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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

當代詮釋學的詮釋特徴----在視域融合與詮釋衝突之間

王巽澤 Unknown Date (has links)
當「解釋」這個概念不再只是單純做為一種使用的功能之後,也就是說,當「解釋」這個概念不再只是反思活動上的一種行動之後,那麼「解釋」這個概念的所有存在樣貌將會開展出它自身作為一種結構性的存有。這一點是詮釋學從技藝學進入到哲學的關鍵之處。本論文藉由從《真理與方法》與《詮釋的衝突》那裡汲取而來的對哲學詮釋學的初步認識,欲求更加領會此「解釋」概念的哲學轉變,這樣的領會指引出一種超越自我有限視域的可能性。 在詮釋學領域中,「詮釋學」自身這個概念就是個需要釐清的概念,而這釐清的準備性功夫,需要對其歷史發展的脈絡有一定程度上的認識。隨著對詮釋學漸次逐步的認識,「理解」的概念也展現出它作為存有學上的重要觀點;因此諸如像「解釋」、「說明」、「體驗」等等概念也有其新意上的把握。不過在高達美的《真理與方法》中,關於理解的存有學論述的部份,「循環」佔據著一個很先在性的領會部份,由此方能稍有所領會其「實效歷史意識」、「時間距離」等等他的重要見地。而在呂克爾的《詮釋的衝突》中,「繞道」的抉擇是他落實詮釋學研究的重要見地,也因此他讓充斥在各篇論述中的矛盾、衝突等糾葛,形成一種「詮釋弧」 (the interpretative arc)的張力,而突顯出「中介」的詮釋學態度。
12

創業家挫折學習之歷程與歸因探討 / Learning from Frustration: Entrepreneurial Process and Attribution

王宣閎 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣向來展現中小企業旺盛的生命力,近年來國際性評比的報告中指出台灣的經商環境與創業精神皆名列世界前茅,然而失敗是創業活動不可避免的一環,愛迪生曾說過:失敗也是我需要的,它與成功對我一樣有價值。既然人們說失敗為成功之母,創業家實際面對時是否能相信失敗具有價值?向失敗學習日趨重要,市面上亦增加許多向失敗學習以取代傳統成功典範的科普書籍,畢竟成功無法複製,卻能以失敗借鏡。從失敗的經驗累積未來進取成功的機會。本研究以曾有失敗或挫折經驗的創業家作為訪談對象,以深度訪談的方式,了解創業家失敗或挫折過後,針對前次經驗作內外部歸因的分析,進而讓創業家執行行為修正。   經過深度訪談與資料分析,本研究得出以下三點結論:(1) 面對原來的挫折時,所啟動的「敗因歸納-學習-反思與行為改變」歷程有下列影響:( i ) 內外部歸因前次的挫折,使創業家得到經驗學習的對象,進行反思。( ii ) 以前次的挫折為基礎,修正自我的行為,改變成不再犯同樣錯誤的。( iii ) 歷程過後,反思後得到內化後的能力將成為面對下次創業的依據之一。(2) 歷程中的行為改變可能引發控制錯覺,而成為下一次創業的失敗原因之一:當創業家在「敗因歸納-學習-反思與行為改變」歷程時,將針對前次挫折經驗視為學習與修正自我的對象,正因為創業家專注在解決與修正前一次的行為,使得歷程中的行為改變中,隱藏了下一次創業活動的行為盲點,而成為了當下檢討歷程的控制錯覺之一。(3)研究發現內外部的歸因與內外部資源有關聯:歷程中將內外部歸因以表格式的分類與分析,將敗因學習與行為修正所得到的回饋,轉而成為創業家實際的自我價值與資源。 / Small and medium enterprises in Taiwan have shown people their great vitality. Recently, the international business reports pointed that the entrepreneurial environment in Taiwan and Taiwanese entrepreneurship are almost on the top world. However, it is unavoidable to make mistakes when people stay in entrepreneurial process. There is a quotes spoken by Thomas A. Edison, “Negative results are just what I want. They're just as valuable to me as positive results.” People say that failure is the mother of success whether can entrepreneur really treat failure as a valuable experience?      It has been more and more important to learn from failure. We can easily find lots of books talking about this topic. After all, success can’t be copied but people can be able to learn from failure. People can accumulate experiences from failure and make themselves to be success. This research examines how entrepreneurs do with reflection after being failure. Through interviewing 5 entrepreneurs who had been suffered from failure or frustrated experiences, researcher tried to understand the relationships between those experiences and entrepreneur’s behaviors by attribution theory.Through in-depth interviews and data analysis, there are three main findings. First, the process in “attribute frustration - learning from failure - reflection and behavior adjustment” has 3 significant impacts on the behavior of previous setbacks which help entrepreneur achieve. Second, the behavior adjustment in the process may trigger the illusion of control, which may become one of the failure reasons for the next entrepreneurship. Last, according to the research, the dimensions of attribution and the dimensions of entrepreneur’s resources have connection.
13

暢銷的愛戀 / The Best Selling of Love

林峻弘, Lin, Jiun Hung Unknown Date (has links)
暢銷書是人們學習愛情資訊的重要管道,其內含有小說、散文與劇本等文類。它們不僅提供多樣的愛情論述,更是讀者吸收、學習愛情經驗的重要摹本。能夠出版暢銷書的作家們具備強烈的社會影響力與能見度,因此暢銷書反映了社會大眾的愛情觀念,同時也提供人們在愛情生活中該如何自處與面對愛情的生活倫理與準則。本研究亟欲透過暢銷書的研究來理解社會的主流愛情觀念,並從中分析出各種愛情困境的行動導引,最後將之統整並與社會理論家對話。為了研究愛情類的暢銷書,本研究以TPI暢銷排行榜(2004/1~2013/8)的資料作為取樣對象,並以暢銷度為首要考量後挑選適合書籍進行研究。根據研究發現,暢銷作家在許多方面與社會理論家看法一致。然而,暢銷作家比理論家專注於個人於愛情中所遭遇的困境,以及愛情困境所能實行的解決方案。愛情類暢銷書的論述呈現高度理性化、自我反思、自我實現等正向積極的現代性特徵,其中「愛自己」的論述更是它們對現代愛情的主要看法。對暢銷書而言,「愛自己」顯然是避免「浪漫愛陷阱」的最佳方式。暢銷書透過「愛自己」的論述將愛情理性化,並且從自我出發,重新建構正向積極的愛情心態。正是這種積極向上的論述重新建立起讀者對愛情的希望,並且成為讀者持續相信、進入愛情的重要原因。 / Bestselling books serve as the very way of getting love information. It contains novel, essay and drama kinds of literatures. They supply various love discourse to help readers to absorb and learn love experiences as such. Those who can publish best seller books are authors with strong social influence and visibility, therefore, books of these authors have the capacity of reflecting love ideas of general public and giving instructions for readers to deal love matters with ethical principles. The goal of the study is to use the best seller books to understand main stream ideas of love, summarizing instructions of hurdles in love and, finally, compile them into a compact form to discuss with theorists. In order to research best seller books of love, we choose the ranking list of best seller books in TPI (Taiwan Publisher Information) website as a target population to sample from, and using the degree of selling as the main sampling factor to select proper samples to research on. Based on our research findings, bestselling authors share same opinions with theorists in many aspects, however, bestselling authors are more focusing on personal struggles in love and the solutions that one can take to deal with. The discourse of best seller books present positive and active modernity portrait, for examples: highly rationalization, self-reflexivity and self-realization. Among these features, “Love Thyself”is the main concept of their way to perceive modern love. For best seller books, “Love Thyself”seems to be the best way to avoid “Traps of Romance” as such. Through the ideas of self-loving, best seller books is able to rationalize love with discourse and start from the point of self to re-construct positive and active mentality. It is from this positive and active discourse that readers can re-establish their hope to love and convince themselves to continually believe or enter into the sphere of love. Keywords: Best Selling Books, Sociology of Love, Reflexivity, Self-Love, Hope.
14

正在進行中的革命?-探索知識經濟對台灣企業的影響

藍仙匡 Unknown Date (has links)
知識經濟在近年來成為研究的熱潮,諸多的學說之中,認為目前的社會處於知識和技術為基礎的經濟時代。知識經濟的特徵表現為:知識被作為資本用於發展經濟,成為最重要的生產要素;知識型的產品大大增加,製造業通過增加知識含量而軟化;諮詢業在經濟活動中的重要性大大增加。在知識經濟時代,“製造業工人”減少,“知識工人”強勁增長;軟體的發展、網路的產生、虛擬技術的廣泛應用成為社會的新特徵。 對於當前台灣的產業,知識經濟的發展對他們的經營是否有改變或影響,對我們來說是一個非常值得探討的問題。本論即探討中小企業比例居高的台灣,在知識經濟衝擊下,產業的實務狀況與現象。 本篇論文從理論的分析當中,就實務面進行深入的探討,論證「知識經濟」與舊有的資本主義生產關係有何差異,釐清知識經濟的本質並提出知識經濟所產生的迷思。再由政治經濟學批判的觀點,以勞動價值理論來解釋知識經濟下所產生的現象。藉由實務的論證,理解目前產業界,對於知識經濟的認知為何,同時也試圖釐清知識經濟對產業的影響為何?在激烈的競爭情況下,技術與創新是否是影響的關鍵?本文也希望藉由政治經濟學批判的觀點,解構知識經濟的本質,並以田野調查的實證,點出知識經濟的迷思。
15

電腦輔助知識翻新活動對高中生學習環境感知與英文寫作表現之影響 / Effects of Computer-Supported Knowledge Building Pedagogy on High School Students’ Perception of Learning Environment and English Composition Performance

楊怡婷, Yang, I Ting Unknown Date (has links)
傳統作品導向(product-oriented)英文寫作教學重結果、輕過程,加上傳統學習環境多以教師為中心,重講述、少建構,不僅容易限制寫作內容的創意展現與發展,同時,學生在學習上亦容易處於一個被動獲知的角色。知識翻新理論中的知識建構歷程與想法創化環境,則提供了英文教師與學習者一個另類的教學設計原則以及學習環境感受。因此,研究者希冀能透過知識翻新教學理論之原理原則,設計出一套適用於高中生的英文寫作活動,幫助學生產出想法、發揮創意、提升寫作品質。有鑑於此,本研究旨在探討結合電腦輔助平台(即知識論壇)之知識翻新教學活動對高中生學習環境感知與英文寫作表現之影響。研究方法採個案研究法,研究對象為39名高二文組班學生。   本研究除了探討知識翻新活動對學生學習環境感知與英文作文寫作表現的差異情形之外,更進一步探討學生於構思階段寫作想法的轉變歷程以及教師在進行教學時的反思情形。本研究的資料來源包括:(1)知識創新學習環境問卷;(2)英文寫作成品;(3)構思活動記錄;(4)開放式問卷;(5)教師教學反思記錄。上述資料分析採量化的成對樣本t檢定、Pearson相關、描述性統計、獨立樣本t檢定、與單因子變異數等統計分析以及質性的內容分析,藉以瞭解學生對知識翻新創意氛圍的感知情形與英文寫作表現,以及以知識翻新原則導向的想法演變歷程與教學反思情形。   研究結果顯示:(1)知識翻新有助於提升學生的創意氛圍感知;(2)知識翻新英文寫作活動能提升學生的寫作的內容與表現能力;(3)以知識翻新理論為基礎所設計的英文寫作構思活動,能促使學生發想與精進寫作的想法;(4)知識翻新原則取向所進行的教師教學反思,能幫助教師改進與調整其教學信念與教學模式。最後,根據研究結果,本研究提出相關討論與建議,以供後續英文寫作教學及研究之參考。 / Traditional product-oriented English Composition pedagogy tends to focus on the writing results but not the writing processes. Accordingly, traditional learning environment also tends to be teacher-centered, emphasizing teacher’s lectures rather than students’ knowledge construction. Such pedagogy and environment not only restrain students’ development of creativities, but also turn students into passive learners. In contrast, the emphasis of a process of knowledge construction and idea development in a knowledge building environment has provided teachers and students an innovative pedagogy and an alternative learning environment. Therefore, the researcher in this study decided to employ the principle-based knowledge building theory to design more suitable English composition activities, in order to help students learn how to generate writing ideas, develop creative writing capacity, and eventually improve the quality of their English composition. As such, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of computer-supported knowledge building activities on high school students’ perception of learning environment and English writing performance. To this end, this research employed a case study and the participants were 39 second grade high school students. In addition to understanding how students perceived their learning environment and advance their English composition performance, this study further discussed the process and the transformation of writing ideas in three different stages and the condition of teacher reflection during the teaching. The data of this study mainly came from: (1) a knowledge building environment scale; (2) students’ English composition works; (3) the records produced during three ideas generation stages; and (4) the teacher’s teaching reflection. Quantitative and qualitative measures were applied in this study, and data were analyzed through paired-samples t tests, Pearson's product moment coefficient, descriptive statistics, independent-sample t test, one way ANOVA, and content analysis. The main findings were as follow: (1) knowledge building activities improved students’ perception of learning environment; (2) English composition activities which were based on knowledge building theory were able to advance students’ writing contents and performance; (3) brainstorming activities assisted students in idea generation, idea improvement, and idea synthesis; (4) teaching reflection affected teacher’s teaching beliefs (from cognitivism to constructivism) and teaching models (from teacher-centered to student-centered). Based on the results, some suggestions and implications were discussed.
16

反思國際關係理論中「國家中心論」之探討 / The reflexivity of "state-centrism" in IR theories

林佾靜, Lin, Yi ching Unknown Date (has links)
本文旨在檢視並反思國家中心論之相關觀點與命題,概括而言,即對國家在國際關係理論構成體系中呈現必然性及優越性進行理論檢視及意義探索,國家中心論內涵包括:國家係國際政治關鍵行為者?國家係國際事務核心決策者?等強勢論述。許多檢視國家中心論文獻雖可清楚指出其在解釋國際政治之不足與限制,或從批判觀點根本性否定國家中心論真實性與正當性,惟專就國家這個概念主體進行討論,其研究成果往往流於空泛言談,並無法明確地指出國家中心論核心論述受到檢驗的面向,因而流於道德勸說式的規範論述,亦無法建立明確分析架構。鑒此,本論文盼建立具解釋效益之分析架構,首先將檢視關於國家中心論涉及基本命題,續將透過檢視主權、安全及國際體系等論述之變遷,探討國家中心論如何受到檢驗過程,亦可呈現社會科學後實證主義對理論基本命題所致論述轉移(discourse shift)
17

「壯遊」的建構、挑戰與現實-以台灣赴澳打工旅遊青年為例 / The construction, challenge and reality of a grand tour : taking Taiwanese working-holiday makers for example

阮靖權, Juan, Ching Chuan Unknown Date (has links)
自從2004年台澳簽署「打工度假」(Working Holiday)協定以來,每年台灣青年赴澳人數不斷增加,在國內掀起一股「壯遊」的熱潮。然而相關新聞報導與國內的研究卻發現,到澳洲打工旅遊的台灣年輕人,因為語言能力比不上當地人,所以多從事耗費體力的工作,而且工作穩定度低、危險性高、容易遭遇黑工問題等等,使台灣打工旅遊者的勞動環境越形惡劣。但在筆者的研究中,發現打工旅遊者卻輕忽勞資問題,必且拒絕承認自己為「台勞」。因此,本文的焦點在於探討台灣打工旅遊青年如何從自身「主體」性的眼光,去看待自己同時打工、又同時旅遊的行為?他們對自己抱持著怎麼樣的「想像」來理解打工旅遊的經驗?這樣的「想像」又是如何被塑造出來? 本研究採質性研究方法,包括深入訪談、參與觀察、線上民族誌與非侵入性研究,並使用這些不同來源的資料進行交叉分析,以確認資料之信度與效度。在分析架構上,從「結構」和「個體」這兩者的互動展開,首先討論澳洲與台灣政府在塑造「打工旅遊」上扮演的角色,再來探討台灣青年在打工旅遊的過程中,對於自我身分的認同如何演變的過程。最後,本研究使用Giddens (1991)所提出的「現代性的反思性」來理解台灣青年如何將打工旅遊理解為自我敘事的一部份:逃離台灣變成一種自我實現的追尋,與既有的生命歷程斷裂。本文以此研究結果,來回應既往文獻研究的不足之處,並提醒台灣打工旅遊者對於「壯遊」的想像,可能會掩蓋澳洲惡劣的工作環境與勞動剝削的事實。 / Since Australia’s “Working Holiday Maker Visa Agreement” was signed with Taiwan in 2004, the number of Taiwanese working-holiday makers in Australia has grown rapidly every year. “Grand Tour” became a popular concept in Taiwan. According to the related literature, most Taiwanese working-holiday makers had no choice but to participate in the primary labor market in Australia due to the lack of English ability. They usually encountered highly risky, unstable, and even illegal working environment. However, the study found that Taiwanese working holiday makers ignored the nature of their employment and refused to call themselves “Tai Lau” (Taiwanese laborers). As a result, the study analyzed how Taiwanese working holiday makers think of themselves when they worked and traveled at the same time? What imagination did they have on their working holiday experience? In what ways was the “imagination” structured? The study was conducted by using qualitative research methods, which included in-depth interviewing technique, participant observation, unobtrusive methods, and online ethnography. Data collected through different channels and methods were triangulated to check the reliability and validity of data. The analytical framework focused on the interaction between “social structure” and “individual.” First, the study examined how Australian and Taiwanese governments both played the important roles in shaping and enforcing the working holiday policy. Second, this study explored the process in which Taiwanese working-holiday makers’ self-identities were changed when they were in Australia. Glidden’s (1991) concepts of modernity and self-identity were found to be particularly relevant in understanding Taiwanese working holiday makers’ self-narratives. They escaped from Taiwan to seek self-fulfillment, and their lives and identities in Australia were separated from their original life trajectories. The findings of this study can contribute to current tourism research by pointing out that the imagination of a “Grand Tour” may cover up the difficult working environments and exploitation faced by working-holiday makers.
18

保戶行動主義制度及其於兩岸應用之研究-以反思法及制度公民為視角 / A Study on the Policyholder Activism and Its Application in Taiwan and Mainland China –A Perspective from the Reflexive Law and Institutional Citizenship

陳哲斌, Chen, Che Pin Unknown Date (has links)
保戶行動主義,也可以說是保單持有人行動主義,係指為因應保險監理國際化,兩岸監理平台的建立,及長年期保險商品的特殊性,對於積極的保單持有人,經由參與公司治理的方式,保障自身的權利。 保戶行動主義的內涵,為將相互保險公司中,保單持有人參與公司治理的模式引導至股份保險公司之中。其目的為促成保單持有人、監理官及保險公司三贏的局面。對於保單持有人而言,為積極性的權益維護,可分為三個方面:第一,因應投保後所產生的問題;第二,取代現行機制對於保單持有人保障可能的失靈或僅是消極性的事後補救措施;第三,鼓勵保單持有人與公司溝通,符合國際上的治理原則。對於監理官而言,則可降低政府對於保險業的監理成本,也就是,政府為維護保單持有人的權益及維護資金的安全性,對於保險業採用高度監理所衍生的成本。對於保險公司而言,除了經由保戶行動主義,得以降低監理強度,而增加公司的市場競爭力之外,也可藉由與保單持有人的溝通而建立正面形象,設計符合客戶需求的商品,進而創造新業績。 本研究將保戶行動主義的制度設計分為規範與架構兩方面,在制度規範形成上,採用寇恩所倡議的反思法法理;在架構設計上,則採用史特姆所建議的制度公民及觸媒組織的架構。公司治理分為內部治理與外部監理,經由反思法的自反性、同源互生性與原則性,將能加強內部治理的自律性,進而降低外部監理的強制性。然而因自發性或反思性形成規範必須經由多數人的討論,為達對話效率,則輔以電子治理網站為對話平台,並在觸媒組織中提出以「核心專家群」為網站的主導者,且為充分對話後的主要決策者,如此將可有效率的形成與廣大保單持有人的對話機制,並尋求多數人的共識,並可增加資訊揭露的透明度。 保戶行動主義中,保戶公民選任保戶董事作為代表,而對話機制則為整體制度成效的關鍵,總共分為四個層面,第一稱為保戶行動主義與法律的對話,論述保戶董事委任關係的法律性質,以及對核心專家群委任的法律性質;第二為保戶公民間的對話,著重對話品質的管理;第三為為保戶行動主義與監理的對話,藉由監理策略形成監理法規的二元規範;最後以保戶董事與股東董事間的對話機制,作為保戶行動主義與股東行動主義對話的代理行為。 為驗證保戶行動主義的有效性,本研究建構其對於治理效率與治理賽局的實證模型以用於未來的實證研究,最後並以兩岸間的弱體保險公司為個案作為說明保戶行動主義應用上的利益實效,為質性上的說明。 / Policyholder activism is to cope with the globalization of insurance supervision, the establishment of the supervision platform between Taiwan and Mainland China, and the special features of the long term insurance, in order for the active policyholders protecting their rights by participating the corporate governance. The connotation of policyholder activism refers to introduce the role of policyholders in mutual life company into the corporate governance for the stock life insurance company. It is of the all-win purpose among the policyholders, the regulator, and the insurance company. For the policyholders, it is to actively safeguard the interests of policyholders, and could be achieved by three aspects, first of all is to avoid the arguments after issuing policy; secondly is to provide an alternative to current mechanisms for the policyholders which might be failure or just a passive response afterwards; the final is to comply the global governance principle by encouraging policyholders to communicate with the corporate. For the regulator, it is to reduce the supervision costs which mainly maintain the rights of policyholders, and the security of the funds. For the insurance company, it is not only by reducing supervision power, in order to increase the market competitiveness, but also by communicating with the policyholders, in order to create the positive image, to know the needs of customers and then to increase the performance. In this study, the structure of policyholder activism is divided into the aspects of norms and framework. This study adopts the reflexive law proposed by Jean Cohen for the norms strategy, and the concepts of institutional citizenship and catalyst group proposed by Susan Sturm for the framework design. Basically, the corporate governance system can be separated into internal governance and external supervision. By three properties of the reflex law, the reflexive, the co-original and the principled, will strengthen the regulated self-regulation of internal governance into norms, thereby reducing the enforcement of external supervision. However, reflex law requires through the democracy process from people discussion to complete the norms, to improve efficacy of discussion, the platform of electronic governance (e-governance) is supposed to be applied. For this purpose, this study introduces “core expert group” in the organizational catalysts as a manager and the decision maker after fully discussion. Then it will become an efficient dialogue mechanism for the consensus with the majority of policyholders, and for the more transparency of the disclosed information. For policyholder activism, the policyholder-director(s), on behalf of the institutional citizenship of policyholders, is(are) elected, therefore the dialogue mechanism is the key of the all, it can be separated into four levels; the first level is called the “dialogue between policyholder activism and the law” which discourses the issues of the legal nature for policyholder-director who appointed by two parties, and the core expert group; the second level is called the “dialogue among policyholders” which focuses on the management of quality; the third level is called the “dialogue between policyholder activism and supervisors” to build the duality of norms by regulation strategy; and the final level is called the “dialogue between policyholder activism and shareholder activism” which represented by the dialogue mechanism between the policyholder-director and the shareholder-director. To validate the effectiveness of policyholder activism, this study constructs the models of performance and game theory for future empirical study. This study finally selects two cases of the impaired insurance companies each in Taiwan and Mainland China, and then discusses the qualitative benefits for the application of policyholder activism.
19

康德美學中的構想力研究 / Imagination in Kant's Aesthetics

蔡幸芝 Unknown Date (has links)
康德(Immanuel Kant)對「構想力」(Imagination / Einbildungskraft)的看法,隨其思想發展而轉變。然而這出於康德對構想力觀點的修正,抑或主張同一種能力的不同表現?學者們各有見解。在我們看來,構想力的論爭與各家觀點,都可在文本中獲得佐證,難以輕言對錯。這除了是出於研究者對問題意識的趨向,可採取時間性的縱軸,研究構想力的發展歷程;抑或採取空間性的橫軸,探究構想力在特定領域(理論認識或審美活動)的效能;亦可針對問題本身,去論析構想力某種特定功能的轉變。在此同時,也顯示康德對構想力的看法不如其他認識能力(知性、判斷力、理性)的功能來得清晰明確;可是我們也可以大膽地假設,這是因為構想力本身就不是能夠被定義與完全闡明的能力。構想力的某些運作方式,究竟它如何產生的過程,至今仍是個謎團,超出人類目前所知的範圍。 我們將採取問題意識的研究路徑,主張構想力可作為理解康德思路轉變與發展的指標,因為構想力不但在其知識論與美學中扮演重要的角色,並且使得思想的整合與貫通成為可能。在《判斷力批判》之審美判斷力的部分,構想力獲得最自由的表現,「審美判斷力的批判」則被公認為康德的美學理論,因此我們以「康德美學中的構想力」為研究主題。然而構想力的自由,又是相對於它在理論認識中受到知性原理的規定而言的,所以我們必須先釐清在《判斷力批判》之前,構想力是否曾出現過一種前概念的、不受制於知性規範的綜合之自由,才能主張構想力在康德美學中表現得比知識論中更突出、更卓越。為此,我們的研究溯及構想力出現在最為人熟知的脈絡,即《純粹理性批判》的兩版「純粹知性概念的先驗演繹」與「純粹知性概念的圖式論」,以對比構想力的自由在理論認識與審美活動之間的差異。此外,我們認為構想力有許多功能與任務,就主體能力而言,構想力兼具感性與知性能力的特質;就對象知識的構成而言,構想力的先驗圖式亦介於概念與直觀之間,使得抽象概念應用於感性雜多成為可能;就審美活動而言,構想力是與知性或理性之間相互一致或不一致的作用。無論如何,由於康德賦予構想力某種中介的任務,它的功能始終要與其他認識機能一起進行的情況下,才能施展開來。因此,我們是將構想力置於它與判斷力的關係中探討。這是因為我們審視自然世界,無論採取認知的或審美的觀點,我們都在下判斷,即動用到我們心靈中的判斷力。然而無論是規定的判斷力在理論認識中,形成認知判斷;抑或反思的判斷力在審美活動中,形成優美及崇高判斷,判斷力的運用都需要藉助構想力的功能,才能完成一個判斷。因此,構想力在理論認識與審美活動的不同表現,更合適理解為返回到主體認識諸機能及其原理之中,考察構想力與判斷力的兩種運用之成果。 因此,我們便將構想力置於判斷力之運用的框架下,提出討論。論文共分七章,第一章導論與第七章結論之外,將以「反思判斷力與自然的合目的性原理」、「構想力與先驗演繹」、「構想力與圖式論」、「構想力與鑑賞判斷」及「構想力與崇高判斷」為主題依序闡述,至於闡述的明晰性(clarity),我們考量到康德所說的,「可建立在憑藉概念的推理的(邏輯的)明晰性,亦可建立在憑藉直觀的直覺的(感性的)明晰性,即憑藉實例或其他具體說明的明晰性。」 因此,我們希望既做到前後連貫的理論推演,也盡可能地運用例證來輔助說明。以下扼要闡述各章要點。 第二章「反思判斷力與自然的合目的性原理」,是我們正式進入構想力與判斷力運用關係之探討前的預備工作。由於康德是將美學(即審美判斷力的批判)置於其哲學體系的架構中處理,優美與崇高判斷是反思判斷力及其自然的合目的性原理之應用之一,我們就必須理解康德賦予《判斷力批判》的系統任務,才知美學理論在系統哲學中的地位,進而釐清構想力在美學中的作用。換言之,我們先綜觀全貌再轉進問題的核心,以避免見樹不見林的危險。本章就《判斷力批判》的〈導論〉為本,先論康德指出人類心靈具有三種高階的認識機能:知性、判斷力、理性;介於中間的判斷力具有兩種運用方式(規定的與反思的),其中反思判斷力才是《判斷力批判》的焦點。再論康德推得反思判斷力有其自身的先驗原理——即自然的合目的性原理,卻非將自然「認知」為蘊含目的因,而是指出我們對自然的經驗探究,主體必先採取一種假設的觀點:即自然「好像是」(as if)蘊含一個經驗法則的系統,它在一超越的理智之中被統一起來,並且正好契合了我們的認識能力及目的。最後,我們將分析自然的合目的性原理在三方面的應用:(1)作為知性認識系統化的規約性原理;(2)作為主觀的審美情感之規定性原理;(3)作為道德經驗與自然經驗的統一性之超感性的底基。 其中與本文直接相關者,在於經驗的個殊者、反思判斷力以及主觀情感,它們三者形成一藝術的領域,是前兩大批判尚未被探討的地帶;此地帶隱含了兩個領域獲得連結的可能性。 第三章「構想力與先驗演繹」,我們將先釐清康德在「形上演繹」中,提及「構想力的一般綜合」之意涵;再指出康德對構想力的兩種立場:第一,構想力的綜合先於知性的概念化綜合;第二,構想力的綜合隸屬於知性的綜合之下,是知性概念對感性對象的初步應用。在A版的主觀演繹中,康德談及一個判斷或對象知識的形成,通過「三重綜合」(threefold synthesis)的作用:直觀中領會的綜合(the synthesis of apprehension in intuition)、構想力中再生的綜合(the synthesis of reproduction in imagination)及概念中認定的綜合(the synthesis of recognition in a concept)。我們將指出三重綜合的結果顯示,先驗統覺作為經驗對象之同一性的先天根據,而構想力的綜合則促使直觀的雜多與統覺的統一性獲得連結,是形成理論知識的第三種能力。然而「本源的綜合統一性」指向先驗統覺,亦指向純粹的構想力,這與構想力是否是比感性與知性(統覺的思維)更基礎的能力有關。在B版的先驗演繹中,我們則探討「理智的綜合」(intellectual synthesis)與「圖象的綜合」(figurative synthesis)之區分與關係,並推論構想力的先驗綜合(圖象的綜合)如同知性的先驗綜合(理智的綜合)一般,必然服膺於範疇的規範。最後,我們將比較兩版先驗演繹中,構想力地位的轉變,並提出康德轉變的理由以及構想力的可能發展。 第四章「構想力與圖式論」,我們先確認圖式論與先驗演繹的關係,討論學者間對兩者任務是否重疊而引起的爭論;並提出我們的看法,即先驗演繹在於論證範疇是作為統覺的統一性之必要條件,著重在範疇與先驗統覺的關係;圖式論則指出範疇如何被運用於感性直觀上,強調範疇與感性直觀的關係,前者是理論的證明,後者卻是理論的應用。然而要回答範疇的經驗應用如何可能,應當關注構想力(作為一種中介的機能)在闡釋圖式論時所扮演的角色,意即構想力「如何」使知識的兩大主幹——知性與感性——一起和諧運作的問題。因此,我們根據康德的安排,將圖式論置於「判斷力的先驗學說」下,也就是一般判斷力與構想力的關係中,探討康德賦予圖式的種種意涵。康德將「先驗圖式」(transcendental schemata)與「經驗圖象」(empirical images)做出區別,並主張先驗圖式才是「先驗的時間規定」(transcendental determinations of time),後者僅是再生的構想力的經驗產物,而先驗圖式才使經驗圖象的產生成為可能。最後,我們將探討先驗的構想力(亦為生產性的構想力)如何運用先驗圖式而使直觀與概念被綜合為知識的過程,並藉由先驗圖式的特質,指出康德在先驗演繹與圖式論中,對於構想力之各種看法的關連性。 第五章「構想力與鑑賞判斷」,我們將指出反思判斷力是在一種沒有明確概念的規定,而以「自然與我們的認知機能契合一致」之不確定的概念為指導下,形成普遍可傳達的判斷。這種反思判斷力的運用,是以審美判斷力為典範,其形成的純粹的鑑賞判斷,具有四個構成環節或契機(moments):無利害關心的愉快(質)、無概念的普遍性(量)、無目的的合目的性(關係)、以及主觀的必然性(模態)。我們將指出四個契機的關連性,以及在此類判斷中,構想力與知性如何在一個既予的表象上自由遊戲(free play),因而產生愉快的心靈狀態。相對於此,在「美的理想」(ideal of beauty)與「美的藝術」(fine art)的討論中,構想力是與理性具有內在的關連。我們將指出美的理想與美的藝術都不是康德意義下純粹的鑑賞判斷,卻有助於理解示範之普遍有效性的意涵,因為有某些個殊者(individuals)(無論理想或經驗的)表現出康德所說的典範的(exemplary)作用,並從典範中發現「新規則」(new rules)的產生,這當中隱含了康德對反思判斷力如何在不進一步尋求規則下遵循規則,即自由活動又合規律的情況下,形成普遍有效的判斷之見解。因此在「美的理想」中,將分別探討美的理想作為鑑賞原型,而且美的理想必須具備兩個構成要素:感性的規格理念與理性理念。再以這兩者為尺度下,推得世上一切物種中,唯有人才能成為美的理想。接著在「美的藝術」中,我們將先談康德對藝術的看法,進而指出美的藝術只能作為天才的藝術。康德指出天才的四個特質:原創性、典範性、自然性、以及藝術性,然而就天才內心的各種機能的運用來說,康德認為天才是展示「審美理念的能力」(the ability to aesthetic ideas)(CPJ, §57, 5:344)。我們將指出,構想力在經驗知識的構成中,為展示一個知性概念而提供圖式;在藝術創作中,構想力則為展示一個理性理念而提供了審美理念,意即就構想力「激發」(to stimulate)理性起作用來說,構想力的審美理念提供了理性諸理念某種非認識的展示可能。最後,我們探討鑑賞判斷與道德判斷的關係上,康德主張「美作為道德的象徵」,用意在指出美可作為道德的預備,因為審美的教化有助於人從感性的束縛中掙脫,提升到超感性的道德層次,因而使自然的存有者更輕易地過渡為道德的存有者。 第六章「構想力與崇高判斷」,我們將先提出崇高概念的歷史意義,才能瞭解崇高何以單獨成為一個審美範疇。接著探討優美與崇高的異同,指出崇高判斷亦是審美的反思判斷之一,因而前章討論過優美之鑑賞判斷的四個契機,亦合適於對崇高判斷的說明。然而康德也提出兩者在對象的形式或無形式、不確定的知性或理性概念、愉快與質或量的關係、直接或間接的愉快、以及形式的合目的性之差異,並主張合目的性的表現方式最為不同。我們在文中將指出,崇高與優美在合目的性上的表現差異,主要在於主體與客體關係的改變,以及主體內在諸機能之間協調作用的方式,在崇高比在優美的鑑賞活動中更為複雜的結果,因而造成的愉快亦有直接與間接之別。為此,我們將在先就主體與客體的關係上,探討兩種崇高之特質:「數學的崇高」(the mathematically sublime)與「力學的崇高」(the dynamically sublime),並分析得出崇高只能針對內心的各種理性理念,而非在對象之中。然而,兩種崇高經驗所激起的理性理念與主觀感受,又出於主體內在諸機能之協作關係的不同而有別。於是,我們將在最後探討在數學的崇高經驗中,我們如何藉由偉大的可感事物,誘發我們體會到自己內心具有無限而絕對的總體理念,因而表現出構想力與理論理性的交互作用,由不一致轉為一致的合目的性關係。在力學的崇高經驗中,我們則從有力量的可感事物,促使我們體察到自己內心具有高於自然的道德理念,因而表現出構想力與實踐理性的內在關連性。所以,康德要指出,兩種崇高判斷乃基於我們將自己內心所有的理性理念,應用到偉大或有力的事物身上,才將它們評判為崇高的。在我們看來,康德對崇高的分析,同時涉及理論理性與實踐理性的理念,被以構想力與理性在一個既予的對象上和諧作用的合目的性關係來體現,此時人便是作為一個完整的存有者,因為這意味著我們在鑑賞活動中,我們彷彿感受(feel)到客體與主體之間的和諧關係,因而超感性自然與自由的道德主體便可在理性自身之中,供作反思運用的合目的性的原理為根據之下,獲得統一的可能。
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由Teubner反思法理論析論著作權集體管理制度 / A study of Copyright Collective Management from Teubner's theory of Reflexive Law

張峻傑, Chang, Chun Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
我國著作權集體管理團體發展至今,僅存五家集管團體,無論是會員數或業務總額皆與國外規模相距甚遠,難以有效達成降低授權成本、使著作充分流通利用與保障著作權的功用。追根究柢原因在於:無法從使用報酬費率的制訂過程中,取得利用人與集管團體間的共識。 隨著數位技術的演進,著作權利用方式與型態日趨多元,立法者的觀點卻趕不上時代的變化,倘若爭議處理方式仍僅限於規範的抽象內容探討與適用,往往難以得到當事人欲求的結果。Teubner認為現今複雜分歧的社會需要一個去中心化的社會整合機制,將傳統法律的管制負擔轉移至其他社會體系;法律只有在為其他社會次級體系的反思過程提供結構性前提時,才能實現其自身的反思取向,發揮反思法的社會整合功能。因此,若能開展調解、仲裁等訴訟外爭議解決機制,除了即時有效解決紛爭,避免法院訟累,並能於協調過程中充分揭露資訊,使當事人間贏得互信,不失為一種發展反思性程序的可能。 本文從Teubner反思法的角度觀察,輔以中國、日本、美國、德國的著作權集體管理制度之立法例與實踐概況,作整體歸納分析,從中擷取出具有反思理性特徵做比較評析。最後,透過反思法理論所提出當今法律演化的特徵,對於我國將來建構良善的集體管理團體制度,提供一些不同的思考觀點。 / In the diversity of social economics activities, recent developments in the evolution of neighboring rightsand reflects the change of publication displaying methods due to technology.Such development may create inner conflict and endanger the law system. If people explore the reason of conflict and disposal process just at the point of normative abstract content and applicable, it will always be unable to gain the ideal result. Collective management organizations(CMOs) is an important indicator of copyright protection. CMOs’ operation reduces the licensing costs, promotes the legal exploitation of works, achieves broad public access of copyrighted works, and protects the benefits of copyright owners. Indeed, a reasonable royalty rate is the core for the successful operation of CMOs. Thisstudy isfrom the view ofTeubner's Theory of Reflexive Law, to observe the substantial social effectiveness of copyright collective management under the control of law and providing the structural premises for reflexive processes in other social subsystems.According to the characteristic of reflexive law,this thesis aimed to introducea new tendency to settle collective management of copyright.

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