychological characteristic of Positive Psychology can help college students to reach the comfort in their physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. The main purpose of this study was to investigate relationships among mindfulness, psychological capital, and mental health of college students. The first goal of this study was to understand whether mindfulness and psychological capital can effect the different types of college students’ mental health status or not. The second objective of this study was to explore the relationships among mindfulness, psychological capital, subjective well-being, and depression. This study adopts a survey, comprising “Mindfulness assessment scale”, “Psychological capital scale”, “Subjective well-being scale”, “Taiwan Depression scale”, and “Social desirability Scale” of five questionnaire scales. Participants were 1,540 colleges’ students in Taiwan. The collected data are analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, MANOVA, discriminant analysis, and structural equation modeling. And the findings are summarized as follows: 1.“Novelty producing” factor was the highest score on “mindfulness”; while “hope” factor gets the highest score on “psychological capital” ; and “popular type” has 425 persons, occupies 27.6% on “mental health status” distribution. 2.“Different genders” of the testing have significant differences on “mindfulness” and “psychological capital”. For male college students, their testing scores on “novelty producing” and “flexibility” categories are higher than female students’; on the other hand, female students’ scores were higher than females’ on “resilience”and “optimistic” categories. 3.“Different grades” of the testing have significant differences on “psychological capital”; however freshman students’ scores were higher than senior students’ on “hope” category. 4.“Different major fields” have significant differences on “mindfulness”; however students majoring in science, medical and agriculture fields were higher than other students’ on “novelty producing” category. 5.Students as volunteers, club or class leaders get higher scores on “mindfulness”, “psychological capital”, and “mental health “. 6.“Languishing type” students score much lower than “flourishing type” students on self-efficiency, hope, resilience optimism, soul searching, experience emotional, self tolerance, novelty seeking, engagement, novelty producing, and flexibility. 7.“Psychological capital” and “subjective well-being ” play full mediator role for “mindfulness “to “depression”. This research mainly focuses on the data analyses and discussion, and finally provides suggestions for higher education and future research.

華人社會傳承了儒家文化思想的價值觀，但是在社會環境、政治體制及人口結構等因素的差異之下，衍生出各種文化特性的差異。本研究使用世界價值觀調查（World Values Survey，WVS）資料，比較不同社會中的華人在文化特性方面的差異，並分析文化特性及其他因素對主觀福祉（subjective well-being）的影響。 本研究採用世界價值觀調查所建立之社會價值觀（societal values），加入其他文化特徵、社會態度及個人生活觀衡量文化特性。本研究使用之計量模型為排序羅吉特迴歸（ordered logit regression）模型，分析上述變數對華人生活滿意度（life satisfaction）與快樂程度（happiness）的影響。本研究之目的在於找出影響華人主觀福祉之重要決定因素，並探討文化因素在收入與主觀福祉之間是否存在調節效果（moderating effect）。 實證結果顯示，文化會影響華人主觀福祉，並在收入與主觀福祉之間造成調節效果。而華人在各個社會中所衍生出的文化特性差異，也使得各個社會中華人主觀福祉的重要決定因素有所差異。 / Chinese societies inherited the values of Confucianism. However, these societies vary in their social environment, political system and demographic structure, thus result in differences in their cultural characteristics. This study uses the data from World Values Survey, to explore the differences among Chinese in different societies, and to analyze the determining factors of Chinese subjective well-being. In this study, the societal values established by the World Values Survey are used to represent the cultural properties. We also added other cultural traits, social attitudes and individual viewpoints for our analysis. In this study, we use ordered logit regression model to find out the important determinants of Chinese subjective well-being in different societies, and discuss whether there exists a cultural moderating effect between income and subjective well-being. Empirical results show that culture has a significant impact on subjective well-being of Chinese, and the effect of income on Chinese subjective well-being are also moderated by cultural properties. The differences between these Chinese societies also result in divergences of important determinants of Chinese subjective well-being between societies.