本研究以風險管理觀點，由風險自留與再保險層面切入，探討核保風險之風險管理規劃理論與實務全貌。 經由了解風險自留與再保險之理論與應用，風險量化資料準備之前置作業實務以及如何解讀風險量化之數據，綜合提供風險自留與再保險之規劃流程全貌，以利管理者之決策參考。 本研究首先以剖析保險公司營運一般性風險與核心風險，針對核保風險之自留或轉嫁的風險控管方式。 以股東、核保經理人以及財務管理人不同觀點看待風險自留之差異性，以及不同再保方式對穩定經營績效之效益。 呈現實務作業流程，尋求理論與實務之相輔相成。 引用虛擬個案產險公司之風險量化數據，學習如何解讀分析資料，從中了解風險自留與再保險之利弊與效益。 關鍵詞：核保風險、風險管理、風險量化、核保經理人、財務經理人 / This study based on risk management viewpoint, tries to evaluate from the two directions of risk retention and reinsurance, to assess the theory and practices of underwriting risks management planning. Through the understanding of the theories and applications of risk retention and reinsurance, the preparation work of quantitative data of risks and analyze of quantitative risk data, summarize and provide a whole picture of risk retention and reinsurance planning workflow, to provide management people information of making decisions. This study begins with analysis of the general business risks and core business risks of an insurer, targeting at the two risk control vehicles which are the risk retention or the transfer of underwriting risks. From the viewpoints of shareholders, underwriting manager and finance manager to look at the difference of risk retention, and the stabilizing effects of various reinsurance that could create for the business performance. Both to present practical operation workflow, and to seek the integration of theory and real practice in daily business. This article also introduces the quantitative risk data of a simulation case of an example non-life insurance company, to explain how to interpret and analyze data, and to understand the benefits or shortages of using risk retention and reinsurance. Key words: Underwriting Risks, Risk Management, Risk Quantitative, Underwriting Manager, Finance Manager

在數位化的進程及環境中，圖書館已由對大眾一視同仁的服務演變成重視個體不同需求的服務，圖書館的服務也不再是齊頭式平等的服務。讀者個人的喜好及需求已漸融入到圖書館建置的各種服務項目中，也就是必須因人而異，以滿足使用者的資訊需求，就如同商業市場的機制一樣，唯有行銷與競爭才能使圖書館更具有持續力。 個人化為導向的資訊管理與資訊服務，正逐漸被人們所重視。為了真正滿足使用者的資訊需求，創造出實用的資訊價值，個人化資訊的服務系統強調「因人而異，各取所需」的資訊服務系統，而圖書館也從傳統大眾化式的服務走向分別式、個別化差異的服務模式。 本研究為了要能瞭解醫事人員，對於圖書館所提供的服務需求內容及需求程度，以文獻分析及網站內容分析以及問卷調查的方法對台北榮民總醫院醫事人員的基本背景資訊、網路使用行為，以及對圖書館的網站使用行為與個人化服務需求做一問卷調查。並利用交叉分析的方法，探討醫事人員身份、年齡、學歷與個人化服務需求相關度問題，歸納研究結果重點如下： 一、醫學圖書館在網站上建置個人化服務需求首先應重視個人化資訊環境的建立。 二、國外圖書館網站內容之分析是提供國內醫學圖書館個人化服務項目的參考指標。 三、醫事族群中因不同的身份、年齡、學歷對個人化資訊服務需求有所影響。 四、醫事人員應加強個人興趣檔的建置觀念，以強化醫學圖書館個人化服務功能的提昇。 五、圖書館在個人化服務系統中應規劃隱私權政策。 六、醫學圖書館對整體個人化資訊環境及資訊服務的需求有其必要性且是非常肯定的。 對研究結果提出建議如下： 國內醫學圖書館應儘快整合共同發展個人化服務的機制；對於個人化服務中群體屬性的差異要能持續的注意及改進；對使用者的調查研究由完全量的統計進展到質與量的交叉運用調查研究；圖書館應協助醫事人員建立正確的興趣檔觀念以強化個人化服務的功能；隱私權政策的制訂應多加宣導並於圖書館資訊政策時明訂；個人化服務應多加推廣與宣傳。 / In the progress and environment of digitalization, the library has transformed its service mode from satisfying general needs into catering for different individuals. The library is no longer a one-for-all service. The users' personal interests and needs have been integrated into all the services the library provided; that is, the service differs from person to person so as to meet the users' needs for information. Just like the commercial world, only with marketing and competition will the library last. The individual-oriented information management and service is gradually getting people's attention. To really satisfy the users' information needs and create practical information value, the individualized information service system emphasizes providing "tailor-made" service for different users. And such is a trend the modern library follows. This research is carried out to understand what the users of the medical library need and to what extent they need it, regarding the service the library offers. This research uses literature review, Internet content analysis, and questionnaire survey of the basic background information, Internet usage behavior, the library Internet usage behavior and the needs for personalized service of the medical staff of Taipei Veteran General Hospital. Meanwhile, it uses cross-analysis to find out the relationships between the medical staff's positions, ages, education, and the needs for personalized service. The results of the research are as follows: 1. The personalized service of the medical library on its website should put major emphasis on the establishment of personalized information environment. 2. The analysis of oversea library websites can provide the benchmark for the personalized service of our country's medical libraries. 3. There exists influence from the medical staff's positions, ages, education on the needs for personalized service. 4. Medical people should strengthen their concept of establishing personal interest profile to enhance the personalized service in the medical library. 5. Privacy policy should be taken into consideration in setting up the personalized service system. 6. The personalized information environment and service is essential to the medical library. The implications of the research: The local medical libraries should cooperate to develop the personalized service as soon as possible; they should pay attention to the differences among different groups of users; when doing the survey of users, quality research coupled with quantity research should be conducted instead of completely using quantitative statistics; the library should assist the medical people to establish correct concept of interest profiles to enhance personalized service; the privacy policy should be established and implemented; and finally, the users should be familiarized with the personalized service.

Pervious academic researches point out that there are two-way effects in the relationship between fund return performance and cash flows. The preceding fund return performance would attract net cash flows and cash flows would adversely affect the succeeding fund return performance. This paper tries to verify that whether these effects exist in Taiwan and examine these effects in more details. The results are partly consistent with pervious literatures. In our sample, we find that fund return performance positive influences both cash inflows and outflows and cash flows do affect succeeding return performance.

本文考察1945到1970年間台灣人口管理機制的特殊性與國家「統治型態」的變遷。理論層次上我們思考的問題是：現代國家如何「統治」──而解答問題的關鍵就在於建立一個現代國家有關「人口」的特殊視野。現代國家的出現，其實正意味著一種新的統治型態、一種合理化的「管理」；其具體的對象，就是「人口」。要之，近代所謂的「人口」現象，本身就反映出現代國家在「統治」與「反思性監控」上最根本、最核心的一環。 從這個角度來看，1945年到1970年間，台灣在人口管理上呈現出極為特殊的現象。一方面，國府於1945年接收台灣之後，就在延襲日本殖民政府的戶籍制度、「警察－保甲」之組織與地方行政區劃的前提下，迅速地建立或重建了一個以「戶籍管理」為核心的人口管理機制。1947年「二二八事件」之後，國府透過「綏靖」與「基層編鄰」的措施進一步地強化了警察與社會底層「村里鄰」的組織網絡；1949年國府遷台，上述機制更在「反共復國」與「動員戡亂」的需要下得到最大程度的擴張，也使得國家得以嚴密地監控「人口」狀態。國府接收台灣的過程，可因此標示為「移植」、「挪用」與「轉化」。 但另一方面，對於軍事人口，國家行政體系始終無法予以有效的管理。原因在於：戰後初期台灣「軍事人口」群體的出現，主要是隨同國府遷台與來自中國大陸大規模的人口遷移，由於其中「在營軍人」的社會活動空間與國家行政體系眼中的一般人口有著客觀上的區隔，因此被迫施以特殊的處置。再者，國府統治大陸期間軍事體系內部問題的「制度遺緒」，使得戰後初期的軍事體系尚未「國家化」，內部管理上也沒有達到「現代化」的水準；因此，無論國家行政體系與軍方，都無法有效管制軍事人口動態。其中，「在營軍人」未納入戶籍的現象，更是國家行政運作上的一大困擾，甚至對總體人口的統計數據形成嚴重扭曲。 然而，中樞在衡量各項主客觀條件之後，透過「強迫服役」、「禁婚令」與退除役軍人「集中－隔離」等「內部規約」，以及抑制軍人營外活動的「外部監控」，國府仍然建立了一個「內弛外張」的人口管理模式。此一模式其實具有高度的「權宜性」：在「動員戡亂」這樣一個非常態性的統治方略下，它結合了對於軍事人口（內部的）生命歷程的規約與（外部的）人身監控，將軍事人口的社會活動壓縮在一定的社會空間，以達到有效管理的目標。這樣一個高度權宜性的人口管理機制，在1970年前後出現重大的轉變：戶籍管理的統計模式開始要求「一般化」與「集中化」，而軍事人口也一律要納入戶籍管理。導致此一發展的因素包括：國民黨政權「外部合法性」的消失、行政體系內部的合理化要求、以及國家「權力結構」狀態的變化。在1950年代與1960年代間，國府在國際情勢的特殊條件下得以堅持「反共復國」、「戰時體制」的方略；同時間，國家無法完全掌握軍事體系也構成軍方獨立管理內部人口的前提。然而，國府遷台之後二十年間，先是逐步推展「以黨領軍」、「以黨領政」的策略，繼則因為國家行政體系在專業知識、行政技術與制度慣習上的優勢，逐漸排除了「黨」直接干預國家行政決策與執行的可能性，終於在1970年前後由行政體系主導，成功地推動了一連串的內政革新──總體來看，「國家行政體系的合理化要求」與國家內部「權力結構」的變遷，乃是此一過程中最為關鍵的內在因素。 根據戰後台灣人口管理機制的諸多變革，我們發現：(1)位居社會底層綿密組織（甚至既有的社會關係）的挪用與轉化，(2)國家行政體系的合理化趨勢，以及 (3)權力結構的集中與穩定，乃是現代國家之建構與國家遂行長期有效「統治」的重要關鍵。然而，從理論的層次來看，台灣歷史的發展也提供了一些特殊的思考空間，值得進一步探討： 其一，台灣在清治時期到日本殖民時期，人口管理的基本要件乃是由「保甲」到「警察－保甲制度」轉化；這樣一種「挪用」與「轉化」的過程，在國府接收台灣時也再次出現。據此，國家體系「由上而下」的制度與組織建構，作為某種歷史發展中的突出現象，始終必須連結社會既有的組織網絡與社會關係，以重新規劃、建構有利於「統治」的「社會空間」。 其二，台灣歷史發展過程中始終存在的「戶籍」管理體系，其實是在日本殖民時期才發展成一個全面而有效的人口管理機制；國府遷台之後，在組織、制度與行政區劃上大致也延續了這樣的統治型態。無論是以「保甲」、「警－保」體系或「戶政管理」作為人口統治的基礎，基本上都是將「人口動態」、「社會關係」與「地理行政空間」相互結合而產生的「反思性監控」模式──從「人必歸戶」的要求與「流動人口」的嚴厲管制，不難看出此一模式的特徵。然而，這樣一種建立在「地理行政空間」的人口統治型態是否能夠適應「現代」世界的變遷？從當前的發展趨向分析，戶籍制度以其長期發展、盤根錯結的現況，與國家的行政運作已經無法割離；然而，制度本身在國家統治的需要上要求「人地合一」的初衷，在高度流動的現代社會中卻早已去而不返。

由汽車分期付款買賣坊間車商之定型化契約條款出發，依民法、消保法檢討相關約款之合理、正當性。

服務貿易總協定(General Agreement on Trade in Services，GATS)將服務依其提供之方式區分為四類。其中之一，乃藉由自然人跨越國境之方式進行，因此，是類服務供給方式，除模式四、自然人呈現外，一般常以自然人移動名之。 對於資金與技術相對匱乏的開發中會員而言，自然人移動毋寧為具有比較利益的服務提供模式之一。藉由短期勞力移動至海外，不但可解決國內勞力過剩之問題，更能帶來可觀的外匯收入，改善本國經濟狀況；他方面，短期移出之勞力於海外工作時所習得之新穎技術與知識，亦將有助於國內生產及服務水準之提升。而就已開發會員來說，在出生率低、人口結構呈現高齡化等因素影響下，許多產業所面臨的工資高漲及人才難覓之窘境，使先進國家不得不正視勞動力需求之議題。 儘管不少會員國對於勞動力的引進有所需求，但由於人員移動所牽涉的層面太廣，移民政策、社會安全乃至文化認同等因素盤根錯節，使得各國在模式四的開放上相當保守，不但承諾項目僅集中於專業人士(specialist)與企業內部人員調動(intra-corporate transferee)等白領階級，更有著林林總總的管制態樣。在不願意受到GATS承諾拘束，卻又有實際需求的情況下，許多會員轉而以本國立法或雙邊、複邊的合作方式，引進外國服務提供者。 此一保守之承諾現狀令人力資源豐沛的開發中會員極為不滿，因此，於2000年WTO新回合談判時，以印度為首之開發中會員即紛紛提出具體之建言，試圖打開目前在GATS架構下人員移動之僵局。另一方面，學者間亦陸續表達其對於模式四自由化之看法，並分別從闡釋開放市場所帶來經濟誘因、區隔自然人移動與移民、長期勞動力移動間之不同等角度切入，藉此釐清各國之疑慮，以期模式四在新回合談判下能有所突破。 面對模式四自由化聲浪高漲之勢，人員移動進一步開放的問題，於新回合中已難以迴避，由於人員移動所牽涉層面甚廣，對我國而言，倘稍有不慎，不但將造成我國就業市場門戶洞開的嚴重後果，其後續效應，如本地勞工失業率上升、及對治安、文化語言等衝擊，將為我國帶來不可預測的影響。舉例而言，我國模式四承諾中之第三類自然人移動，其內涵為何？如依國貿局之中譯文—「受中華台北企業僱用之自然人」(a natural person employed by business entities in Chinese Taipei)，則對我國就業市場產生如何影響，我國又應如何因應，值得深思。 職是之故，自然人移動之基本概念、內涵上之爭議，乃至於會員各陣營間意見落差等議題之釐清，對於我國新回合談判而言，實屬刻不容緩之事。本文之研究動機，即針對模式四規範上的重要問題、我國模式四承諾中之「第三類自然人移動」及相關談判策略進行分析，希冀對我國談判當局能有所助益。 關鍵字：服務貿易總協定、自然人移動、模式四、商業據點呈現、模式三、商業訪客、跨國企業內部調動人員、獨立服務提供者、第三類自然人移動、GATS簽證、經濟需求測試、工作證。 / The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is undoubtedly a milestone of the Uruguay Round of negotiations, as it has successfully brought services into the multilateral framework of trades. Under the GATS regime, services are trade via four modes of supply, namely, cross-border supply (mode1); consumption abroad (mode 2); commercial presence (mode 3); movement of natural persons (mode 4). Notwithstanding the GATS has taken the important step towards bringing services into the multilateral framework of trade, the liberalization commitments that have reaped during first round negotiations are so limited. They are highly asymmetric across different sectors and modes of supply, in particular, the movement of natural persons. Developing countries were disappointed by the dearth of the commitments in the aspect of their comparative advantage, and now seek to great openness. Meanwhile, lots of multinational corporations attempt to enlarge the scope of movement of personnel as well. Due to the aging populations, developed countries today are facing an increasing severe shortage of workers, including skilled and less skilled. These shared interested seem to create an optimistic negotiating environment for the current negotiations. The problem is, however, whether and how the coincidence of interests could be taken used of to further liberalizations. Besides the introduction - Chapter 1, the study could be divided into five parts. First, the study endeavors to clarify the meaning and scope of mode 4, inter alia, the most debated issue – if “natural persons employed by host-country companies “falls within the GATS. It has been argued that since the Annex of Movement of Natural Persons covers ”employed by a service supplier of a Member”, this could include foreigners employed by host-country companies. Owing to the fact that Art.1: 2(d) of the GATS defines mode 4 as “ the supply of service …by a service supplier of one Member, through the presence of natural persons of a Member in the territory of any other Member”, this argument is not accepted by the majority opinions. Chapter 2 attempts to analyze how the opaqueness result from and sketches out the sensitivities involved the issue. Apart from the economic impacts of mode 4, some observers argue that the real grounds behind the reluctance of Members to expand mode 4 commitments are uncertain social and political impacts. Therefore, economic impacts, as well as social influences and debates will also be discussed in this Chapter. In accordance with the data of WTO Secretariat and International Mutual Fund (IMF), it’s apparent that mode 4 is by far the smallest mode of service delivery in terms of both flows and volumes of schedules. Moreover, the limited commitments that have been made under the mode 4 almost exclusively refer to so-called “white-collar” personnel, especially to the intra-corporate transferees (ICT), which are linked to commercial presence. In addition, a variety of obstacles, such as burdensome visa/work permit procedures, economic needs tests (ENTs), licensing requirement, pre-employment, wage parity, and social security taxes, etc., have made the scheduled concessions more limited. All the patterns of mode 4 commitments and barriers are presented in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 first outlines the brief history of post-Uruguay Round negotiations from 1994 to 1995 that is helpful to perceive the interests of conflicts of interests between the capital-surplus and labour-surplus countries. In addition, all the proposals pertaining to liberalizing mode 4 commitments for the new round negotiations are detailed listed in this Chapter. Mode 4 commitments of Taiwan are evaluated in Chapter, in particular, the potential impacts of the 3rd category personnel. The study seeks to submit several strategies for the purposes of tackling the envisaged menaces. The last Chapter is the conclusions and recommendations. All the crucial issues are collected as a whole, meanwhile, negotiating strategies and proposals with respect to GATS visa, ENTs, categories of personnel, uniformity of the terms of the specific commitments, transparency, domestic regulations, the use of ISCO-88 for the scheduling etc. for the new round negotiations are submitted to the authorities concerned as well. Key words: GATS, commercial presence, mode 3,movement of natural persons, mode 4, 3rd category personnel, business visitor, intra-corporate transferees (ICT), independent service contractor, GATS visa, ENTs, work permit, W/120, ISCO-88.

一九九七年複製羊桃莉之出現，曾引發當時國際社會之震驚，由於不同動物之複製技術相似，人們開始顧慮複製人可能於未來出現，導致現有社會倫理及法治規範受到衝擊。因此，本文研究方向主要有二，其一係探討如何有效管制複製技術之實施，其二則是研究倘若複製人誕生，其法律上之身分關係應如何認定。而研究範圍又可分為三個部分：（一）闡述血緣之意義，並就現行民法婚生制度相關爭議加以介紹；（二）探討複製人引發之宗教、倫理爭議，同時比較國內外相關法規，以尋求合理之管制模式；（三）探討人工生殖下子女之婚生性認定標準，並以此為基礎研究複製人身分如何認定。 　　在章節安排上，第一章緒論為研究動機及研究方向之介紹，並對論文結構進行概要之說明。第二章分別由生物學及社會學角度，說明血緣關係之認定標準、血緣對於生物行為之影響，以及生物個體間如何辨別血緣關係。同時，本章亦將介紹血緣與社會團體之關係、血緣對於社會行為之影響， 並以我國社會制度作為血緣影響力之檢驗對象。最後，本章就與血緣相關之婚生推定及否認制度予以介紹。第三章先就不孕症與現行人工生殖技術之意義及態樣加以介紹，並闡明相關專業名詞，接著則是介紹近年來熱門之複製技術，其中除了技術原理及操作過程之解釋外，亦將對其發展過程及可能用途予以說明。 　　第四章針對宗教及倫理爭議加以探討。在宗教爭議方面，分別從天主教、基督教、佛教及伊斯蘭教之觀點，闡述其對於複製人之看法；而在倫理爭議方面則將就醫療倫理、人性尊嚴、家庭倫理以及社會秩序四個方向進行問題整理研究。最後再以我國宗教及倫理觀念來探討複製人之相關問題。第五章先就國際間之複製技術法規進行介紹，並對其管制模式及效果加以比較，再來則針對我國「人工協助生殖技術管理辦法」、「胚胎幹細胞研究的倫理規範」、「醫師法」、「醫療法」、「人工生殖法草案」及「人權基本法草案」等法規及法律草案進行檢討，並比較國內外立法例之優缺點。 　　第六章先就血統、分娩與婚生推定等傳統婚生性標準之主張，以及人工生殖目的、當事人意願、契約與子女最佳利益等事項加以比較，並歸納人工生殖子女之最佳婚生性依據。之後，基於複製技術與人工生殖技術之相似性，就先前歸納結果析述複製人之身分認定問題。最後則試圖從複製技術之正面意義，探討其作為合法人工生殖技術之可行性。第七章為結論，乃歸納先前各章討論之結果，對我國婚生制度為整合性之闡述，並對複製技術之規範方式及身分認定進行總結。

顧客關係管理(CRM)是結合人、流程和科技，並且追求瞭解顧客需求、提供商業策略和建立與顧客之間的長期關係。成功的利用整合科技，需要適合的商業流程和組織文化來適當地定位人本行為上的元素。因為顧客關係管理並不是簡單的技術解決方案，成功的顧客關係管理運作主要與人們的介入有關。為了建立對於在顧客關係管理中以人為本的流程中清楚剖析內容和角色，本研究分析顧客關係管理流程和倚賴人本的文獻，並且構成有關於在顧客關係管理中以人為本的流程假說需要。它強調高階主管和營運職員對於制定重要決策和與顧客進行立即性溝通的責任，進而帶領與顧客之間的關係管理。 典型的在顧客關係管理中以人為本的流程是很難已被建置或無法以單獨地成為技術解決方案，這些活動包含規劃顧客策略、設計顧客關係管理流程、處理顧客問題、瞭解顧客需求、處理立即溝通和問題、以及整合顧客回應。影響在顧客關係管理中以人為本的流程的因素會和顧客特性、資訊內容、員工能力和組織環境有關。本研究建立的假說是探討在顧客關係管理中以人為本的流程會被以下因素影響的相關性：(1)顧客情感需求、在交易過程中的顧客涉入度和顧客需求的變化；(2)內隱顧客資訊的需求；(3)員工經驗和知識；(4)組織文化。 為了建立在顧客關係管理中以人為本流程的清楚瞭解，本研究依據文獻發現建 構假說和經由深度個案研究來驗證他們。目標是檢驗顧客特性、資訊內容、員工能力和組織環境對於在顧客關係管理中以人為本流程的相關性。 / Customer relationship management (CRM) is a combination of people, processes, and technology that seeks to provide understanding of customer needs, to support a business strategy, and to build long-term relationships with customers. Successful utilization of the integrated technology requires appropriate business processes and organizational culture to adequately address human behavioral elements. Because it is not simply a technology solution, success in CRM business revolves largely around people. In order to build a clearer understanding of the content and role of the people-driven processes of CRM, this study analyzes the literature on CRM processes and people dependencies and forms propositions about the need for people-driven processes in CRM. It emphasizes the responsibility of executives and operational staff in making critical decisions and using intimate communications to conduct relationship management with their customers. Typical people-driven processes in CRM are those that are difficult to implement or that cannot be carried out using technology solutions alone, including such activities as planning customer strategy, designing CRM processes, coping with customer problems, understanding customer needs, handling intimate communications, and integrating customer responses. Factors that affect the dependency of people-driven processes in CRM are related to customer characteristics, the content of information, employee capabilities, and the organizational environment. Propositions formed in this study are that the dependency on people-driven processes in CRM is affected by (1) customer emotional needs, customer involvement in transaction processing, and the dynamics of the customer needs; (2) the need for tacit customer information; (3) employee experience and knowledge; and (4) the organizational culture. To build a clear understanding of the people-driven processes of CRM, this research constructed propositions based on literature findings and verified them through an in-depth case study. The objective is to explain the effects of customer characteristics, the content of information, employee capabilities, and the organizational environment on the dependence of people-driven processes in CRM.

本研究目的在於建構加護病房護理人員之非理性信念、情緒特質及情緒管理對人際關係之影響路徑模式。本研究採問卷調查法，參與者為200位加護病房護理人員，研究工具則包含非理性信念、情緒特質、情緒管理與人際關係等四份量表。研究中以驗證性因素分析、描述統計、單因子多變量變異數分析及結構方程模式分析資料，主要的研究結果如下： 一、教育程度在大學以下者比教育程度為研究所者具有較強烈之「希望感」正向情緒特質。護理年資高者較護理年資淺者能在人際關係方面展現主動關懷的行為。此外，修過情緒管理課程或壓力管理課程者比從未修過該課程者，具有較強烈之正向情緒特質。值得注意的是，從未修過壓力管理課程者卻比修過該課程者，具有較強烈之「自卑感」負向情緒特質。 二、非理性信念愈強者，其負向情緒激發愈強烈。但非理性信念與正向或負向情緒特質交互作用後，非理性信念對負向情緒激發的影響會被削弱。此外，非理性信念對積極回應策略沒有效果。 三、正向情緒特質對負向情緒激發具有負向效果，但卻對積極回應策略具有正向效果。 四、負向情緒特質對負向情緒激發具有正向效果，但對積極回應策略具有負向效果。 五、不同非理性信念者，其人際關係並無顯著差異。 六、正向情緒特質對人際關係具有正向效果。 七、負向情緒特質愈強者，其人際關係愈差，且負向情緒特質是透過負向情緒激發或積極回應策略對人際關係產生間接影響效果，雖然其效果並不大。 八、不同負向情緒激發者，其人際關係並無顯著差異，但當負向情緒激發受到正向情緒特質的影響後，會對人際關係產生正向的效果。 九、積極回應策略對人際關係具有正向效果。 十、修正模式一與二顯示非理性信念對負向情緒激發與積極回應策略皆無直接效果，非理性信念對人際關係亦無間接效果。但不同的是，在修正模式一中，正向情緒特質會對負向情緒激發產生負向效果，但對積極回應策略與人際關係產生直接的正向效果。此外，正向情緒特質會分別透過負向情緒激發與積極回應策略的中介，進而對人際關係產生負向與正向的效果。而在修正模式二中，負向情緒特質會對負向情緒激發產生正向的直接效果，但對積極回應策略會產生負向的直接效果。此外，負向情緒特質會透過積極回應策略的中介，對人際關係產生負向的效果，且負向情緒激發會透過積極回應策略的中介，對人際關係產生正向的效果。 　　針對上述結果，本研究分別針對護理人員培育機構與醫療院所提出課程教學與人員輔導之建議，並指陳後續研究可以參考與改進的方向。 / The purpose of this study was to propose and examine a path model of irrational beliefs, emotional traits, emotional management, and interpersonal relationship among nurses in the intensive care unit (ICU). Two hundred ICU nurses in Taiwan participated in this study. The employed instruments included the Inventory of Irrational Beliefs, the Inventory of Emotional Traits, the Inventory of Emotional Management, and the Inventory of Interpersonal Relationship. Moreover, the used data analysis methods were Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), One-way Multivariate Analysis of variance (MANOVA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The main findings of this study were as follows: 1. Participants with an educational degree under college had a stronger “sense of hope” than those with an educational degree of graduate schools. Those with long period of working experiences in hospitals showed more proactive caring behaviors than their counterparts. Moreover, those who had taken emotional-management or stress-coping courses had more positive emotional traits than their counterparts. Finally, those who had never taken stress-coping courses had a stronger sense of inferiority complex than their counterparts. 2. Participants who had a stronger irrational belief experienced more negative- emotion arousal than their counterparts. However, the interaction of irrational beliefs and emotional traits could weaken the effects of irrational beliefs on negative-emotion arousal. On the other hand, the participants’ irrational beliefs did not have effects on their employment of proactive response strategies. 3. While the ICU nurses’ positive emotional traits did not have effects on their negative-emotion arousal, such traits had positive effects on their employment of proactive response strategies. 4. While the nurses’ negative emotional traits had positive effects on their negative- emotion arousal, such traits had negative effects on their employment of proactive response strategies. 5. The nurses’ irrational beliefs did not have effects on their interpersonal relationship. 6. The nurses’ positive emotional traits had positive effects on their interpersonal relationship. 7. The nurses’ negative emotional traits had negative effects on their interpersonal relationship, and such effects were brought about via negative-emotion arousal or the employment of proactive response strategies. 8. The nurses’ negative-emotion arousal did not have effects on their interpersonal relationship; however, when influenced by positive emotional traits, the negative-emotion arousal had positive effects on interpersonal relationship. 9. The nurses’ employment of proactive response strategies had positive effects on their interpersonal relationship. 10. The results of Modified Model 1 and Model 2 indicated that the nurses’ irrational beliefs did not have direct effects on their employment of proactive response strategies as well as on their interpersonal relationship. In modified Model 1, however, positive emotional traits had negative effects on negative-emotion arousal and proactive emotional strategies; moreover, positive emotional traits had indirect negative effects on interpersonal relationship via negative-emotion arousal while such traits had indirect positive effects on interpersonal relationship via proactive response strategies. In modified model 2, on the contrary, negative emotional traits had positive effects on negative-emotion arousal while such traits had negative effects on proactive emotional strategies; moreover, negative emotional traits had indirect negative effects on interpersonal relationship via proactive response strategies while negative-emotion arousal had indirect positive effects on interpersonal relationship via proactive response strategies. With accordance to the above findings, the researcher proposed some suggestions with regards to teaching and counseling for nursing training institutes and medical institutions; moreover, some suggestions were proposed for future studies.

本研究欲探討個人知識論信念、創造性人格與創意生活經驗整體及各因素間的相互關係，最後並瞭解三者間的關連性。研究使用改編之「高中職生個人知識論信念量表」、「創造性人格量表」、以及吳靜吉（2002）等人所編製之「創意生活經驗量表」三種量表進行構念測量。分為北、中、南三區分層取樣，共803名受試，有效樣本共745人。問卷回收後，以描述性統計、Cronbach’s α信度係數、探索性因素分析、驗證性因素分析、皮爾森積差相關、獨立樣本t檢定、多元迴歸分析、及典型相關分析進行信效度考驗及各項研究問題分析。 研究結果顯示： （1）高中職二年級學生個人知識論信念比一年級學生偏向純真型信念、更相信學習能力天生，且較不具創造性人格特質。 （2）越持純真型個人知識論信念者，則其在人格特質上越不依從傳統、越不機 智靈巧、也越不自主勇敢。 （3）個人知識論信念越偏向純真型信念者，則其在創意生活經驗中的「運用新 知精益求精」、「開放心胸」、「製造驚喜意外」及「舊瓶新裝」四個領域上 的經驗越少。 （4）當個體越具有創造性人格，就擁有越多創意生活經驗。 （5）越持純真型個人知識論信念者，越不具有創造性人格特質；越不具有創造 性人格特質者，也有較少的創意生活經驗產生；但個人知識論信念的傾向， 對個體創意生活經驗並不具有直接的影響力。 （6）個人知識論信念越「未分化」，則越不具有「創造性人格」，也越不常有「創 意生活經驗」。 由研究結果，建議可透過對學生個人知識論信念的調整，而間接促成創造力之有效提升。以下提出幾點對於教學實務上之建議： （1）讓學生透過「覺察、反思、行動、實踐」的歷程進行學習。 （2）採用跨領域及討論式之教學方法進行教學。 （3）增強學生對學習的正向思考。 另提出對未來研究之幾點建議： （1）可對個人知識論信念之「依領域而不同」進行探究。 （2）以「實驗研究法」探討個人知識論信念與創造力之關係。 （3）針對高中職階段學生的「智力本質觀」與學習動機之相關進行探究。 / This study is to explore the relationship among personal epistemology belief, creative personality and creative life experience. Three scales were used to measure those constructs, “Personal Epistemology Scale for High School Student”, “Creative Personality Scale”, and “Creative Life Experience Scale”. There are 803 high school students from north, middle and south areas of Taiwan participated in this survey. The descriptive statistic, Cronbach’s α coefficient analysis, explorative factor analysis, confirmative factor analysis, Pearson’s correlation analysis, independent student test, multiple regression analysis and classical correlation analysis were used to analysis data. The main findings of this study were: 1. The personal epistemology belief of second grade high school students were naiver than first grades students, and with less creative personality. 2. The one who tends to hold naïve personal epistemology belief, may obey tradition less, and with less witty and braveness. 3. The one who tends to have naïve personal epistemology belief, would have less creative experience. 4. The one with more creative personality, the more creative life experiences he or she has. 5.The less differentiation of personal epistemology belief, the less creative personality and creative life experience one has. Based on the findings, the following were suggested for teaching and future research: For teaching: 1. Learning by “knowing, reflection, action and practice” 2. Using cross-areas and discussion instruction. 3. Strengthen students’ positive thinking for learning. For future research: 1. To investigate the domain specific of personal epistemology belief thinking. 2. Conduct the relation between personal epistemology belief and creativity by experimental method. 3. To explore the relations of high school students’ entity intelligence belief and learning motivation.