邇來，數家壽險公司，包含2009年之國華人壽、2014年之國寶人壽與幸福人壽以及2016年之朝陽人壽，陸續遭主管機關金融監督管理委員會（下稱金管會）宣布接管，並委由保險安定基金辦理國華人壽、國寶人壽與幸福人壽之標售退場程序。上開問題壽險業之資本適足率未達法定標準或淨值為負時，金管會與相關單位未立即積極處理，甚而遭監察院糾正金管會未正視問題保險業退場法制之缺失並加以修正改善。面對問題壽險業失卻清償能力之窘境，立法機關在問題保險業退場法制上有幅度甚廣之修法，先後自2014年6月4日公布調整安定基金之權限與問題保險業之監理措施，以及參照外國立法例增訂過渡保險機制；2015年2月4日則修正公布資本適足率標準之分級，進而明確制定主管機關得採取之監理措施與其效果。 　　然而，其中有關過渡保險機制之立意雖屬良善，相關法制架構，付之闕如。考察美國、加拿大與日本等國家之保戶保障機制，有以過渡保險機構處理問題壽險業之經驗與制度，為貫徹有效維持保戶保障之處理原則，若我國保戶保障機制除承接問題保險業之保險契約外，另設過渡保險公司承接問題保險業之資產、負債與營業，具有重大實益。參酌他國之實務經驗與制度，本文建議《保險法》第149條之2第3項規定，對於所謂過度保險機制應提高位階，修改為以保險法明訂或以保險法明確授權之法規命令立法方式，授權主管機關得就過渡保險機構之具體內容與範圍加以明訂相關辦法。另考量我國保險法制與監理環境，且實務慣例上多委託保險安定基金擔任接管人，由其發揮過渡機構之功能而自行承接問題保險業之保險契約，實乃治絲益棻。本文建議未來管理辦法應應以保險安定基金透過設立過渡保險公司承接問題保險業之資產、負債與營業為宜。

本論文主要目的是在瞭解目前記者之實際情形, 並探討增進記者福利與保障記者工作 獨立性之途徑, 全文共計一冊, 約六萬字, 分五章研討。 第一章為緒論, 略述近代新聞倫理及法律之演變, 再檢討其中之利弊得失, 另包括研 究目的與研究動機。 第二章為理論及文獻探討, 涵知新聞自由理論、社會責任論、與行政司法化理論。 第三章為研究方法, 對新聞從業人員和新聞行政人員進行實證調查, 再加心電腦資料 處理及統計分析。 第四章為結果分析, 對實際調查結果解釋其意義, 並與理論作多方面的比較。 第五章為結論與建論, 從結果分析中得到主要研究發現, 而予以進一步的檢討與建議 。

1990年代學術圖書館面對內部與外部環境的競爭壓力與革新趨勢，圖書館聯盟的觀念與需求又再度受重視。本研究主要以1990年代興起且以電子資源共享為合作主軸的圖書館聯盟組織為研究範圍。採用個案研究法，選擇美國OhioLINK聯盟、大陸地區CALIS聯盟及國內CONCERT聯盟作為個案研究對象。 本研究目的旨在探討1990年代電子資源共享圖書館聯盟的營運特質、合作服務議題、營運策略規劃及營運模式。主要研究結果與貢獻：提出1990年代新興電子資源共享圖書館聯盟之策略規劃模式及營運模式架構，可作為圖書館聯盟實務營運規劃時之參考。電子資源共享圖書館聯盟營運模式包含三大營運構面、20項構面要件，以及14項合作服務項目及11項行動策略項目。 1.營運構面，包括：組織背景與資源、組織活動與成果，以及組織策略與管理等三大構面； 2.構面要件，包括：緣起背景與合作動機、聯盟會員、組織結構、組織資源、組織經費、技術與資訊基礎建設、服務對象與層級、合作服務項目、活動成果、外部環境評估與內部組織檢測、需求評鑑、共同願景、使命宣言、核心價值、任務目標、行動方案、領導管理、核心議題管理、組織變革，以及組織評鑑等20項； 3.合作服務項目，包括：資訊資源硬體/軟體合作開發及標準化發展、合作採購、合作館藏發展、合作典藏與管理、聯合合作編目、聯合目錄、館際互借、文獻傳遞、線上合作參考諮詢服務、教育訓練、技術支援、諮詢與顧問指導、數位化圖書館服務與管理，以及遠距學習與服務等14項； 4.行動策略項目，包括：強調關鍵技術或能力之轉移、強調資源有效分配、擴大資訊取用途徑、共同談判與合作協議、重視使用權處理與合約管理、強調市場合作策略、強調對內與對外夥伴關係之建立、重視行銷推廣、凝聚會員共識與組織承諾、擁有高度管理統籌權，以及強調成本效益分析等11項。 本研究建議：一為建議政府相關部會建立全國電子資源共享之總資源規劃與分配策略，以有效整合聯盟資源並進行整體化建設。同時，建立全國圖書館聯盟管理中心、編列專款預算科目、健全圖書館聯盟組織結構與功能發展以提昇聯盟營運效能；二為建議國內學術圖書館聯盟擴大資源共享合作服務範圍與夥伴關係經營範疇，以創造聯盟組織最大經濟效益。同時，重視領導管理與決策品質，並且建立組織營運績效衡量機制；三則呼籲凝聚聯盟會員的共識與團隊力，共同建立聯盟組織的自主性與自發性營運功能，將有限資源發揮最大效益。 / In the 1990s, academic libraries were faced with pressure to compete and a tendency towards renovation. The concept and demands of library consortium once again received serious attention. This study’s research scope is the rise and development of electronic resources sharing for cooperation with main library consortium organizations in the 1990s. The method of case study was used, and the United States’ OhioLINK, Mainland China’s CALIS, and the domestic CONCERT were used as the case research subjects. The purpose of this research is to investigate the special characteristics of the operation of electronic resources sharing library consortium during the 1990s and their cooperative service issues, strategic planning, and modes of operation. The primary research results and contributions addressed the structure of strategic planning and modes of operation for electronic resources sharing library consortium in the 1990s. This can then be used as a reference for when library consortium does practical service and operations planning. The modes of electronic resources sharing library consortium include: 1.Operational Structure: The three big aspects are background and resources of organizations, activities and achievements, and strategies and management. 2.There are twenty items of important structural documents: origins of backgrounds and motives for cooperation, consortium members, organization’s structure, organization’s resources, organization’s expenses, establishment of information foundations, service targets, cooperative service items, activities and achievements, evaluations of the external environment and examinations of internal organizations, demand reviews, common hopes and expectations, mission declarations, core value, assignment objectives, movement plans, leadership management, management of core issues, organization transformations, and reviews of organizations. 3.The cooperative service items include these 14 items: cooperative development and standardized development of information resource hardware and software, joint purchases, cooperative collection development, cooperative catalogues, union catalogs, interlibrary loans, document delivery, online reference desk services, education and training, technical support, advice and consulting guidance, digital library services and management, and distance learning and services. 4.The 11 items of movement strategy include: emphasizing the transfer of key technologies and abilities, emphasizing effective resource distribution, expanding access to resources, joint licensing and joint agreements, placing importance on using power to cope and contractual management, emphasizing market cooperation strategies, emphasizing the establishment of internal and external companion relationships, placing importance on popularizing sales, cohering to the members’ common consensus and organization agreements, possessing high level management powers for overall planning, and emphasizing cost-benefit analysis. This study recommends: 1.) In order to establish head resource planning and distribution strategies for nation-wide electronic resource sharing, establish nation-wide library consortium management centers, line up funding, and make sturdy library consortium organizational structures and capabilities. 2.) In order to make recommendations for the cooperative service scope and companion relationship operation categories of CONCERT expanded resource sharing, place importance upon leadership management and the quality of policy making. In addition, establish a measurement system for organization operation results. 3.) Appeal for the coherence to the common consensus of consortium members. Collectively establish the operational capability of consortium organizations to be autonomous and spontaneous to bring limited resources into full play with the greatest possible results.

戰後美國對於日本進行七年有餘的軍事佔領，為防止日本軍國主義再興，並深植民主制度，指導日本訂定「和平憲法」。日本以「專守防衛」為國防的基本方針，堅持美日安保體制，貫徹不以軍事威脅他國為基本理念。冷戰伊始，日本即由美國安全保障體制獲益，成為經濟強國。 冷戰結束，美國國力下降、日本國力頗有增強。姑不論其軍事力量已悄然躍居全球第四、軍事支出已居世界第二的事實，其先進的科技和數一數二的外匯存底，成為國際矚目的國家，有成為更活躍參與者的本錢。但日本針對參與國際事務與分擔國際責任的程度和方式，國內和國外皆有正反不同的論辯，差異極大。主張積極參與者，都強調日本經濟實力提升之後，對國際社會應有更大的貢獻。反對的論者，則認為日本應避免在國外使用武力的原則不容輕易更動、對外活動增加可能不利對外關係或國內經濟活動;且東亞地區仍有部分國家以日本尚未真誠為侵略史實道歉，特別對日本軍力擴張和「軍國主義」復甦產生聯想，造成相當的阻力，不容日本迅速改變當前的防衛政策。日本固然小心翼翼，不願牽扯國際紛爭與分擔國際責任，但美國人民均認為美口同盟似乎不公平，指責日本坐享其成不負國際責任，是「廉價搭乘」(Cheap ride)美國安保列車。 波斯灣戰爭期間，日本表現出「錢我來出，命你來丟」，只拿出一百三十億美元，戰爭期間自衛隊一步也不能離開日本，引起美國不滿。日本人事後檢討認為未能配合國際需要，失去了作大國責任的機會。美日同盟關係也因兩國經貿與駐日美軍所引發的社會問題，同盟關係進入「飄盪」(drift)時期。一九九四年二月細川首相成立一個首相私人顧問懇談會，檢討日本的安全保障政策與防衛力應有的方向。懇談會檢討指出:日本要擺脫過去在安全保障政策上被動的角色，應主動參與及追求具有建設性的安全保障政策，不僅是對國際社會貢獻，也是日本國民應有的責任，為了達到這個目的，日本必須利用外交、經濟、防衛等各種手段來配合，以建立綜合性的安全保障政策。其作為包括:建立多邊的安全保障合作、充實美日安全保障合作關係、維持高效率的防衛力量等三個主要安全支柱，成為日本邁向廿一世紀安全保障政策與防衛力量應有的新方向。 一九九六年四月美日兩國發表聯合宣言，確認美日安保體制對亞太和平與穩定的重要性後，並於．一九九七年九月公布新的「美日防衛合作指針」。日本國會於一九九九年四～五月間通過「防衛合作新指針」相關法案，使過去雙方一直停留在研究階段的「周邊事態法」、「自衛隊法修訂案」、「美日物品及勞務相互提供協定修訂案」等法案紛紛完成立法，使自衛隊在遂行美日軍事合作有明確的法源依據。 日本在一九九五年十一月新頒布的國家防衛計畫大綱，所制定1996～2000年中期防衛武力建整計晝，即將屆滿，於二 000 年十二月十五日，日本決定再投資高額國防經費，整建2001～2005年之第二期中期防衛武力，冀望建立一支「合理化、效率化、精簡化」之適當的防衛力量，以增強其跨世紀的國防武力及對國際貢獻執行能力。新中期防計畫引進空母型護衛艦、空中加油機及其它軍事投資等，備受中共等鄰國的疑慮與關注。 美國面對後冷戰時期快速改變的亞太環境、為確保其國家戰略利益，美國除支持日本在聯合國維和任務中扮演積極角色，並藉由多邊聯盟安排逐漸引進日本軍事能力，重新定位日本在亞洲的角色，支持日本逐漸成為一個正常國家(normal state)。惟防衛力的增加，並不是單純二國內政的問題，國家之間主體的互動往往因彼此的研判與認知不同而產生誤解引發衝突，或為增強防衛能力可能引發軍備競賽，戰爭的工具增加，和平的維護變得困難和脆弱。在「安全兩難」的環境下，日本在美日安保架構增強防衛武力，區域內各國現階段的反應為何?以及當美國影響力退出本地區，權力平衡失去原來的架構時，區域內可能會有何種變化?以及日本在美國持續敦促參與國際事務，未來對外政策會有什麼新的方向?為本論文研究重點。 關鍵字：專守防衛，樋口報告，武器輸出三原則，吉田茂主義，綜合安全保障戰略，三矢研究案，大東亞共榮圈，周邊事態，飄盪時期，集體自衛權，正常國家。

本論文從現代行政法學方法論所獲得之考察角度，以個別社會保障制度之給付型態及規律構造為基礎，分析給付主體（行政）與受給者（私人）間，不限於行政處分意義之「給付決定」與「私人權利」之關係，並考慮供給主體多元化之給付關係之狀況。分析順序，先從我國法社會保障給付作用之法律構造（實定法、裁判例）設定課題，次以日本法為比較法，整理日本行政法或行政法學對於所設定課題之回應。最後，從前揭行政領域之議論，發現、汲取構想現代給付行政法學方法論（以行為形式與法律關係為主軸）之線索，並展望對應給付行政法之特色，建立其法體系之可能。

本文旨在探討當前中國大陸城鎮職工與農民工等具有勞工性質的群體，其退休養老保險制度發展過程的政治經濟分析。所要回答的問題有三：一、中國大陸退休養老保險的歷史進程為何？有何特徵？二、中國大陸農民工與城鎮職工的退休養老保險制度現今運行情況為何？可能的整合方向是？三、中國大陸退休養老保險基金的財務當前運行情況是？有何隱憂？以上三點構成了本文的問題意識。 文中檢視中國大陸自1950年代所出臺的《中華人民共和國勞動保險條例》至今所有關於農民工與城鎮職工養老保險法規的演變，並比較2011年《社會保險法》出臺後，關於農民工與城鎮職工養老保險的實質發展。此外，本文以北京、上海、廣東、河南各省的「退休養老保險金的收支結餘」做為基礎，使用各省的「歷史債務」、「經濟發展水準」、「勞動力流動」等面向分析養老金區域失衡的原因與長期發展的隱憂，以歸納出當前中國大陸城鎮職工與農民工養老保險制度發展的個案省份分析。 本文發現，中國大陸農民工與城鎮職工養老保險的發展有著明顯的「路徑依賴」特徵，自《中華人民共和國勞動保險條例》出臺以降，關於中國大陸的社會保障歷經了單位保障到社會保險，最後則是具備中國特色的「社會統籌與個人帳戶相結合」制度的建立。關於中國大陸退休養老體制的改革過程是中國社會主義傳統下與改革開放後強調經濟發展相互激盪下的結果。 中共以戶籍制度作為區分城鄉勞工的主要手段，在社會福利制度上形成了差異化的現象。本文認為關於農民工的社會保障制度在過去的社會保險體系發展中乏善可陳，與受到政府保障的城鎮職工形成對比的現象。中共當局開始正視農民工的問題是在改革開放後所形成的龐大民工潮問題，隨著時間的推移，政府也必須替「第二代農民工」建設更公平的社會保障制度進而達成「城鎮化」的目標。 中國大陸的社會保障制度發展有著明顯的地域差異，其財政的制度也高度分權，具體反應在社會保障制度的改革上。北京、廣東與上海享受著改革開放以來的經濟成果，在吸引外來勞動人口上有著先天優勢，相對河南的人口外移有著明顯的對比。背後的意涵代表了富裕省份對於後發省份在社會保障資源上的「榨取」，不利於後發省份養老保險的長期發展。本文認為，2011年《社會保險法》出臺後，對於農民工的社會保障確實有所提昇，也使具有「穩定就業」身分的農民工納入到了城鎮職工養老保險體制內，不過仍然需要觀察其後具體的發展態勢。中國大陸之後的退休養老制度發展，本文認為應該要向實現「全國統籌」的目標邁進，也可以藉由中央分配養老金，使地區養老金收支不均的現象可以有效紓緩。 / This thesis aims to explore the characteristics of labor groups in China, which include urban workers and migrant workers. It also discusses the political economical analysis in the course of development for retirement pensions. There are three important questions that have to be addressed: First, what is the historical course on the Chinese retirement pension? What are the features? Second, how is the retirement pension run for urban workers and migrant workers today? What is the direction for integration? Third, what is the financial situation in running the pensions? Are there any concerns? Above three questions constitute the main issues that will be discussed in this thesis. It is evident that there are changes to today’s law and regulations of endowment insurance for urban and migrant workers. This thesis will use Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, and Henan province for “Balance of Revenues and Expenditure in Endowment Pension Insurance” as a basis. Also use each province’s “Debt records”, “Standard Economic Growth” “Labor Mobility”, etc. to analyze. In this thesis it also indicates the development of the endowment insurance for migrant workers and urban workers appears to be having a “path dependency” feature. China’s social security has gone from a unit security to a social security. The social welfare system creates a phenomenon of discrepancy in the system. This thesis deems that in the past, migrant workers’ social security reform development is not effective compared to the government security the urban workers received. The government must help “Second generation migrant workers” create a fair social security system and reach “urbanization” as a goal. China’s social security growth has a noticeable regional difference; there is also a high separation of powers in the finance system, which reacts on the reform for social security. Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai enjoy the economic gain after the reform, and attract many foreign labors, gives them dominant advantage. In contrast, Henan, there is big difference in number for migrate workers. Behind this, there is an implication that prosperous provinces create an “extortion” of resources to those less prosperous, meaning there is no care for their endowment insurance growth. Overall this system still has potential for improvement.

日本與臺灣現今同屬歐陸公法之繼受法國家；在二次大戰前，臺灣即受日本公法支配，戰後由國民政府攜來者亦本是同根之學說與制度，故日本為了實現實效性保障人民權利與法律上利益之課題，所為之討論、改革及於行政事件訴訟法中之落實，均值得臺灣司法審判及立法修法借鏡參考。本文主要採日本修法之認識論、價值論之研究體會後，歸納而成，而日本之行政法理論主要來自德國理論的引入，取其法制為範所作的對應，自有溯源德國法制學說的必要。 本文研究架構如下： 首先以「日本行政訴訟權之保障」為題，說明緣起及研究方法與基本架構。繼以檢討訴權理論的承繼及演變、與日本憲法第32條接受裁判之權利的結合；進而論述日本自由權理論的形成以及日本行政法理論上自由權之定位；繼而論述日本接受裁判之權利的傳統意義及界限；學界對接受裁判之權利新涵意的闡述、重新建構的主張，最後解析接受裁判之權利的實效性保障應有的內涵。 其次，以「2004年修正前日本行政訴訟之問題」為題，剖析日本行政法理論上的問題點，分列（一）對訴訟基本權之定位、（二）行政訴訟權憲法上根據之不同、（三）行政訴訟之訴權成立要件、（四）實體基本權認知之差異及（五）行政法信念之拘束五個項目加以論述。繼而探討促成2004年日本行訴法修正之原因，就行政事件訴訟法之基本構造、制度上基本缺失尋其根源，並對行政訴訟實務的問題點，分析其一般實際運用狀況，並專就訴訟要件的問題點做重點探討。 再以「2004年日本行政事件訴訟法之修正」為題，介紹2004年日本行政事件訴訟法修正的基本旨趣；除技術性之修正項目外，擷取與實效救濟國民權利利益直接關係之修正點，大別為行政訴訟救濟範圍的擴大以及暫時救濟制度的整備兩項，分項論述（一）撤銷訴訟原告適格的擴大、（二）新增課予義務訴訟、禁止訴訟；明示公法上當事人訴訟之確認訴訟修正前的問題點，修正的意義及如何活用的論點、（三）緩和停止執行之要件、新增暫時課予義務及暫時禁止制度的意義及活用論點。 承續前章之修正項目，以「修正法之運作實態」為題，分項論述（一）撤銷訴訟原告適格之擴大、（二）新增課予義務訴訟、禁止訴訟；明示公法上當事人訴訟之確認訴訟（三）緩和停止執行之要件、新增暫時課予義務及暫時禁止制度等修法後，實務界之回應，以及各該修正點所殘留之課題。 接續以「修正法之再修正」為題，分列修正法產生之新問題、修正法下學者之新構想及再次修法之課題三大項目，論述2004年修正法理論尚未整理部分的探討、新滋生的運用上及解釋上的難題，以及今後應再檢討之大課題。進而，論述學者活用修正法的解釋空間，意欲達成實效保障國民權利利益的最直接、最有效的途徑所作的新構想，為行政訴訟權實效保障之現代意義提供素材。 末以「行政訴訟權保障之現代意義」為題，論述基於前面章節的檢討，所顯現的行政訴訟權實效保障之現代意義，並以展望作為代結論，展望台灣行政法學界及實務界朝實效保障人民權利利益的有效救濟之借鏡，並提出建議。

台灣祭祀公業為民間祭祀團體係特殊民間傳統習慣所形成，其特殊性為「共有」型態，以祭祀祖先為目的所設立之獨立財產。其設置，淵源於中國大陸南宋「祭田」經先民為維護人民本身之生存之安全，勢必組織團體，藉以互助及自衛，依賴宗族組織逐漸形成台灣之特殊制度。本文研究是以祭祀公業條例第五十一條及相關第五十四條、第五十五條「代為標售」政府以公權力介入剝奪民間之祭祀公業財產，限定三年內申報清理，逾期申報由直轄市、縣(市)主管機關代為標售，此種化私產為公產(囑託登記為國有)剝奪人民財產權是否有違反憲法第十五條及第二十三條之必要性原則應予探討。又祭祀公業條例第五十九條第一項規定應以「祭祀公業法人為新設立之特殊性質法人，而非依民法成立社團法人或財團法人為新設立。」立法要求祭祀公業成立「祭祀公業法人」為權利義務主體具有人格化，管理重於清理，應予探討研究。 「祭祀公業」以頒布祭祀公業條例予以清理，在民政機關(單位)應予嚴格審查核發派下全員證明書，以利祭祀公業登記為「祭祀公業法人」或「個別所有」、「持分共有」或「均分」所有，以利管理。因此對祭祀公業之派下員清理，宜予慎重探討。其頒指出祭祀公業條例實施後問題所在，能對過去到現在清理祭祀公業之政策困難「盲點」於處理原則及法令修定時予以參考。 本論文共分五章其主要內容說明如下： 第一章 緒論：說明研究動機與目的，研究方法與範圍，研究內容與流程。第二章 祭祀公業法性質定為之探討：祭祀公業的涵義，就有關文獻，藉著祭祀公業定義、分類、沿革及法律本質之定位問題予論述，日治時期之定位及分析祭祀公業法律性質之定位與釐清學說與實務不同見解，針對祭祀公業法人之特殊性，具有「人格」為權利義務主體，期望祭祀公業條例實施後，有利於政府管理祭祀公業。 第三章 祭祀公業條例公佈實施前土地清理之探討：論述台灣光復初期地籍失實之原因，祭祀公業法制承接之改變，使法律本質定位在「習慣上法人」國民政府播遷來台影響，秉持大陸之見解認定祭祀公業為「公同共有」之性質，以致清理發生困難，政府放任祭祀公業不立法保護，法令闕如，以致祭祀公業纏訟爭財，政府對祭祀公業土地清理法令何在？雖然內政部於七十年四月三日頒布「祭祀公業土地清理要點」二十六點，積極清理，以便管理，隨後台灣省政府頒布「台灣省祭祀公業土地清理辦法」一十九條，因法律位階為法令，又缺少公權力，以致效果不彰，推原其故，詳述問題所在，以訂立新法為法律，而有土地清理相關規定問題，提出祭祀公業管理條例草案及地籍清理條例草案為立法解決祭祀公業土地清理問題。 第四章 祭祀公業條例公佈實施後土地清理之探討：祭祀公業條例公佈實施前所發生問題是否解決？困難問題未能解決，政府為解決立法授權行政主管機關，以公共利益為考慮，予以代為標售為徹底解決主體不明，權屬不清，無法藉司法途徑解決之祭祀公業，如此見解是否剝奪民間習慣形成之祭祀公業，以公益剝奪私益，有違反憲法第十五條及第二十三條人民財產權之保障，闡述祭祀公業法人登記之分析，祭祀公業第五十九條第一項所規定新設立祭祀公業已民法規定社團法人或財團法人為之。闡述祭祀公業法人為特別性質之法人，為祭祀公業條例公佈實施之特色，今新設立祭祀公業應以登記為祭祀公業法人為之，為正確；對於祭祀公業土地清理，應以民政機關核發派下全員證明書為地政機關登記之憑證，故祭祀公業在申請民政機關核發派下全員證明書審核時與以對其派下員清理。 第五章 結論與建議，一、結論：(一)祭祀公業派下員之清理，如何認定派下權，以杜絕糾紛，授權民政機關核發派下全員證明書協助祭祀公業派下權責任重大。期望未來修法時，在實體對派下權繼承取得或喪失及範圍作明確之規範。(二)祭祀公業法人登記之分析，將祭祀公業法人登記規範二十四項，予以歸納分析其程序及應附文件。於清理完畢，予以管理。祭祀公業條例第五十九條第一項新設立祭祀公業，依民法規定成立社團法人或財團法人。祭祀公業條例忽略法人化，特別規定特殊性質法人為權利義務主體，有別於社團法人或財團法人。因此本研究認為新設立祭祀公業應以成立登記祭祀公業法人為之，符合特殊性質法人說之立論。(三)逾期未申報清理，代為標售分析，政府(行政主管機關)為全面清理祭祀公業，竟然立法祭祀公業條例第五十一條及相關第五十四條、第五十五條規定，將土地二次標售，未完成標售者，囑託地政機關登記為「國有」，增加政府國有土地之資源。又於代為標售之價金及登記為國有之土地價金，期限十年，祭祀公業逾期未申請發給土地價金結算如有賸餘歸入「國庫」。此種土地政策公益大於私益，嚴重剝奪祭祀公業之財產，以公權力介入代為標售違反憲法第十五條及第二十三條之必要性原則及比例原則之違憲行為，剝奪人民之財產權，詳盡論述。二、建議：祭祀公業條例施行後，實務上之運作，對祭祀公業申報清理作業，仍有處分實務與法令盲點存在，建議將來為修法之參考：(一)祭祀公業條例第五條之修正為「一、……其繼承人應與該公業設立人或派下同姓且有共同分擔祭祀者，使符列為派下員。」(二)祭祀公業條例第五十條第一項：「……應於三年內依下列方式之一處理其土地及建物」之「之一」兩字應予刪除。(三)祭祀公業條例第五十條第三項建議修正。(四)祭祀公業條例第五十一條，直轄市、縣(市)主管機關代為標售之規定，有違背憲法第十五條及第二十五條對財產權保障及比例原則，於修法時建議刪除或修改條文。(五)祭祀公業條例第十二條欠缺移請直轄市、縣(市)政府調處機制，建議修法時予以增加，以利清理工作之運作。 / Abstract Worship guilds in Taiwan are civil worship associations formed due to special tradition and custom. Its unique characteristic is the “co-ownership” of the independent properties set up for worshiping ancestors. It originated from the “sacrificial field” in the Southern Song Dynasty. Due to the need of defending their safety and survival, ancient people organized themselves to help each other and ensure self-defense. Clan organizations have been evolved and developed into a system unique to Taiwan. This research discusses whether the government’s conversion of private properties into state-owned properties (inform the registration of properties as state-owned) and deprivation of people’s right to property are in violation of Articles 15 and 23 of the Constitution, that is, the government deprives properties owned by civil worship guilds by exercising its public powers to require them to declare and clear their properties for ancestor worship within three years, and in the event that a worship guild fails to make the required declaration, the municipal city, county (city) government will publicly auction the properties in question on behalf of the worship guild according to Articles 51 and 54 as well as the “Public auction on behalf of worship guild “ stipulated in Article 55 of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds. In addition, Paragraph 1 of Article 59 of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds stipulates that “a worship guild constituted as a juristic person is a new form of juristic person with unique characteristics which differs from an association constituted as a juristic person or a foundation constituted as a juristic person as per the Civil Code.” The legislation requires a worship guild to form a “worship guild constituted as a juristic person” which has legal personality capable of exercising rights and bearing responsibilities. The fact that management takes precedence over clearance should be discussed and researched. The promulgation of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds is to regulate “worship guilds.” Civil affairs authorities strictly review and issue the full membership (including the founding members and, if any, their successors) certificate of a worship guild to allow it being registered as a “worship guild constituted as a juristic person”, “individual ownership”, “co-ownership of respective shares” or “co-ownership of equal shares” for the purpose of management. As a result, it is important to undertake sensible discussions on the listing of worship guilds’ membership. This research is intended to point out problems arising from the implementation of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds and the policy “blind spots” associated with the regulation of worship guilds from the very beginning until now which are subsequently served as references for the principles of handling and future amendment to the applicable laws and regulations. This research is divided into five chapters and their key contents are listed below: Chapter one is the introduction which explains the research motive and objective, research methods and scope as well as research contents and procedures. Chapter Two discusses the positioning of worship guilds’ legal nature. In terms of the context of worship guilds, the definition, categorization, history and the positioning of the legal nature of worship guilds are expounded according to relevant literatures. Their positioning in the era under the Japanese colonial rule is also explored. The legal nature of worship guilds is analyzed and the clarification of the different interpretations between academic theories and practical experiences is made. Regarding the uniqueness of worship guilds as juristic persons, their acquisition of “personality” capable of exercising rights and bearing responsibilities after the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds took effect will hopefully facilitate the government’s management of worship guilds. Chapter Three concentrates on land clearance before the promulgation and implementation of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds which discusses the reasons behind the incorrect cadasters immediately after the end of the Japanese occupation and the change of the legal system governing worship guilds. Worship guilds which had originally been regarded as “customary juristic persons” in their legal nature were deemed as “co-ownership in common” under the Mainland concept by the Nationalist government after its retreat to Taiwan. This led to great difficulties to regulate. The government’s failure to enact applicable laws to protect the interest of worship guilds created a legislative vacuum, causing numerous litigations for properties by worship guilds. Where the land clearance legislations as far as worship guilds are concerned? Although the Ministry of the Interior promulgated the “Arrangement Regulations for Worship Assets” with 26 regulations on April 3, 1981 to actively undertake clearance to facilitate management, followed by the “Regulations Governing Land Clearance by Worship Guilds of Taiwan Province” composed of 19 articles which were promulgated by the Taiwan Provincial Government, these points and regulations were inferior in their legal status and lacked enforcement powers, leading to ineffective and unsatisfactory results. The causes for their failure and problems needed to be addressed by the enactment of a new legislation. Accordingly, drafts of both the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds and the Statutes Governing Cadaster Clearance were proposed to resolve issues concerning land clearance by worship guilds. Chapter Four discusses land clearance after the implementation of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds. Attentions are drawn to whether the problems which had occurred before the effectiveness of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds are resolved? In order to deal with the un-resolved problems, the government has enacted the law to authorize the competent authority, in consideration of public interest, to undertake public auctions on behalf of worship guilds aimed at completely resolving issues surrounding ownership and rights or cases of worship guilds which cannot be resolved by the judicial system. Whether this idea exploits worship guilds which were formed by way of civil custom, amounts to the deprivation of private interest by public interest, and violates the constitutional guarantee of people’s rights to property as per Articles 15 and 23 of the Constitution requires further discussions. The registration of worship guilds constituted as juristic persons is analyzed as a newly established worship guild is required to be established as an association constituted as a juristic person or a foundation constituted as a juristic person as per the Civil Code under Paragraph 1 of Article 59 of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds. It is also emphasized that worship guilds constituted as juristic persons are unique juristic persons which is a feature of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds. It is a correct policy to require any newly established worship guild to be registered as a worship guild constituted as a juristic person. With respect of land clearance by worship guilds, civil affairs authorities should issue full membership certificates as a reference for land registration authorities to undertake land registration. Therefore, worship guilds can ascertain their full membership when applying to civil affairs authorities for membership certificates. Chapter Five is conclusions and suggestions. I. Conclusions: (1) Regarding the ascertaining of membership of worship guilds, it is important to ascertain the right of the membership to prevent future disputes. Civil affair authorities’ power to issue full membership certificates bears great responsibilities in assisting the establishment of the right of the membership of worship guilds. It is hoped that future amendment will be made to the acquisition by succession, loss and scope of the right of the membership. (2) In respect of the analysis of the registration of worship guilds constituted as juristic persons, the procedures and attached documents required by the 24 regulations governing the registration of worship guilds constituted as juristic persons should be analyzed. After the analysis is done, the procedures and attached documents should be managed accordingly. According to Paragraph 1 of Article 59 of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds, a newly established worship guild is required to be established as an association constituted as a juristic person or a foundation constituted as a juristic person in accordance with the Civil Code. The Statutes Governing Worship Guilds ignores legal personalization and specially provides that worship guilds are a special form of juristic persons which are different from associations or foundations constituted as juristic persons. Due to this, this research concludes that a newly established worship guild should be registered as a worship guild constituted as a juristic person in order to fit in its unique legal personality. (3) The failure to declare and clear worship properties leads to the government’s public auctions on behalf of worship guilds. In order to fully regulate worship guilds, the government (the competent authority) has nevertheless enacted Articles 51, 54 and 55 of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds to publicly auction the lands for the second time. The competent authority then informed the land registration authority to register those lands which had not been successfully sold in auctions as “state-owned” properties to increase the state-owned land resources. Moreover, the limitation period for applying for the auction price and the land value of registered state-owned land is ten years, and if no attempt has been made to make the application for the land price within the statutory limitation, the remaining amount after final calculation will be given to the “Treasury.” This type of land policy accords more emphasis on public interest than private interest, seriously depriving properties owned by worship guilds. To publicly auction properties on behalf of worship guilds by exercising the public powers violates the principle of necessity as set out in Article 15 of the Constitution and the principle of proportionality as set out in Article 23 of the Constitution. This is deprivation of people’s right to property which is detailed in this research. II. Suggestions: there are still regulatory blind spots in practice with respect to the declaration and clearance procedures of worship guilds after the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds took effect. The following suggestions are made as references for future amendment to the Statutes: (1) Suggested amendment to Article 5 of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds, “1. … the successor shall be listed as a member of the worship guild only if he or she shares the duty of ancestor worship with a founding member of the guild or a member of the same clan.” (2) Paragraph 1 of Article 50 of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds provides “…shall handle the land and building as per one of the following methods within three years.” The wording “one of the following” should be deleted. (3) It is suggested that Paragraph 3 of Article 50 of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds should be amended. (4) The competent authority of the municipal city, county (city) government should undertake public auctions on behalf of worship guilds as set out in Article 51 of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds violates the protection of property rights and the principle of proportionality guaranteed by Articles 15 and 25 of the Constitution respectively. It is suggested that the article should be deleted or amended. (5) Article 12 of the Statutes Governing Worship Guilds fails to include the mediation mechanism by way of transferring the case to the municipal city, county (city) government for mediation. It is suggested that such mechanism should be incorporated in order to facilitate the clearance.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第18023号 / 法博第156号 / 新制||法||147(附属図書館) / 30881 / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 毛利 透, 教授 大石 眞, 教授 土井 真一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM

この論文は、ケニアの選挙後の暴力の年表に焦点を当てています。それがどのように始まり、頂点に達し、減少、そして再発を探ります。ケニアで2008年に創設された真実、正義、和解委員会は、独立後35年間の過去の人権不正と不正行為を文書化に行なった。複数の要因が組み合わされ、複数政党の大統領選挙で暴力を引き起こします。政府が問題の一部であるため、委員会による良心的な最終報告書と勧告は保留中です。 / This thesis focuses on the chronology of post-election violence in Kenya. It explores how it started, peaked, faded, and returned. The Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation Commission created in 2008 in Kenya documents 35 years of past human rights injustices and malpractices from independence in 1963. Multiple factors combine and trigger violence in multiparty presidential elections. The conscientious final reports and recommendations by the Commission remain in limbo as the government is part of the problem. Unequally shared land resources and a grave presidential contest cause post-election violence. Empowering the Supreme Court is a necessity for fair justice. / 博士(グローバル社会研究) / Doctor of Philosophy in Global Society Studies / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University