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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

徵收取得區分地上權補償問題之研究

莊仲甫 Unknown Date (has links)
我國自民國77年於大眾捷運法首創徵收取得區分地上權立法例後,即隨之於獎勵民間參與交通建設條例、促進民間參與公共建設法及土地徵收條例訂定徵收取得區分地上權條文,對公共建設穿越用地之取得有相當大之助益,但由於法制並非完備,致在徵收取得區分地上權補償方面產生了一些問題,此不僅影響公共建設穿越用地取得之順利進行,更有害憲法保障人民財產權之意旨,故本文即從財產權保障觀點,以完全補償理念為核心,對這些補償問題加以探討,並提出建議,以建構完善的徵收取得區分地上權補償制度,及做為政府修改相關法令之參考。 本文共分五章,第一章緒論,說明本文研究動機、研究目的與研究方法、研究範圍與內容。第二章財產權保障與損失補償,分析徵收取得區分地上權對財產權所造成之損失,並闡述財產權保障與損失補償之真諦,以奠立本文後續探討充分彌補被徵收人損失之方法。第三章我國徵收取得區分地上權補償制度之探討,對我國徵收取得區分地上權制度、補償法源及補償內容加以探討。第四章徵收取得區分地上權補償問題之探討,分別就補償性質問題、補償範圍問題、補償標準問題、補償費發放問題四方面加以探討問題之所在,並研擬適當解決方法。第五章結論與建議,對徵收取得區分地上權補償法制提出建議。 / After originating the legal case of the expropriation of space superficies in Mass Rapid Transit Law in 1988, the government soon legislated the clauses for expropriating the space superficies in Statute For Encouraging Private Sector Participation In Transportation Construction, Promoting Private Participation In Public Works Law, and Statute For Expropriating Land. It’s helpful to obtain the lands which public works pass through over or under, but some questions about the compensation for the expropriation of space superficies result from the legal system is not complete enough. This not only affects to smoothly obtain the lands which infrastructure need, and will be more harmful for the meaning of the people's property rights which safeguarded by constitution. Therefore this research takes complete compensation as a core and discusses these questions of compensation from the viewpoint of safeguarding the property rights. Finally, it hopes to make propositions for constructing a faultless system of compensation for the expropriation of space superficies and can be as the reference for government when she revises the correlation law. This research is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is introduction, which shows the motive, goal, method, scope, and content of this research. The second chapter is the indemnification for property right and the compensation for loss, which analyses the losses of property rights caused by the expropriation of space superficies, and elaborates the true meaning of the indemnification for property right and the compensation for loss in order to establish the method for fully making up the losses of the rightful recipients in the following discussion of this research. The third chapter is the discussion for compensative system of the expropriation of space superficies, which discusses the system of the compensation for the expropriation of space superficies, the legal origin of compensation, and the content of compensation. The fourth chapter is the discussion for the questions of compensation for the expropriation of space superficies, which discusses four aspects of questions including the characters, scopes, criterions, and payment of compensation and draws up suitable solutions. The fifth chapter is conclusion and suggestion, which proposes suggestions for the compensative system of the expropriation of space superficies.
82

形成公用地役關係既成道路之損失補償救濟--以行政法院判決為中心

翁瑞麟 Unknown Date (has links)
私有土地,如供公眾通行多年而成為道路者,該土地已因時效完成而成立公共地役關係,該私人雖仍保有所有權,但其使用權之行使應受限制,不得違反公眾通行之用,通說將該因通行之事實所形成之道路,稱為既成道路或既成巷道。既成道路存在公用地役關係之限制,致土地所有權人無從自由使用、收益,對於所有權人所受損失,是否應予補償?早期行政法院判決採取否定見解。直到85年大法官作成釋字第400號解釋,宣示國家應就既成道路辦理徵收給予補償。對於既成道路應予徵收補償已無爭議,但是,行政機關迄今未能提出具體有效之解決措施。 囿於既成道路補償問題遲遲未能解決之現況,民間嘗以捐地抵稅作法因應,導致稅基流失;既成道路所有權人,也以釋字第400號解釋為基礎,向道路管理機關請求辦理徵收補償,道路管理機關通常均以財源拮据、暫無徵收計畫等理由回應。人民遭拒絕後向行政法院提起訴訟,行政法院一貫見解均為:人民無請求國家徵收其土地之公法上請求權,道路管理機關非徵收核准及補償金發給機關,對之提起訴訟被告適格欠缺,釋字第400號解釋僅為立法指針不得作為請求徵收之法律基礎,補償金以徵收處分存在為前提,無徵收處分自不得請求補償,不得以平等原則、憲法財產權保障規定作為請求權基礎…… 等理由駁回人民請求。然上開理由是否適切?人民應選擇哪種訴訟類型才能達到權利救濟之目的,引發本文寫作之動機。 從憲法財產權保障觀點而言,財產權受到國家公權力之干涉時,應就財產權之權能減損程度,判斷是否達到「公用徵收」程度,或僅是「財產權內容之確定與限制」。又法規範對財產權內涵之確定與限制,如未侵犯財產權之本質內涵,則屬財產權之合憲限制,構成財產權人之社會義務;然而財產權人所受之限制程度,倘逾越財產權人所可忍受之限度而構成特別犧牲時,國家應給予適當之補償,始合乎憲法保障人民財產權之意旨,此為「應予補償之財產權限制」。釋字第400號解釋指出:「既成道路符合一定要件而成立公用地役關係者,其所有權人對土地既已無從自由使用收益,形成因公益而特別犧牲其財產上之利益,國家自應依法律之規定辦理徵收給予補償。」宣示既成道路所有權人所受限制程度構成特別犧牲,其法律效果應為損失補償。至於,徵收補償或其他補償方法均係填補特別犧牲損失之補償方式,既成道路所有權人應可擇一行使「徵收補償」及「損失補償」兩種請求方式。 現行行政訴訟制度,分為撤銷訴訟、課予義務訴訟、一般給付訴訟及確認訴訟等類型,惟既成道路所有權人提起確認訴訟類型較為少見。從其他類型訴訟的判決理由分析,既成道路所有權人提起撤銷訴訟及課予義務訴訟,無法達到權利救濟之目的,而應提起一般給付訴訟類型,以需地機關為被告,請求需地機關提出徵收計畫書,向內政部申請徵收之應為事實行為訴訟;或以需地機關為被告,請求給付損失補償金訴訟,兩種聲明是可行的請求方式。本文結論部分,就既成道路所有權人提起行政訴訟,從訴訟類型之選擇、請求權基礎及善用確認訴訟類型三方面提出建議;憲法財產權保障之規定,無待實體法明文規定,本身便是一種主觀之公法上權利,財產權保障內涵中,實已包括無補償即無財產權侵害之保障,並於財產權侵害之情形已無法排除時,為補償給付之請求,德國、日本司法實務運作均是如此,我國大法官會議解釋也一再揭櫫此一要旨,行政法院固守請求權基礎,應以實定法條文規定之見解,顯然與財產權保障思潮背道而馳。就行政機關處理既成道路問題,應妥善運用徵收補償,市地重劃、容積移轉、以地易地等地政手段,檢討改進既成道路存廢及補償費計算等角度,多方面思考解決對策,才是根本解決既成道路問題應有的方向。
83

日本成立國家安全保障會議之研究 / The Research of The Establishment of Japanese National Security Council

謝冠群 Unknown Date (has links)
由美國911事件作為分水嶺,重新界定了日本對於現代情報戰爭的認知,當今21世紀的國際社會儼然成為情報戰場,換言之,情報研究科學早已隨社會需要,發展成跨越學科範疇之複合性知識。日本二戰後在國際上先以強大的情報力穩扎經濟領域,然其后陷入失落的二十年,國際影響力亦隨之萎靡,致使日本政府遂行原有情報組織體制之調整,及相關情報政策實務之運行,皆成為安倍政權引領日本必經的荊棘之道。 本文研究重點界分四面向:其一、戰後日本國家安全機制的發展與轉變,記錄其所歷經重大事態時之因應模式,介紹其安保政策結構化之過程;其二、從內外環境分析日本成立國家安全會議之意涵,先交代「南北韓仇日遺緒」、「中國崛起論」等當今亞太局勢,分析日本國家安全保障會議何以在歷史遺題中為安保政策解套;其三、解構日本國家安全保障會議制度,分析日本政治結構與社會,研究日本國家安全保障會議在創立後,其行政職權上如何調整日本情報組織之運作;其四、以特定秘密保護法分析日本國家安全保障會議之角色,闡述安倍政權必然以情報需求達到社會控制之強化,進而實踐其安保戰略。 日本情報組織隨國際環境變化而沿革,歷經1990至2000年的轉型期後,其於2000年迄今已表現出擴張之型態。在安倍內閣的戰略藍圖中是要以首相官邸為核心,使其成為統籌國家安全保障政策之司令塔,而日本國家安全保障會議與國家安全保障局之設立,即是其鞏固中央集權,並使首相意志能主導日本復興的戰略。 / The September 11 terrorist attacks marked a watershed moment for the recognition and dispose of intelligence, in other words, the research of intelligence has become an interdisciplinary knowledge. After the Second World War, Japan has consolidated its economic power by sound espionage system. But Japan has later on lost its international impact after gone through 20-Year-Recession. This made an intractable way for Shinzo Abe to readjust and innovate the espionage system. The thesis includes four dimensions: First, focusing on the transformation of national security mechanism in Japan after the Second World War, and the structuralization of Security Policy. Second, analyzing the implication of the found of Japan’s National Security Council(NSC) from domestic and international factors. Third, destructuring the NSC , try to analyze the social and political structure in Japan. Forth, analyzing the role of NSC from the perspective of Secret Protection Law, which for Abe is a way to further control the society and carry out the security strategy. The intelligence organization in Japan proceeds as the international situation changed. Till now it has strengthened its power and influence after going through a period of transforming from 1990 to 2000. Among Abe’s strategic viewpoints, making Prime Minister’s Office as a core to unify national security is the top priority. The found of NSC and National Security Agency(NSA) is also a way for Abe to centralize the authority and to carry out his will, which can eventually lead to the revival of Japan.
84

區段徵收地主配地選擇行為之研究-以高速鐵路新竹站為例 / Zone-expropriation and discuss the landowner’s choice behavior.Therefore, this study of THSR (Taiwan High Speed Rail) Hsinchu Station Zone- expropriation as an example

古瓊漢 Unknown Date (has links)
政府辦理區段徵收希望帶動新社區的繁榮,達成都市整體發展,取得公共設施用地及節省龐大建設經費支出等之目標,而地主希望藉由政府的開發行為,享有土地利用價值提高、公共設施完善等好處,然而所謂的公私互蒙其利,共創政府與民眾雙贏的開發方式,卻仍常產生地主為了財產權保障抗爭之情形而導致區段徵收作業延宕,因此,本研究以高鐵新竹車站特定區區段徵收案為例,針對地主選擇行為進行探討,透過群落分析歸類地主選配抵價地的型態,經由因子分析找出影響選配抵價地行為之因子,最後藉由羅吉特建立地主選配抵價地模型,希望可以提供政府部門及地主在選配抵價地之參考。研究結果如下: 一、 透過群落分析,予以歸類分析,劃分易於解釋的分配類型,可獲得二個群組四個方案,由此可瞭解地主選配抵價地型態。 二、 參與抵價地配地作業以男性地主居多,以年齡層多集中於中年左右,受訪地主多為已婚;受訪地主針對各項選配抵價地之影響因素均表示影響程度上都是以影響很大為居多,其中受訪地主多數認為使用分區類別、面前街道寬度、鄰近嫌惡設施程度、坵塊形狀、街廓評議地價高低等因素對於選配抵價地影響很大,又以鄰近嫌惡設施程度為居高。 三、 經由研究得知目前政府提供予地主之資訊管道不足或宣傳不周,對於整體區段徵收作業仍需加強與地主資訊的傳遞,以及充分公開整體計畫內容。 四、 部份地主不太滿意先抽籤再選配街廓的抵價地配地作業方式,其原因有主要為因籤號先後導致無法選配期望街廓佔多數,其次為權利價值較小者可能無法選配街廓,而需再與他人合併分配。 五、 建構八種類型之二項羅吉特模式,並透過AIC及SC值找出能力較佳的群組方案,由方案中得知地主多數還是以居住適宜性及小規模開發為主要。 六、 由二項羅吉特模式實證結果顯示,模型共通變數為土地變數的使用分區類別、基地最小開發規模訂定、鄰近嫌惡設施程度、緊臨遊憩設施狀況、坵塊座向,以及地主行為變數面前街道寬度影響程度、鄰近嫌惡設施影響程度、區段徵收前土地座落位置影響程度、性別、學歷、職業等等,均顯著影響地主選配抵價地之行為。 / Zone-expropriation by government hopes to achieve these targets like exciting new community's prosperity, achieving the overall development of the new city, accessing the public facilities and saving huge expenditures. By the government's development activities, the landlords enjoy the benefits of increased value of land and good public facilities. Handling Zone expropriation creates a win-win situation between the Government and the landlords. However, in the process of Zone-expropriation often generate opposition of landowners to protect their property rights which led to delays in Zone-expropriation operations. Therefore, this study of THSR (Taiwan High Speed Rail) Hsinchu Station Zone- expropriation as an example and discuss the landowner’s choice behavior. Through cluster analysis classified the landowner’s choice behavior. And by factor analysis to identify the major factors of landlord’s choice behavior. Finally by Logit modeling the landlord model hopes to provide some valuable suggestions for government. The study results are as follows: 1. Through cluster analysis, the study classified and divided into two groups that are easy to explain. The two groups contain four plans each and they can explain the landlord’s choice behavior. 2. Landlords of participation of Zone-expropriation are mostly male with age around 40 to 60 years old. These mostly married landlords think these are the major factors, the use of zoning category, the street width, the neighboring facilities, the shape of street block, the value of street blocks. The neighboring facilities rank the top 1 factor. 3. Through the research shows that government lacks of information or promotional channels. Government should improve the communication with landlords and fully disclosed the contents of the overall Zone-expropriation plan. 4. Landowners are not satisfied by the flow of ballot at first and then land choosing. The major reason is landlords can not choose the expected lands after ballot. And the second reason is the land loads with smaller land value can not choose street blocks unless they combine with other landlords’ land value and choose the expected land. 5. In the study, construction of eight types of models from two of Logit modeling, through the AIC and SC values come out the better group and plan. It shows the better plan is the small-scale residential development and good environment for the most landlords. 6. By the empirical results from Logit model show that model common variables are the land use zoning category, the base size of the minimum development, near the level of aversion facilities, recreational facilities close to the zone, street block location, the width of the street, the impact of land location before zone expropriation, gender, education, occupation, etc. They are significantly affected the selection behavior of land choice.
85

轉型經濟下的中國城市住房改革-以重慶為例 / Transitional urban housing reform in China-the Chongqing case

吳欣純, Wu, Hsin Chun Unknown Date (has links)
中國自第十一屆三中全會朝改革開放發展,住房制度改革前以前蘇聯為目標,透過工作單位制實施福利分房制度,然而實物配給制發展產生諸多問題,如:收租失衡、分配不公、住房存量不足等制度運作結果,因此隨著經濟改革的同時,住房制度也朝向透過商品化與市場化解決住房問題。中國於1998年正式停止福利分房制度,朝市場化轉型過程中,亦同步發展住房保障制度,包括:建設廉租房及經濟適用房等保障性住房、建立多層次保障性住房體系、推廣公積金制度等措施,試圖在市場運作之外保障人民安居權利。在中國住房制度轉型過程中,重慶於2010年以公共租賃住房為核心,建立一套保障性住房體系,整合既有的商品房市場,試圖保障性住房與商品房市場雙軌並行的體制,並在制度運作上以國有資產投入建設、由土地儲備中心提撥建設用地,透過諸多政策手段快速發展住房雙軌制,重慶的住房制度設計亦被稱為住房的「重慶模式」,在政策設計上體現「具有中國特色的社會主義市場經濟」的目標。 重慶的住房模式在短短幾年間引起學界關注,主因在於近年中國城市面臨高房價的困難,雖自1998年即開始推動各種保障性住房,但在各城市的運作中面臨許多困難,對社會弱勢保障效果有限。重慶近年在住房制度設計上形成住房保障與商品住房雙重運作體系,透過各種推動公共租賃住房及其他保障性住房,為中國各城市乃至世界各國面臨居住問題者所關注。有鑑於目前尚未有完整探討重慶住房制度改革的文獻,對住房的重慶模式也未有完整的討論,因此本文以中國住房制度改革做為背景脈絡,探討重慶住房改革歷程,分析重慶保障性住房政策與商品房市場的政策設計,進一步聚焦住房的「重慶模式」運作內容,整理分析重慶住房制度超越其他城市建立雙軌制的因素,並探討重慶住房保障體系能在幾年內快速建設的關鍵,為後續研究中國住房改革及重慶住房雙軌制者提供研究發現。 / As China went through the progress of economic reform during late 1980’s, the housing policy also started to change. It was used to be welfare housing distribution system in the past years, however, many problems raised in practice, such as insufficient charge in rent, unfair distributions, or insufficient housing units. Therefore, the housing policy started to practice commercialization and marketization, in order to resolve the old problems. Chinese government officially stopped the welfare housing policy in 1998. During the transformation to commercialized housing market, the Chinese government also developed indemnificatory apartments with multilayer protections, including the construction of low-rent housing, affordable housing and public housing accumulation fund. The government attempted to provide dual housing system by investing constructions, providing land for housing and other policies. The most well known case is the “Chongqing model” The goal of their policy is to realize “the socialism market economy with Chinese characteristics”. The “Chongqing model” drew a lot of attention in academia in very few years. The main reason is the rising housing price in the cities in China. Although indemnificatory apartments project formed since 1998, the practical operation is problematic with limited protection for people with lower social status. By having public rental housing and other secured housing, the city government of Chongqing has developed a dual system with both secured housing and commercialized housing. Their achievement is known by other Chinese cities and the rest of the world. This thesis will address the background of the reform of Chinese housing policy, the progress of the reform of the housing policy in Chongqing , the analysis of the policy design and the operation of their policy. The reason why the “Chongqing model” is better than other cities in China will be discussed as well. We hope that we will provide the key of the fast and growing development of the Chongqing’s housing system, to people who are interested in reform of Chinese housing policy and the dual housing system in Chongqing.
86

國家制裁手段之選擇—以刑法第231條為例 / The choice of national sanctions:a case study of article 231 of the criminal law

柳國偉, Liou, Guo Wei Unknown Date (has links)
關於國家制裁手段之選擇,包含立法權與司法權對於國家制裁手段之選擇,而國家制裁手段類型之選擇(即刑事制裁手段與行政制裁手段之選擇),此為國家制裁手段外在選擇,而國家制裁手段之內在選擇為國家權力針對同一種類型之制裁手段之選擇,亦包含國家制裁手段之效力選擇,前者可以稱為內部界限,後者為外部界限。 關於章節安排,本文第二章首先從法益概念去釐清應罰性之概念界定,在第三章探討國家制裁手段選擇之因素,此部分本文分為「國家制裁手段之類型選擇標準」(即選擇行政制裁手段、刑事制裁手段)與「國家制裁手段之效力選擇標準」(即當國家已經選擇某種制裁手段後,該制裁手段之法律效果亦會產生選擇之問題)。前者部分,本文介紹行政制裁手段與刑事制裁手段於學說上的區分理論,再來探討我國實務見解如何在兩種制裁手段選擇,藉由實務運作模式整理與分析,提出一套可受檢驗的國家制裁手段選擇標準。本文認為國家制裁手段選擇之標準為「法益」以及「程序保障」之觀點作為國家制裁手段類型選擇之標準與國家制裁手段效力選擇標準之依據。在第四章部分,本文以在第三章所建立之國家制裁手段選擇標準,將我國現行刑法第231條為例作為檢驗。第五章為「結論」,將綜合前述各章,就「助娼行為」之國家制裁手段選擇的討論做一總結並提出立法建議,期能更了解該國家制裁手段選擇的意義及功能。
87

日・韓の医療保障法制における低所得者保護

朴, 惠嫄 25 November 2014 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第18637号 / 法博第168号 / 新制||法||149(附属図書館) / 31551 / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 稲森 公嘉, 教授 村中 孝史, 教授 髙木 光 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DFAM
88

戦後国際政治思想としての日本的現実主義の原点と台頭:敗戦から日中国交正常化まで(1945-1972)

張, 帆 25 March 2019 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第21516号 / 法博第233号 / 新制||法||165(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 中西 寛, 教授 奈良岡 聰智, 教授 鈴木 基史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM
89

口頭弁論終結後の承継人に対する遮断効とその正当化根拠に関する考察

盧, 惟揚 23 March 2022 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第23657号 / 法博第277号 / 新制||法||174(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 笠井 正俊, 教授 山本 克己, 教授 山田 文 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM
90

身心障礙者自立支援法制之介紹 ──以日本障礙者總合支援法與我國身心障礙者權益保障法第50條個人支持服務為中心 / Introduction of support scheme for independent living of persons with disabilities :Focusing on the Services and Supports for Persons with Disabilities Act of Japan and the People with Disabilities Rights Protection Act of Taiwan

陳芃伃, Chen, Peng Yu Unknown Date (has links)
身心障礙者如同一般人,擁有獨立自主的人權,但因其障礙使然,如要達到自立生活,時常需要藉助外界的協助。障礙者自立生活已逐漸成為障礙者社會促進的制度典範,在如此的前提下,支援障礙者的自立生活的自立支援措施,應為如何的設計,應為障礙者社會促進措施的研究要點所在。本文旨在從日本與台灣的學界及實定法中,探尋障礙者福利措施的典範移轉,以及從「自立」於社會保障法上及障礙者社會促進中的意義,剖析障礙者自立支援措施的應有樣貌,並進而藉此檢視及分析日本與台灣身心障礙者法制中具體的障礙者自立支援措施,提出本文的比較結論,期待能對我國的身心障礙者社會促進法制未來的改革,提供比較法上的參考。本文研究架構如下: 第一章為緒論,介紹本論文的研究動機與目的、研究範圍、用詞定義、研究方法及研究架構。 第二章探討身心障礙法政策的典範移轉。本章將先針對身心障礙者社會福利法制的典範移轉進行論述,再介紹身心障礙者的自立生活運動的國際脈絡,其理念、內容、發源及於亞洲的擴散。 第三章探討「自立」及「自立支援」於日本社會保障法脈絡中的意義。本章將從日本學說及實定法進行剖析,目的為將對於「自立」概念論述較深入的日本狀況,引為參考標的。 第四章為探討日本障礙者自立支援法及障礙者總合支援法之法制。從其發展脈絡,到具體的法制內容介紹,使讀者一窺日本對於障礙者支援法制之中心─障礙者總合支援法之樣貌,並對本文後續章節之我國與日本制度的比較進行鋪陳。 第五章為將先針對我國身心障礙者權益保障法中與障礙者自立生活較有相關的個人支持服務進行介紹,再進行台日制度的比較分析。 第六章為本文結論,本文將於本章呼應本文研究動機及目的,提出結語。

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