本研究討論台灣當代小說的瘋狂敘事，以舞鶴和陳雪的小說創作為主要觀察中心。在討論瘋狂敘事之前，首先解釋「現實」概念在不同時代背景、不同文化團體之間所具有的多重指涉，藉著分析不同文化團體與作者間的相互關係，本研究發現在這樣的文化場域內所產生的拉攏和排拒力量，都將影響作家的創作甚鉅。然而，有些作家卻以瘋狂敘事作為一種保持「心靈語言」的方式。本研究主要先找出台灣小說瘋狂敘事的系譜，追溯至六○年代現代主義作家，以王文興為例，他在小說中早已經表現出「理性啟蒙」和「浪漫瘋癲」的雙重意識。在舞鶴的作品中，他藉由瘋癲者被監禁的主題裡繼續「理性」和「瘋狂」相互交纏的雙重結構，並研發出他扭曲的文法，逆轉了「神聖」與「卑賤」的涵意，同時他也自鑄各種新詞，以作為威權時代後的創傷病癥。論文的第二部分討論陳雪的瘋狂敘事，發掘她與前世代女性作家瘋狂敘事的差異之處。不同於奧菲莉亞的浪漫或美杜莎的恐怖形象，陳雪以混亂而不安的精神辯論、循環不已的時間系統表現出創傷的延遲反應。但陳雪的創作不停留於自憐階段，反倒以創傷為媒介，展開集體附魔的發瘋效應。因此，在舞鶴與陳雪的精彩絢麗的文字創作中，我們看見瘋狂敘事多向發展的可能性和差異性。 / The study discusses the narrative of madness in contemporary Taiwan fiction, focusing on the works of Wu He and Cheng Syue. The study starts with an interpretation of the multiple meanings of “reality” in different eras and backgrounds, as well as the diverse understandings of “reality” among different cultural groups. By analyzing the relationships between opposite cultural groups and writers in the Post-Martial Law era, the study finds out that the strengths of both alliance and repulsion inside the cultural field greatly influence literary writings; some writers, however, utilize the narrative of madness to retain “language of the mind.” The main part of the study discovers the genealogy of the narrative of madness in Taiwan by tracing back to the modernist generation in the 1960s, including Wang Wen Hsing, who shows double consciousness of “enlightenment reason” and “romantic madness.” My study then aims at the theme of “confinement” in Wu He’s works, since he extends the dual structure of “reason” and “madness” through the concept of “confinement.” Besides, Wu He develops a distorted grammar to converse the concepts of “sanctity” and “ignobility” and creates new phrases to show the symptoms of trauma after the authoritarian era. The second part of the study is to analyze the narrative of madness of Chen Syue, discussing the differences of expressing madness between her and the female writers of the earlier generation. Unlike the romantic figures of Ophelia and the horrible images of Medusa, Chen Syue’s works show the belated traumatic affects with anxious debates and circulating systems of time. Furthermore, Chen Syue’s writings do not stop at the stage of narcissism, but rather reveal the mediating function of trauma which triggers madness. Therefore, in Wu He and Cheng Syue’s works, verbal extravagance displays diverse possibilities and aspects of the narrative of madness.

大陸新時期作家中，余華小說不論在敘事手法或語言風格都獨樹一幟，其作品透過翻譯，在國際間並取得相當的關注與肯定，但在台灣研究界卻相對冷清，本文於是以「毛魘記憶」為余華小說研究核心，所謂「毛魘」，在本文意指「毛權夢魘」。所謂「毛權」，在本文限定為「毛澤東於1949年建政至1976年逝世止，其間推動的政治措施與背後的意識形態」；而名之為「夢魘」，則含括「後毛澤東時代」（毛逝世迄今）中國人民受「毛權遺產」影響的趨避狀態，特別是那揮之不去、如「魘」隨行的心靈特徵，從而在某種程度上形成錢理群所言今日「毛學為體，西學為用」的現象，潛移默化著國民性格。 本文除了試圖以「毛魘記憶」連結余華前後期貌似迥異的小說書寫風格，呈現余華筆下個人獨特的「毛魘」書寫，藉此歸納毛權對中國人民的精神戕害，從而造成國民性格的重塑和價值意識的轉變；再者，更進一步將余華置於五四以來新文學發展的脈絡中，觀察其承先啟後的獨特位置，尤其是與魯迅的遙相轉承。

本研究之目的是檢驗因應與創傷後成長隨時間變化的相互關聯性，除了重複驗證因應與創傷後成長的時序關係之外，考量創傷後成長不同向度之間可能具有不同特性，本研究也進一步探討不同向度的創傷後成長與不同因應向度之間的關係是否有所差異。創傷後成長方面，除了將創傷後成長視為單一構念之外，以Ho等人(2013)針對台灣女性乳癌樣本之因素分析結果為基礎，將創傷後成長初步分為個體內PTG與個體間PTG；因應向度方面，則根據探索性因素分析之結果將因應策略分為自我導向式因應、社會導向式因應和逃避因應等三個因應向度。 本研究採用縱貫研究法，針對中部某教學醫院之初診斷女性乳癌患者進行為期兩年的追蹤研究，分別在術後三個月(T1)、術後半年(T2)、術後一年(T3)以及術後兩年(T4)進行調查，測量參與者在癌症壓力之後所使用的因應策略及創傷後成長，最後完成四個時間點測量的研究參與者共283人。統計分析方法方面，因考量因應與創傷後成長會隨時間而變動的可能性，故採用適合縱貫資料且能估計變項發展軌跡的潛在成長模式 (Latent growth model) 來進行資料分析。 研究結果顯示不同向度的因應與不同向度的創傷後成長之間關聯性不同，但此差異是反映在不同因應向度之間，至於相同因應與不同向度PTG之間的結果則無太大差異：在測量初始點，不管是哪一種因應方式，都跟整體PTG、不同向度PTG具有交互預測的關係，但在斜率方面，只有自我導向因應與整體PTG以及不同向度的PTG具有相互預測性。但是否區分個體內PTG和個體間PTG，對於因應與創傷後成長之關聯性結果差異不大。過去對於PTG是單一構念或多因素的爭論方興未艾，後續討論也納入是否有必要區分創傷後成長不同向度的必要性，最後討論本研究之限制，並提供未來研究可供參考之方向。 / Aims: The purpose of this article was to examine the time-varying reciprocal relationships between coping and posttraumatic growth (PTG) as well as their domains. PTG was divided into two dimensions－intrapersonal PTG (intra-PTG) and interpersonal PTG (inter-PTG) as suggested in Ho et al. (2013) while coping was divided into self-sufficient coping, socially-supported coping, and avoidant copingbased on the results of our exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Methods: Participants were Taiwanese women underwent surgery for breast cancer. Measures of PTG and coping were assessed at three-month, six-month, one-year and two-year. Of the 358 women who were recruited, 283 completed all four measures and were included in the analyses. As coping and PTG may change over time, the data was analyzed using latent growth curve model (LGM). Results: Our results showed that there’re different relationships between coping strategies and PTG dimensions. At the initial measure, all kinds of coping strategies have a reciprocal relationship with PTGs, but when it comes to the directions between slopes of coping and PTG, only self-sufficient coping has a reciprocal relationship with PTG. There’s almost no difference while comparing different PTG dimensions models. In other words, there’s almost no difference in LGM models between intra-PTG and inter-PTG. In the end of the study, the necessity of the division of PTG and limitations of this study were discussed.

本研究主要目的在探討不同治療階段中創傷後成長與因應策略之關係。由於過去創傷後成長與因應策略之間的研究，均是將創傷後成長視為個體因應後的結果，而忽略創傷後成長的經驗對個體的影響，因此本研究透過雙面神模式的理論，以更多元的角度來檢視「創傷後成長」，並將追蹤三個時間點，根據不同治療階段進一步提出三個假設模式，並採用交叉延宕分析（Cross-lagged analyses）來檢驗。 研究方法採立意取樣，以中部某教學醫學之乳房中心的乳癌患者為對象，共262 人，蒐集患者之「基本資料」、「創傷後成長」及「因應策略」，並在術後三個月、術後六個月及術後一年進行問卷調查。資料分析以探索性因素分析將因應策略分為三個因素：「自我導向因應」、「社會導向因應」及「逃避因應」，並與創傷後成長進行交叉延宕分析。 研究主要發現如下：（一）診斷時年齡愈小及教育程度愈高者，可以預測術後三個月較高的「自我導向因應」、「社會導向因應」及「創傷後成長」；（二）術後三個月到六個月之間，「自我導向因應」與「創傷後成長」呈現互惠關係，即術後三個月較高的「自我導向因應」可以預測術後六個月較高的「創傷後成長」，而術後三個月較高的「創傷後成長」也可以預測術後六個月較高的「自我導向因應」；（三）術後六個月的「創傷後成長」可以預測術後一年的「社會導向因應」，即在術後六個月時「創傷後成長」愈高，可以預測後續較高的「社會導向因應」；（四）三個時間點中，「逃避因應」均無法預測「創傷後成長」，「創傷後成長」亦無法預測「逃避因應」。 最後將根據研究結果提出其貢獻與實務運用，並依據研究限制提出相關建議，以供臨床工作者與未來研究學者參考。 / This study is aimed to investigate the relationships between coping strategies and Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) on three different timing of the breast cancer treatment. According to Janus-Faced Model, PTG is assumed as both a coping effort and a coping result. In order to investigate the possible relationships between coping strategies and PTG, three hypothetic models were proposed and tested by cross-lagged analyses. By purposive sampling, 262 participants were recruited from the breast center unit at a hospital in central Taiwan. Demographic and disease-related information were gathered after surgery. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) and the Brief Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced scale (Brief COPE) were assessed 3, 6 and 12 months later. The Brief COPE included 3 factors: self-sufficient coping, socially-supported coping and avoidant coping. Each was assumed to associate with PTG differently. Results of the current study were as follows: 1. Younger patients or women of higher education level reported more PTG, self-sufficient coping and socially-supported coping at T1. 2. The reciprocal relation was found between self-sufficient coping and PTG within 6 months postsurgery, which indicated the positive effect of T1 self-sufficient coping on T2 PTG, as well as the reciprocal effects of T1 PTG on T2 self-sufficient coping. 3. Higher level of PTG at T2 predicted more socially-supported coping at T3. 4. Within 1 year postsurgery, there were no significant cross-lagged effects between avoidant coping and PTG, but only autoregressive correlations within constructs over time. Implications of these findings are discussed, along with potential directions for future research.

本論文採以「復元」概念，試圖瞭解原住民在經歷到生涯發展中的阻礙與創傷後，如何進行調適與重新得力的經驗。研究設計採取敘事研究法對四位布農族原住民的生涯故事進行蒐集與分析，並有四點發現：首先，原住民的生涯發展可區分為「家庭生活」與「自我實現」兩條軸線，且均呈現螺旋攀升的形式發展；其次，原住民在生涯故事中的敘說風格採以「開拓家」、「悲劇英雄」、「幸運份子」與「被犧牲者」四種建構位置的交替，並在單一生涯主題上，會隨時間與情境而有位置的改變，或因為不同的生涯主題，而同時擁有複數的位置；第三，原住民生涯故事中的創傷主題具有族群的特殊性，共包括「貧窮」、「父係社會下的角色規範」、「學校與部落價值觀的脫節」、「原漢關係的衝突」、「酗酒問題」、「家庭暴力」，以及「其他生涯議題」等七項；最後，促進原住民從生涯創傷中復元的因子，則可歸納出「個人優勢」、「人際關係」、「環境資源」與「文化與靈性」四類，而類別當中的個別復元促進因子會隨情境而被激發或發揮不同功能，且單一因子即可能觸發不同類別間因子的連鎖反應。作者根據研究結果，對原住民族助人工作提出實務上和政策上的建議。 / This research takes “Recovery” concept to describe and understand experiences of Taiwanese indigenous people who made a recovery from career barriers and traumas. Research design takes narrative research to collect and analyze four indigenous Bunun persons’ career development stories. And main findings are as follows. First, axes of indigenous persons’ career development stories could be generalized to “Family life” and “self-fulfillment” two topics, and both development forms tend to spiral upward. Second, interviewees take four narrative positions to construct self in their stories, including “Pioneer”, “Tragedy hero”, “Lucky guy” and “Scapegoat”, but these positions are often shifted because of the time or situations changes, and one person could have plural positions on different topics at the same time. Third, career traumas in stories include “Poverty”, “Role norms under the patriarchal society ”, “Values disconnection between the schools and the tribes”, “Relationship conflict between the Hans and indigenous peoples”, “Alcoholism”, “Domestic violence” and “Other issues”, the specific effects from ethic group background are appeared on all of these trauma issues. Fourth, the conducive factors to recovery from career traumas are widely distributed over “Personal strengths”, “Interpersonal relationships”, “Environmental resources” and “Culture and Spirituality” areas, each factor could be aroused or created by situations, and every single factor can leads others to make chain reaction. Base on above findings, author gives advice on policy making and practice work for indigenous people’ career development.

回顧地震災難心理學的相關研究指出，災難創傷所引起的心理壓力反應具有長期、慢性化的影響，然而許多有心理壓力反應症狀的民眾可能會因為精神疾病的污名化、社會文化的漠視或忽視、應付接踵而至的生活事件、或症狀引起的退縮行為等種種因素，而不願或未求助心理專業的協助，因此相關的研究同時也指出發展外展心理介入計劃的必要性；然而不論在實務或在研究方面，對有心理症狀但未求助的災民實施外展心理介入卻是鮮而少見的。 / 本篇研究採用已獲多數研究證實有效治療創傷壓力疾患（Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD）的認知行為治療（Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, CBT），做為對有症狀但未求助的九二一災民外展心理介入的工作架構，再透過發現取向（discovery-oriented）的研究方法，整理分析介入訪談的資料，以獲得外展心理介入歷程的發現與探討。 / 整理、分析研究資料發現：災民容易因為災後接踵而至的生活變動或退縮而無法求助心理專業，災民因為地震後引發早期適應不良基模和外在聚焦的因應型態，以致無法覺察沒有求助或造成心理症狀慢性化，此與吳英璋（2000）所論及性格特質與災後處遇因素影響災後心理反應是一致的。外展心理介入以持續、密集的方式與災民建立適當的工作關係，改變災民對人負向的基本信念，讓災民有更深入的敘述與自我覺察，其次在貼近災民的日常生活脈絡中，從日常生活事件反覆地分析與練習，才足以動搖既有的信念與行為反應，使災民對事件產生內在聚焦的因應來增加自我效能和控制感，並且從災民置身所在的環境脈絡裡處理創傷個案的經驗迴避問題。以CBT做為外展心理介入的架構進行介入，比較無法使用家庭作業讓個案學習與練習，需透過個案所及能說的日常生活事件中，對其內在經驗聚焦、反覆辯證以致增加個案正向經驗、辨識刺激控制、以及思考的辨證，使個案增加自我效能、控制感、自我肯定等，以達到增加個人資源與賦權之目的。 / There are lots of studies about disaster psychology related earthquakes presenting long-term chronically influence to psychological reactions, and implicating the importance of outreach intervention programs for non-seeking people with traumatic psychological reactions or posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD). The people might not get help from professionals because stigmatization, apathy or ignore of society, business on going daily events, or withdrawal symptoms. So far as, neither even practicing nor research, there is few article about outreach intervention program for the people with psychological symptoms but non-seeking help. This study applies the framework of cognitive-behavioral therapy(CBT) verified by a lot of studies and practice for PTSD, and uses the discovery-oriented research, to discover and gain the understandings of outreach psychological intervention to non-seeking help people with psychological stress reactions in 921 earthquake. The result finds that people with psychological stress reactions mostly accompany with continuously daily event and withdrawal symptoms to seek help. The early maladaptive schemas invoked by earthquake and the external focus make people difficult to aware the need for help and chronically, and this finding is consistent with the discussion of the psychological reactions influenced by personality trait and disaster management in Wu (2000). Outreach psychological intervention established the working relationship through continuously, condensed schedule changing their negative belief to people, and having them deeper narrative and self-awareness. Secondary, by closed their contextual daily life and repeated exercises by daily event, such impacts are enough to shake their steadily believes and habituated behavioral reactions, then to have people internal focus and increase self-efficacy and controllability; further management is contextual analysis and treatment of experiential avoidance in the ecological context of daily life. The outreach psychological intervention by the framework of cognitive-behavioral therapy, it is difficult to apply homework assignment as review or exercise between sessions; and for regaining personal resource and empowerment, outreach psychological intervention mostly applies internal focus and repeated dialectical discussion to increase positive experience, discriminate of stimulus control, and dialectical thinking, and finally people have more self-efficacy, controllability, and self-assertiveness.

本研究探討國內電視新聞攝影記者採訪報導颱風新聞的採訪應變與專業意理。研究採取質化的深度訪談法，訪談12名任職於台北有線、無線電視新聞頻道的男性攝影記者。研究結果發現，攝影記者在自然環境破壞與充斥新聞編輯室時效、災難影像競爭壓力的報導現場裡，克服環境、設備資源侷限發展應變之道，而能因地制宜、就地取材、或朝向預防準備方向。當自然環境衍伸出採訪安全風險時，攝影記者會權衡多重面向因素，如：編輯室內控壓力、自然環境、個人因素、與文字記者配合程度而決定是否涉險，過往受傷經歷也讓攝影記者累積採訪智識，判斷環境風險。但是，攝影記者為了應付編輯室壓力、採訪安全問題，常產生目的導向的「偏差介入式」報導手段。 　　攝影記者採訪報導颱風創傷新聞情境，面對死者遺體與受創傷者的情緒壓力會在現場或報導完後有所展現，他們會藉由採訪智識、前輩經驗傳承或自我創建降低心理創傷的採訪方式、調適辦法。且攝影記者對颱風創傷情景的記憶，會連帶觸動他們工作生涯裡初次與印象最深刻的創傷新聞情景，進行跨事件聯想。過往創傷新聞經驗會脈絡性地影響攝影記者採訪報導方式，有助於專業意理養成、但也可能助長偏差的報導手段。 　　專業意理於攝影記者採訪報導颱風新聞的實踐，傾向以新聞本質的記錄真實、快速傳遞訊息而自然而然地發揮媒介助人、批評譴責、動員、關懷、設定議題、解決問題等正向功能。但是，這些正向的媒介功能卻會被攝影記者作為合理化偏差報導手段的藉口，記者僅重視報導可能帶來的正向「結果」，忽視採訪報導方式的「程序正義」。在在反映攝影記者欠缺採訪報導創傷情境的認識、應變颱風報導環境限制的安全策略，與抵抗編輯室內控壓力的適切辦法。 / This study investigates television photojournalists’ adaptation strategies and professional ideology when covering typhoon news in Taiwan. 12 male photojournalists who work in cable and network television stations in Taipei are in-depth interviewed. The findings indicate that photojournalists seek resources from the news venue and adapt them to fit in the local circumstances, or prepare in advanced to deal with the possible restrictions from natural environment due to typhoon disasters. Simultaneously, photojournalists also weigh multiple factors to take risks for news or not, like competitive pressures, newsroom routines, natural environment, individual causes and the degree of cooperation with their counterpart. They evaluate risks of natural environment based upon their hands-on wisdom that is collected from past physical hurt experiences. However, photojournalists under the pressure of competition sometimes use inappropriate ways to shoot news footages and get involved in news events to make sensational typhoon news. 　　Interviewed photojournalists have emotional stresses when facing corpses and traumatized people at the news venue, even after work. Covering wisdom, senior photojournalists’ experiences and suggestions are good way to mitigate photojournalists’ emotional stresses and trauma. The interviewees’ answers to typhoon reporting are often associated with their first trauma news experiences and most impressive event. Those significant experiences in their career will influence photojournalists’ reporting methods towards nurturing beneficial professional ideology or increasing inappropriate covering measures. 　　Photojournalists tend to develop positive media functions, like helping, criticism, mobilization, care, agenda-setting and solutions-developing to accomplish their professional ideology by reporting truth and conveying disaster messages as soon as possible. Nevertheless, photojournalists only focus on “consequentialism” of effective media functions, but discard “procedural justice” of moral reasoning in typhoon reporting. The so-called professional ideology is only optimistic bias among photojournalists.

《睜開左眼》真實紀錄了國內四位電視台記者太短又太長，太急又太慢的職業生命。都說記者是無冕王，其實他們像乞丐般一整天蹲在特偵組前面，只為乞求一個不到5秒鐘的約談畫面；或者配合業主拍攝美美的業配新聞。對於一個擔任15年把最精華的人生歲月都給了新聞工作的電視新聞攝影記者來說，究竟「什麼樣的事物是生命當中最重要的註腳」？ 長久以來，觀眾所看到的電視新聞都經過了不只一道的壓縮與過濾，事件真實的樣貌當然是難以窺視。不過在這部紀錄片當中，我們清楚看到了目前商業電視台無法避免的「業配新聞」究竟如何產製？而這些站在第一線見證歷史的攝影記者們又是怎麼面對？ 如果我們把電視媒介生態當成一幅拼圖，那麼「電視新聞攝影記者」與「新聞產製過程」無疑的是兩片重要的拼圖，而紀錄片《睜開左眼》就剛好適時的把這兩片拼圖擺到他應有的位置上。 / The documentary named “Eye on the Left” is literally telling a true story about four TV news cameramen whose life careers in Taiwan were too short, too long, too harsh and too slow. We always said the reporters are the King without Crown, but the truth is, they are little more than a group of beggars sitting in front of the Special Investigation Division all day long, begging for an opportunity to capture the certain person interview by the prosecutor for finding their individual counseling which the content of length is only less than 5 seconds. Thing can be worse that reporters were forced to make a series of nice-looking paid news in order to fulfill the commercial buyers' demand sometimes. As a professional reporter who have been dedicated his prime 15 years to TV news reporting and videos taking, he might ask himself, “what is the most significant thing during my career?” For a long time, the TV news which offer to audiences daily is manipulated by not only but several human interferences and condensed selectively, the truth behind the scene is very hard to reveal to the public. However, in this documentary, we can understand apparently the fact about how the commercial TV company produce the “paid news” which they are just cannot say no to the buyers. And how these TV news cameramen witness and face the historical scenes they encounter in the front line. If we consider that the TV media as an uncompleted jigsaw puzzle, the “TV news cameraman” and the “Process of News Reporting” are undoubtedly the last two essential pieces to assemble together. “Eye on the left”, just put all of them back to their right positions in the best time.