An increased popularity in the learning of foreign languages has led to a rise in demand for language exchanges1. However, students learning foreign languages in their home countries often lack sufficient after-class opportunities to practice their newly acquired skills with native speakers. Language schools offer practice opportunities, but these are often limited, leaving students to seek out language exchange partners on their own, or do without the additional practice. Related to this situation and to this body of work are modern advancements in information technology (IT). Advancements in IT have made the exchange of information across networked platforms affordable and readily accessible to many. People use computers, mobile phones, personal communication devices and newer technologies like Skype phones and instant messenger programs to share data and voice almost anytime and anywhere. These developments, together with the needs foreign language students have for greater chances to practice, create opportunities for firms with the right assets and competencies to serve and prosper. The following business plan explores elements of a concept firm designed to fill unmet needs of language learners. Called NetSpeak!, the firm would leverage the power of IT to create systems that would enable people to practice newly acquired language skills with native speakers located in other parts the world via personal digital assistants (PDAs), personal computers, telephones and networked infrastructure. Thus, NetSpeak!’s principal business activity would be that of making 1 A language exchange is an informal meeting between people (usually two) of different tongues for the purpose of taking turns practicing and coaching language skill development. network-based language exchanges a viable alternative to face-to-face language exchanges. To estimate market attractiveness for such a venture, this body of work first describes elements of the firm and its business strategies, and then presents analyses of customers, markets, competition, as well as the overall general environment that such a firm would compete in. It was found that in a new market—one defined by the unique attributes of network-based language exchange services—where barriers to entry/exit are low, relatively low startup capitalization would lead to a large number of rival participants rendering an unattractive market. However, it was also found that for a first-mover, one that could successfully establish significant barriers to entry, the market attractiveness would be high.

近幾十年來，受到全球化與資訊化的影響，知識的創新能力表現成為競爭力優劣的重要指標，國家或地區經濟發展競爭力高低，與其全球化優勢息息相關，而全球化競爭優勢能力又取決於其創新成效表現高低。台灣在全球化的浪潮及大陸開放競爭下，地方傳統產業在此衝擊下面臨倒閉或出走。在這充滿變數與挑戰的階段，本文從區域創新系統角度探討地方創新環境與其創新能力表現對競爭力的影響。 本研究藉文獻探討及台灣地區鄉鎮市之基礎數據資料分析研究，以創新系統觀點探討影響地方創新成效的關鍵因素，並據此選定衡量創新成效指標，再針對台灣區域地方環境、產業發展及國內創新環境現況，探討目前地方創新活動的狀況與設施，建構台灣地區地方創新系統指標。再利用多變量分析方法進行實證分析，利用因子分析取得代表地方創新環境與區域發展特徵之因素，並將其萃取出創新能力因子，作為劃分創新能力集群之根據，分為高、低創新成效地區；最後印證創新成效表現優異地區，其所具有創新能力之特質與創新成效表現優劣間之相關性。 本研究實證結果如下：一、影響創新成效主要因素為製造業產業群聚與支援性服務設施；二、高度創新成效地區皆坐落於新竹以北地區；三、創新能力因子指數與專利數產出量不一定成正相關，創新能力因子指數高僅代表該地區環境具有利於產業間分享知識技術交流的能力與潛力，但此種能力不一定表現在專利數產出量多寡，而須倚賴觀察該地區的各項創新活動狀況；四、創新能力因子指數高地區，近3年（93-95）來的專利數產出遠超過過去10年(83-92)，推論地區內產業及創新設施已成熟，再加上智慧財產權保護觀念普及，促使專利數量大增；五、鄰近創新成效較高之地區，使其創新成效表現低卻屬於高度創新成效地區，推論其因位置直接毗鄰高度創新成效地區，受地理鄰近性影響甚大。 最後建議政府應協助各地區地方政府鼓勵產業投資發展，提高地方創新研發動能，並積極輔導大學與育成中心提高其育成與輔導的效率，未來更應建立媒合大學及育成中心與產業界之合作機制，以推動產、官、學、研各種人才流通，提高研發創新能力。 / In the past few decades, the influence of globalization and informationization has made the ability to generate innovations in knowledge a key benchmark in competitiveness. The competitiveness of a country or region's economy is now closely linked to its global advantage. This global competitiveness, in turn, hinges on its ability to innovate. In Taiwan, the impact of globalization and China's market liberalization has seen local traditional industries either shut down or move elsewhere. In a time filled with uncertainties and challenges, this study seeks to examine the effect of a regional innovation environment and its innovation capability on competitiveness from a regional innovation system perspective. In this study, we review and analyze the basic data from Taiwan's regional areas and examine the key factors influencing the effectiveness of regional innovation. This was then used to select the indicators for evaluating innovation performance. Taiwan's regional environment, industry development and the current state of the domestic innovation environment were then examined to determine the current state and infrastructure of regional innovation activities to construct a set of regional innovation system indicators for Taiwan. Empirical analysis was performed utilizing multivariate analysis. First, factory analysis was used to extract the factors that represent the regional innovation environment and regional development characteristics. From these, we determine the innovation capability factors, and use these to define the innovation capability clusters. These clusters were then separated into high and low innovation effectiveness regions. Finally, we examine the areas with high innovation effectiveness and determine the correspondence between their innovation characteristics and their innovation performance. The empirical results from this study were as follow: 1. The main factors influencing innovation effectiveness were industry clustering and support services & infrastructure; 2. The regions with high innovation effectiveness were all located north of Hsinchu; 3. The innovation capability factor index may not correspond directly to patent output. A high innovation capability factor index only indicates that a region possesses the capability and potential to facilitate the sharing of knowledge and technology between industries. This capability may not necessarily be reflected in the patent output, but is instead, depends on the innovation activities being conducted in the region; 4. In regions with high innovation capability factor indices, their patent output in the past 3 years (2004~2006) far exceed the preceding decade (1994~2003). We hypothesize that the maturity of their local industries & innovation infrastructure, as well as widespread understanding of intellectual property rights, encouraged the rapid increase in the number of patents; 5. Some regions near highly innovative regions perform less effectively even though they are part of the same area. We hypothesize that this is directly caused by their geographical proximity to highly innovative regions. Finally, we recommend that the government provide assistance for regional governments to encourage investment in industrial developments and boost local innovative R&D capabilities. Assistance should also be provided to universities and incubation centers to improve their incubation & assistance effectiveness. In the future, a cooperative mechanism for linking universities, incubation centers and the industry should be set up as well to boost the capability for innovative R&D by encouraging the free flow of expertise between the industry, government, academic and research sectors.

LED於最近數十年內之技術發展腳步驚人，且其應用領域也十分廣泛，近年內其在發光效率上更有重大的突破，因此早已被視為是21世界的光源了。台灣的LED產業目前的產量高居世界第一，而產值則為世界第二，在高科技產品的擴散當中早期市場的接受與否具有關鍵性的影響，唯有成功的跨越此「鴻溝」才能順利的擴散成功，而LED全面應用於交通號誌燈與筆記型電腦之背光源已是指日可待的事實，其背後的創新擴散軌跡是值得研究。因此，本研究希望能透過新竹科學工業園區公會、臺北市交工處、華碩、宏碁等四個台灣最早採用LED的的公私部門之創新決策過程，瞭解早期市場接受者在LED這項新科技被採用的決策過程為何。 而根據文獻得知這兩種應用被執行的時間相差了大約十年之久，所以希望能瞭解為何這當中的時間相差如此之久，而當公私部門開始採用時，其創新擴散是否有不連續之地方，以及在整個創新決策過程當中，公私部門之間的異同為何。本研究之研究問題如下：1. 為何LED在應用於交通號誌燈與筆記型電腦背光源之時間點相差約十年之久？2. 在LED的創新擴散中是否有不連續的情況發生於技術狂熱者與高瞻遠矚者之間？ 3. 公私部門的早期市場接受者在創新決策過程中各階段的異同為何？ 最後，本研究得到的結論為：1. 同一創新技術應用於不同產品或方向上時會受到技術的成熟度之差異而有採用時間的先後順序；此外，公部門的早期市場接受者較不在乎成本上的差異，只要創新在使用上符合其需求，自然可以透過募款或編列預算等方式開始執行，無私部門盈虧之壓力。2. 鴻溝不一定只存在高瞻遠矚者與早期大眾之間，台灣的LED交通號誌燈之技術狂熱者與高瞻遠矚者間存在著長達五年的裂口，且透過上層的統一執行可以縮短鴻溝的時間。 3. 整體來說，公部門比私部門更因為缺乏技術背景之人才，而使其在決策過程中遇到較多的問題與困難，然若單就同一類別的部門之技術狂熱者與高瞻遠矚者來相比的話，前者符合Moore所言之特性，技術狂熱者是一群較有遠景與熱情的使用單位，他們面對不確定性時擁有較大的勇氣去迎接挑戰。

科技競爭力是經濟持續成長的動力，而政府、企業與國家之整體科技能量為發展科技經濟的重要支柱。於全球科技經濟的持續發展之下，研發（R&D）的投入、創新（Innovation）的擴散，並逐漸在以知識（Knowledge）作為競爭基礎的全球化社會與網際網路時代中日益重要，而在此趨勢之下，企業除了應積極規劃產業轉型，政府創新政策（Innovation Policy）的支持更是不可或缺的條件，各國家莫不體認到「創新能力」是現代國家競爭力的重要關鍵。 美國在甘乃迪總統時代，便將「創新政策（Innovation Policy）」視為政府產業科技政策中非常重要的一環，其目的在獎勵新興產業中之科技創新，因其能符合國家的需求及達到改善經濟情勢的目標，但由於私人企業的資源有限，無法在有限的時間及預算內開發出符合社會大眾需求的產品。所以，甘乃迪主張政府應負責主導產業科技創新發展的方向，同時政府應提供企業界財力及其它資源上的補助。 創新相關的概念逐步發展，到晚近十多年，西歐幾個國家包括丹麥、瑞典和英國的產業經濟與政策研究學者，開始提倡「國家創新系統（National Innovation System）」的概念。過去，人們直接將科學系統（Science system）視為唯一的創新指標（Innovation indicator），科學投入（Science input，如R&D預算）的增加直接助長創新及科技的發展。這個以科技推力為主的簡單線性關係模型的觀念已被「系統式模式（Systemic approaches）」所取代。 亦即創新為研究、發展、行銷、擴散（Research, development, marketing, diffusion）每一階段交互作用的成果，而非單單是R&D的投入面而已，也就是說創新活動來自創新系統（Innovation system）中每一成員（如政府、大學、私人企業）及每一步驟（研究、發展、行銷、擴散）的交互作用等，而不只是學術界與R&D的事而已。 歐州近年來針對創新政策相關議題多所著墨，而自2000年開始，荷蘭、比利時是歐洲中於國家競爭力上有卓越表現的國家，而基於版圖規模和經濟特質，在科技產業之推動與創新政策之發展上，以上各國顯然有許多值得臺灣借鏡與學習的地方，本研究期望對荷蘭、比利時二國創新政策做深入淺出的剖析，並以國家創新系統為依歸，歸納出對正努力邁向知識密集、附加價值的臺灣一個值得參考之啟示與學習典範。 / Technological competitive strength is the power for the continuous growth of the economy. And the technological power of the government, enterprises and the country is the critical mainstay of the development of technological economy. Under the continuous development of the world economy, the investment on R&D and the spread of innovation become more important in the competition with the knowledge base in the global world and internet era. Under this trend, besides planning the transform of the products, the enterprise needs the government's Innovation Policy as a necessary factor. All the countries realize that Innovation is the key to the modern nations' competitive strength. During the Kennedy period, the U.S. regards Innovation Policy as a most important part of the government's high-technology industry. The aim is to encourage the technological innovation in the new industry, because it conforms to the country's needs and may improve the economic condition. However, as the private enterprises have limited power and cannot produce the products conforming with people's needs during a time limit. Therefore, Kennedy advocates that government should be responsible to lead the industrial technology, and provides some monetary and other aids. Concepts relating to innovation are gradually developing. In the recent ten years, theory studying scholars from western European countries, including Denmark, Sweden and U.K., begin to advocate National Innovation System. In the past, people regard Science system as the only Innovation indicator, thinking that the growth of Science input will directly foster innovation and the development of technology. This simple linar model has already been replaced by Systemic approaches; that is, innovation is not the result by R&D but the result of the co-operation of research, development, marketing, diffusion. It can also be interpreted that innovation comes from every single member (such as the government, university, private enterprise) and every step, not just the academic circles and R&D. In the recent years, Europe has a lot of works on innovation policy. Since 2000, Netherlands and Belgium are marvelous countries. As for the domain size and the economy quality, Taiwan needs to learn from the above countries on the development of technology industry and innovation policy. The research expects deep analysis on the innovation policies of this three countries; in the meantime, arranges a valuable example for Taiwan on the way to knowledge-intensive and value added.

近年來文化創意已逐漸成為顯學。英國政府於1997年首先定義「創意產業」（Creative Industry），並制訂政策致力發展之。從文化創意產業被獨立為一個研究領域並大量討論後，也有學者開始關心文化創意產業與其他產業創新的關係。 在企業的行銷創新中，也能看到文化創意的影子。吳思華等（2008）所進行之台灣地區第二次產業創新活動調查中，將創新分為技術創新與非技術創新。非技術創新中又分為組織創新與行銷創新。行銷創新再細分為六項：產品外觀形象設計、包裝、銷售通路、產品展示方式/管道、訂價付款方式，廣告促銷推廣。其中外觀形象設計、包裝、廣告促銷推廣，這三項行銷創新活動的內容，正是文化創意產業分類中的廣告、設計業的活動內容。由此觀之，廣告、設計等文化創意活動與企業創新的關連性也因此不言可喻。 本研究由廣告、設計，與包裝的面向來切入，探討這些文化創意活動與企業技術創新的關連；此外也提出廠商特性與市場方面之相關因素加入自變數中，使分析內容更為豐富周全。而為了從不同產業的角度看文化創意之相關連結，且因為製造業在台灣產業中的重要性，故選擇此產業為研究對象。 本研究分析方法採用logistic迴歸，實證結果為： 1. 廠商特性之規模因素對廠商進行文化創意活動之傾向較不相關，自有品牌則有相關。 2. 市場因素對廠商進行文化創意活動之傾向有顯著相關。 3. 產品創新因素對廠商進行文化創意活動之傾向非常相關，製程創新則較不相關。 / The study on Creative industries has been raging for a decade. The Government of Unite Kingdom came up with the first definition of creative industries and formulated policies to develop the industries, other countries defined their own definitions afterwards. Recently, researchers started to study about the relationships between creative industries and innovation in other industries. Se-Hwa Wu（2008）classified marketing innovation as six criteria: design, packaging, channel, display, advertising, and pricing. Among the six criteria, design, packaging, advertising are intrinsically the activities implemented in the core creative industries. As the same concept of the relationships between creative industries and innovation in other industries, there might be connections between these creative activities and innovations in enterprises. The main purpose of this research is to find out relationships between technology innovation and creative activities of design, packaging, and advertising. To enhance the quality of this study, four other variables obtained from literature review are taken into account. Due to the importance of manufacturing industries in Taiwan, this study uses firms of manufacturing industries in Taiwan as samples. The main findings of this research are as below: 1. OBM has significant relationship with creative activities while sales does not. 2. Market factors have significant relationship with creative activities. 3. Product innovation has strong relationship with creative activities while process innovation does not.

曾被世界譽為經濟奇蹟的台灣，正面臨一個全新的轉折點。近鄰中國大陸的開放與崛起產生巨大的磁吸作用；與同屬亞洲四小龍的其他三國相比，我國近年來的經濟表現亦相形失色。全球化是新世紀不可逆轉的潮流，我們只有在「適者生存」或「不適者淘汰」兩者中選擇一項。面對全球化所帶來日益競爭的商業環境，正視我們過去在土地、勞力上所擁有的相對優勢已經不復存在，思考台灣未來經濟發展的出路與策略，『創新』已經成為企業要在國際級殺戮戰場中脫穎而出所必須選擇的路。 然而，創新力是一種無形的能力與知識，想要建構此一能力，首先必須能夠加以客觀且準確的衡量，因此企業創新力衡量指標的建立便有其必要性。本研究衡量『企業之創新能力』，探討企業創新能力可能的衡量構面與這些構面之間的相互關係。此外，本研究亦剖析『企業創新認知程度對於其創新能力的影響』，以及『企業創新能力最後對於企業經營績效所造成的影響』。由於企業每一個成功的創新與對企業經營成果的影響，必然存在有時間上的落差，因此我們在實證研究時也分別做了兩階段的研究加以衡量。 本研究前段部分採用政治大學『創新與創造力研究中心』與《商業周刊》合作的創新模範企業調查資料，得到樣本企業於二００三年時、其企業創新力的表現情形（此處的『企業創新力』係以「企業創新的狀態」為範圍，是對企業在某一時點上之創新成果的衡量與盤點）；並於後段研究進一步追蹤樣本中之上市公司於一年後的經營績效表現，皆獲致相當肯定與正確的實證效果。 本研究使用套裝軟體SPSS執行統計分析，得以下實證結果。首先，研究結果顯示企業對創新的認知程度與其在創新行為面的表現具有正向相關；其次，企業在創新行為面的表現與其在創新結果面的表現具有正向相關；此外，企業在整體之創新能力上的表現與其經營績效之表現也具有正向相關；另一方面，企業對創新的認知程度與企業整體之創新能力表現具有正向相關。然而，在實證結果中，並沒有發現企業在創新結果面的表現與其經營績效之表現具有正向相關，因此本研究亦在結論部分加以討論其可能原因與代表之意義。 / Taiwan is facing a turning point in terms of its economy. On one hand, neighbor China’s deregulation has a magnetic effect on FDI in the region. On the other hand, Taiwan’s rates of economic growth were stagnant comparing to the other three members of “the Four Tigers of Asia.” Confronting the situation that we have been losing our comparative advantages of cheap labor force and low production costs, we must choose innovation as our main strategy in order to succeed in the global business arena in the following days. Nevertheless, it is very difficult to approach to innovation regarding its intangible property. To establish innovation competence, enterprises first have to figure out how to measure their innovation ability objectively and accurately. Therefore, it is very crucial to build up a methodology and appraisal indexes to get the measure of companies’ innovation ability as the first step. The research is to probe the firm-level innovation capability. Applying the statistical methods, this paper examines the issue of innovation firm performance in Taiwanese companies. Our study explores the relation between a company’s innovation capability in 2003 and its financial performance in 2004. Discoveries from research are as follows：First, a company’s sense of innovation positively correlates with its innovation capability. Second, a company’s innovation capability positively correlates with its financial performance with one-year time lag. The last, a company’s technology innovation ability, process innovation ability and organization innovation ability have some correlations with its product innovation ability and strategy innovation ability.

早期台灣畫廊的經營者，多是美術系所畢業或研習美術相關者。當時因畫廊尚未形成一個產業，經營者因為擁有人脈和資源，彼此集中性高，所以在經營管理上趨向封閉，集中與被動。 八零年代當國內經濟的自由繁榮發展，台灣社會對藝術的需求漸增而促使畫廊產業化時，就關鍵性地決定了台灣畫廊業是「需求導向」的產業。由於是需求市場導向，各家畫廊買賣交易的畫作內容就容易呈現相當的一致性，於是畫廊紛紛投入經營本土藝術家。到九零年代達競爭激烈，然後到了千禧年後隨市場焦點的轉移到中國當代、亞洲當代、和台灣當代藝術的經營，擴大的經營區塊使台灣畫廊業面臨許多考驗。其經營模式從被動走向主動，從被動式提供展覽場地到積極規劃畫廊內展覽，積極介紹推銷畫作，建立收藏家名單，畫廊之間彼此競爭。這批台灣畫廊第一代經營者的模式，主要著眼於強調培養並建立與本土藝術家如同家人般緊密的人際關係，憑靠長期積累建立的關係以人情價取得作品，再參考二手拍賣市場，以當時屢屢升溫的行情價向收藏家賣出。 中國熱在全球發酵，中國藝術家成為新收藏標的，藝術市場的規模及消費能力一躍千里。本研究的目的是先分析藝術家、畫廊、收藏家、拍賣公司、美術館及學術界之間的微妙關係，更進一步的幫助畫廊找到其關鍵核心能力，建立畫廊品牌並且鞏固自己的人脈。最後探討台灣畫廊如何面對亞洲藝術市場的成長，順應趨勢來調整方向？哪些異質性創新決定了畫廊競爭力？及如何運用策略性思考達到永續經營的方向？ / Prior to the 1980s, art galleries are mostly owned and run by arts students and practitioners. In those days, galleries have not developed as an economic sector. Their business was heavily relying on the owners' personal resources and connections. It was therefore inward focused in management and outlook. Demand for art works increased as Taiwan's economy prospered since the 1980s. It has led to the industrialization of galleries in Taiwan, fundamentally defined it as a "demand-orientated" sector. Because of this demand-orientated nature of the sector, art works that form the subject matter for the sales by the galleries have become similar across the sector. Galleries have therefore striven to scout for local artists whose works may be marketable. Competition within the sector has turned fierce as it evolved into the 1990s. And, as the sector went into the 2000s, with the opening of the market in mainland China and elsewhere in Asia, focus of Taiwan's galleries has further expanded. The way galleries are run have evolved from passive to active business development. Exhibitions, promotional tours, and formation of collectors' groups and lists abound. Competition is intense. This is markedly different from and more transparent the way of the first-generation of these galleries, which relied often solely on personal connections and a model in which profits are taken from the gap between the secondhand market and that among the private collectors. In recent years, works by mainland Chinese artists have been sought after extensively. The economy of scale of the market for art works and the financial resources devoted to such market have multiplied. This research studies the delicate relationship among artists, galleries, collectors, auctioneers, museums and the academia. It is hoped that this research will help Taiwan's galleries in their development of core competency and network . Last but not least, this research also seeks to explore questions such as how Taiwan's galleries can benefit from the growth of Asia's market for art works, what features are to determine galleries' competitiveness, and how such features and strategic planning can help achieve sustainable trading?

近幾年來關於創新研究的相關文獻，多半著墨於團隊創新之探討，包括團隊知識分享、團隊信任、團隊領導與團隊互動等議題；但「個人」所產生的創新力量，事實上也應不容小覷。本研究將透過資策會的專利提案，針對近十年間所提出的專利資料與訪談進行分析，以探討個人與團隊在研發創新所扮演的角色，以及個人與團隊創新的適用情境、組成特徵與互動歷程特徵。 / 根據資策會1995-2005間專利數據（共426件。專利從申請到取得時間經常需要2至3年，因此，本次研究僅統計至2005年）初步分析後發現：（一）民國90年以前，個人專利總件數比兩人以上組成之團隊的專利總件數多。（二）民國91年起，資策會的專利件數快速增加，而此時兩人團隊所獲得的專利件數最多；到了93、94年，三人或四人以上團隊所獲得的專利數，則超越個人或兩人團隊所獲得之專利。（三）個人專利佔全部專利數的32%，而由2~4人團隊所取得的專利數則佔64%。（四）個人專利共70件；這些由單獨個人提案的獲證專利中，有將近六成（41件）的專利，該提案人只提了這一項專利而已，往後並未有其他專利，表示這些人很可能只是偶然靈光乍現而獲得專利，抑或表示個人專利提案的創新方式有所侷限。（五）另一方面，有部分曾經獲得個人專利的研發人員，也樂於與其他人組成團隊來一同申請專利，並獲得146件專利；（六）有些人不曾獲得個人專利，但透過團隊合作，也獲得210件專利，佔資策會總專利數的近半數。 / 由此可見，個人創新與團隊創新是研發創新的兩種重要途徑，不應偏廢。而個人創新與團隊創新的優劣與適用情境，則值得進一步探討。本研究除了以資策會專利數據比較個人與團隊在創新的效率與品質上的差異之外，進一步也透過實地訪談之方式，分別探究研發創新過程中，個人與團隊創新的組成特徵與互動歷程特徵，並嘗試歸納資策會在專利提案與專利構思的理想方式，作為研發機構進行創新管理、任務指派與團隊編組之參考，以促進研發同仁的創意效能，提升研發創新能量，進而提升專利價值。 / In recent years, the majority of innovative research literature focuses on team innovation such as team knowledge sharing, team trust, team leadership, and team interaction. The contribution of individual innovation, however, should not be overlooked. This study will explore roles of individual and team efforts in innovative research, adequate applications of individual and team innovations, and characteristics and interactive features of individual and team innovations through an analysis of patent cases proposed by III (Institute for Information Industry) in past ten years and personal interview with patent inventors. / According to the patents data between 1995 to 2005, results of III preliminary analysis indicated that (1) The total number of individual patents obtained was more than the total number of patents obtained by innovation teams with two or more members before 2001. (2) After 2002, the number of III’s patents increased rapidly. During this period, the innovation teams with two members received the largest number of patents. Between 2004 and 2005, the number of patents received by teams with three or four members exceeded the number of patents obtained by an individual or teams with two members. (3) Individual patents accounted for 32% of the total number of patents, whereas, patents obtained from teams with two to four members accounted for 64% of the total number of patents. (4) The total number of individual patents obtained between 1995 and 2005 was 70. Of these certified individual patents, nearly 60% (41) of patent inventors mentioned that they had only one and no other future patents. This suggests that these people are likely to obtain a patent because of an occasional spurt of ideas. It also demonstrates the limitation of creativities among individual inventors. (5) The III’s data also shows that about 40% of research and development specialists who had obtained an individual patent were delighted to team up with other members to apply for a patent. These people received a total of 146 patents. (6) Those individuals who had not had any patent in the past also acquired 210 patents through team works. These patents accounted for about half of III’s patents. / The above evidence shows that individual innovation and team innovation are both important venues to research and development and they should not be disregarded. The advantages, disadvantages, and adequate applications of individual and team innovations, however, should be explored further in future innovation studies. In addition to the analysis of patents data acquired from III to compare the efficiency and quality between individual and team innovations, the current study also utilizes personal interview to understand the characteristics and interactive features of individual and team innovations during the process of research and development. This study also attempts to summarize ideal patent proposals and conceptions in III and provide exemplars of innovation management, task assignment, and team grouping to research and development institutions. Finally, this study will help promote the efficiency of innovative performance among research and development specialists, enhance research and creative ideas, and consequently increase the values of patents.

本研究欲藉由瞭解筆記型電腦產業的工業設計部門對知識管理理論的認識程度，企業內部對知識管理活動的實行規劃與具體落實內容以及其智慧資本的呈現態樣，進一步分析企業是否能夠藉由推行知識管理來正向增加企業的智慧資本與市場價值，以說明知識管理與智慧資本兩者的關係。 在現今的企業組織與產業環境當中，知識管理理論已經廣為企業所採納，更對企業應累積與強化其自身的智慧資本有所體認。企業若能透過推行「知識管理」，將內部細微繁雜的資訊、知識、經驗流程與作業活動透過機制保存並且進行流通與應用，將會對企業的運作效率以及創新能力有所幫助。尤其是本研究之研究對象-筆記型電腦廠商的工業設計部門，更是需要知識創新以及知識運用，以增強其設計能力以及創新能力。在筆記型電腦的產業競爭激烈，產品趨向同質化、標準化、與微毛利化，唯有透過優異的工業設計創新能力，結合生活美學、歷史文化、藝術、情緒感受以及使用者的新奇經驗等，才能創造差異，為產品賦予新的價值，另闢企業經營與產品競爭的新藍海。 本研究首先透過對過去專家學者所提出的文獻做探討，歸納出知識管理以及智慧資本的理論定義與兩者之間的關係。總結文獻探討所知，本研究認為智慧資本是知識管理活動的另一種報導模式，有助於知識管理成效之衡量，而知識管理活動則是活化知識、激發創新來增加智慧資本的重要方式。組織部門的智慧資本存量與發展重心會影響知識管理活動的內容與推行方式。而知識管理活動的推行越活絡，成效越好，智慧資本的內涵則越豐富。 而後將由文獻探討所建立之理論架構於筆記型電腦產業的實務運作環境中進行驗證。本研究於產業中挑選四家筆記型電腦廠商之工業設計部門，個別就其智慧資本存量以及在其組織中進行的知識管理活動進行個案研究，以呈現產業界的真實活動與完整的事實描述，並以知識管理與智慧資本的組成構面做跨個案的分析與比較。 總結文獻探討以及個案訪談與分析的結果，本研究之研究結論與建議如下: 一、筆記型電腦的工業設計部門能夠以知識管理活動累積智慧資本；部門內知識管理活動越豐富，對智慧資本累積也會有正向的影響。 二、智慧資本理論可以做為企業組織推行知識管理的參考架構。知識管理活動的內容可以根據企業組織智慧資本發展的重點進行規劃。 三、筆記型電腦廠商的產業定位與策略目標會直接影響工業設計部門智慧資本發展目標，進而影響知識管理活動的內容。 四、企業組織能夠透過知識管理增加其智慧資本，同時輔以智慧資本內涵的衡量系統，能夠瞭解知識管理活動推行之成效。但其價值較難以利用量化的財務性指標做評量。 五、企業組織或部門在導入知識管理，進行知識管理活動的同時，其本身也是一種知識創新。 六、本研究建議企業從管理階層到一般業務階層，都應加強知識管理與智慧資本理論的推廣與應用，以提升企業與組織知識含量以及知識創新能力。 七、建議先以單一部門試行的方式，推行知識管理活動與智慧資本衡量，之後再推行到事業單位而至企業整體。 八、建議在衡量企業的創新資本時，可先以智慧財產為財務性指標，反映於財務報表當中，可鼓勵部門為追求財務績效表現，而有積極創新的動力。 九、筆記型電腦廠商在產品設計時，第一步要做的是預防侵權，同時在追求智慧財產的數量之外，還要思考智慧財產的品質與管理，如授權交易與合作等。 十、關於後續研究之方向，建議可以針對組織內產生智慧資本後，是否有新的商業模式，能夠將組織內累積的無形資產與智慧資本做更廣泛的商業利用，如做為交易的標的進行利潤創造。另外有關利用創新成果以新的商業交易模式創造現金流的想法，則建議針對在科技產品的工業設計中，除了材質創新以及機電整合的技術創新可以具體的成為智慧財產進行交易授權之外，關於設計美學呈現「Fine Art」也應該積極思考授權交易的可能性以及實行模式。 / The main purpose of this research is to discuss the relation between “Knowledge Management” and “Intellectual Capital” both in theory side and practical side in real business entities, enterprises, independent departments, or small organizations. By taking the Industrial Design departments for examples, this research is going to describe and define the different application plans and specific activities of Knowledge Management, and also present the stock and developing track of Intellectual Capital in the study cases, so as to infer that if enterprises can enhance their Intellectual Capital via applying Knowledge Management or not. In nowadays, the Knowledge Management theory is adopted generally by many enterprises. They also realize the importance of accumulating the Intellectual Capital; it will be a key way to enhance their organization value and external competence. By applying Knowledge Management, enterprise can build up a practicable mechanism to store, file, consolidate their multifarious knowledge, including subtle data, information, know-how, experience, operation process for transferring and using, and it will be very helpful to elevate the operation efficiency and the ability of innovation. First, learning from the current Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital literatures and papers of many experts and scholars, this research generalize that Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital is positive related. Intellectual Capital is a useful measure system to reveal the results and effects of Knowledge Management plan and activities. On the other hand, Knowledge Management is also an important method to activate internal knowledge content to encourage creation and innovation. However, for companies, organizations or departments, the Intellectual Capital focus and current stock will influence their Knowledge Management activity contents and implementation method. The more various activities to follow, the better quality and value of Intellectual Capital. After constructing a theory hypothesis frame from literature studying, this research is going to apply the theory hypothesis into practical circumstances in ID departments of four Notebook companies, and tries to find out then summarize their daily operations, which are regard as the activities of Knowledge Management and the Intellectual Capital. According to the case study findings, this research can describe the actual operations and daily works of each ID department, so as to analyze the relevance between Intellectual Capital stock and the Knowledge Management activities with theories structure separately, also the cross cases comparison to verify the generality in actual industry. Summarize the results of literature study and specific case study, this research have the conclusion and recommendations as follow: 1. The ID department or ID center of NB companies are able to accumulate their Intellectual Capital via Knowledge Management activities; the more Knowledge Management activities, the more stock and better quality of Intellectual Capital. 2. Enterprises can take Intellectual Capital theory structure as a reference for Knowledge Management implementation. The content and detail items of these activities can be planed to focus on key elements of Intellectual Capital development. 3. Different industry position in value chain and strategy target will affect ID centers’ goal of Intellectual Capital development directly, then also affect the content of Knowledge Management Plan. 4. Enterprises or business organizations can increase their Intellectual Capital with Knowledge Management; also, by Intellectual Capital measure system, they also can understand the performance and influence of their Knowledge Management plan and activities. However, the created value for the organizations is difficult to measure with quantifiable financial index. 5. For enterprise and organizations, when they are implementing the Knowledge Management plan and activities, they modify the proper method to make it more smooth and inefficient; it is also creating precious knowledge so call knowledge innovation at the same time. 6. This research suggests that the enterprises and organization could pay more attention and resource to popularize the Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital theory, so as to raise the internal knowledge base and innovation ability. 7. Following the suggestion above, companies can start Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital measurement from small independent departments or teams first, then apply the successful experience and know how to whole business unit and whole company afterward. 8. For innovation capital measuring, departments or organizations could use the intellectual property to be a kind of financial index to reflect the profit value and contribution in financial statements. It could be realistic method to encourage the organization members have more motivation of innovation and creation for better financial performance. 9. For Product design of laptops, the first and most important step is to prevent Intellectual Property infringement, and the next step is to develop the quantity of intellectual property like patents. Besides, companies also need to pay more attention on the intellectual quality control and management, such as technology license and cooperation and so forth. 10. As for future deep going researches, there are two possible directions to follow. First, it is important to develop New business models so as to help companies and organizations to use or apply their intangible assets and Intellectual Capital in business operation extensively, not only increase the operating efficiency but also make more cash flow and actual profit. Second, we could derive more thoughts for intellectual property licensing. During the industrial design process of high-tech products, we should think the possibility to find more licensing targets like “Fine Art Design,” but not limit to the new material application or the technology integration for ME and EE. From the other side, we are also supposed to come up a practical model for Fine Art licensing to facilitate the real business trading and profit creating. Key words: Knowledge Management, Knowledge creation, Knowledge innovation, Intellectual Capital, Intangible assets.

摘要 本研究之目的在透過實政研究方法回答兩個關於破壞式創新研究問題，首先，產業延續性創新速度與企業破壞式創新程度之關係為何？其次企業的破壞式創新程度對其績效影響為何？本研究透過文獻探討，設計問卷並以台灣資訊電子產業公開發行之企業進行問卷調查蒐集初級資料。經由統計分析，本研究得出兩重大發現，首先，產業延續性創新速度與企業破壞式創新程度為負相關，而企業對新產品開發專案之決策資訊充足要求程度會弱化此關係。其次，企業規模與財務績效有正相關，而企業破壞式創新程度會強化此關係。 / The aim of this research is to answer two research questions about disruptive innovation with empirical methodology. First, what is the relation between industrial sustaining innovation rate and a company's disruptiveness. Second, does a company’s disruptiveness impact firm financial performance? By collecting primary data, this research developed the questionnaire based on literature review and collected data from the publicly-listed companies in the Taiwan IT industry. With statistic analysis, this research has two significant findings. First, industrial sustaining innovation rate has a negative impact on an incumbent company’s disruptiveness and the accuracy of company investment decision on NPD project will weaken this relation. Second, firm size has a positive impact on firm financial performance and a company's disruptiveness will strengthen this relationship.