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二十世紀中國傳統繪畫四大家美學觀念及其實踐研究 / Aesthetic Concept and Practice of Four Traditional Chinese Painting Masters of the Twentieth Century佘佳燕 Unknown Date (has links)
中國傳統繪畫四大家,指的是晚清民初時期,吳昌碩、齊白石、黃賓虹、潘天壽。「傳統」並非等同落後,而必須全然拋棄,尤其文學藝術有其超越時間的永恆價值。時至今日,當我們處在全球化浪潮下,可能引發的文化普同危機,是有必要平心回望這批一向被稱為傳統派畫家,而摒除偏見,深入體驗深藏於畫家內心的變革思維,方可理解四大家於中國繪畫美學思想上所作的貢獻,以期在當前多元化的時代,用中國文藝精神豐富世界文化。是以,本文以中國傳統繪畫四大家的畫論文本為主,輔以其他相關文本及繪畫作品的分析,結合傳記與時代處境考察,探究二十世紀傳統中國繪畫美學觀念及其實踐。經本文探究後,察覺傳統繪畫四大家主要面臨兩大時代課題:一為市民文化思潮下雅俗共賞的繪畫趨勢;二為西方文化思潮下科學寫實的繪畫趨勢。明白四大家所面臨的時代課題後,本文大抵從畫家的主體論,到師法途徑的創作論,再到完成畫作後四絕全才的作品論;循此順序,逐章探索四大家如何回應雅俗共賞與科學寫實的時代問題。
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運用社會網絡技術由文集中探勘觀念:以新青年為例 / Concept Discovery from Essays based on Social Network Mining: Using New Youth as an Example陳柏聿, Chen, Po Yu Unknown Date (has links)
以往人文歷史領域的學者們,以土法煉鋼的人工方式進行資料的研究與分析,這樣的方法在資料量不大的時候還可行,但隨著數位典藏的進行以及巨量資料的興起,傳統的書本、古籍和文獻大量的數位化,若繼續使用傳統逐條分析的方式便會花費很多的時間與人力,但也因為資料數位化的關係,資訊領域的人便能利用資訊技術從旁進行協助。
而其中在觀念史研究領域裡,關鍵詞叢的研究是其中的重點之一,因為觀念可以用關鍵詞或含關鍵詞的句子來表達,所以研究關鍵詞就能幫助人文學者,了解史料文獻背後的意義與掌握當時的脈絡。因此本篇論文研究之目的在於針對收錄多篇文章的文集,探討詞彙與詞彙之間出現在文章中的情形,並利用五種的共現關係,將社群網絡的概念引入到文本分析之中,將每個詞彙當作節點,詞彙之間的關聯性當作邊建立詞彙網絡,從中找出詞彙所形成的觀念,最後實作一個由文集中探勘觀念的系統,此系統主要提供三種分析功能,分別是多詞彙觀念查詢、單詞彙觀念查詢與潛在觀念探勘。
本研究主要以《新青年》雜誌作為主要的觀察文集與實驗案例分析,《新青年》中觀念由自由主義轉向馬克思列寧主義,而我們利用本系統的確能夠找出變化的軌跡,以及探勘兩個觀念下的關鍵詞彙。 / With development of the digital archives, essays have been digitized. While it takes much time to analyze the contents of essays by human, it is beneficial to analyze by computer. This thesis aims to investigate the approach to discover concepts of essays based on social network mining techniques. While a concept can be represented as a set of keywords, the proposed approach measure the co-occurrence relationships between two keywords and represent the relationships among keywords by networks of keywords. Social network mining techniques are employed to discover the concepts of essays. We also develop the concept discovery system which provides discovery by multiple keywords, discovery by single keyword, and latent concept mining. The New Youth is taken as an example to demonstrate the capability of the developed system.
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19-20世紀日本における記念碑文化の比較史的研究羽賀, 祥二 05 1900 (has links)
科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:14510353 研究代表者:羽賀 祥二 研究期間:2002-2004年度
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新產品概念產生階段的市場知識來源之研究-以神達電腦公司之掌上型電腦/PDA的發展為例 / The Sources of Market Knowledge at the Stage of New Product Concept Generation曾齡瑩 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣高科技公司一直以來,在OEM/ODM領域有卓越的表現,隨著毛利逐步被壓縮之際,越來越多的我國廠商終於認知到,透過自有品牌(OBM)的建立是提升企業價值很重要的方式。但是,若要由OEM/ODM 跨入OBM,台灣廠商最缺乏的莫過於對「市場知識」的了解。本研究藉由對神達公司(近幾年內自有品牌Mio掌上型電腦/PDA上快速發展至全球前三大)的深入個案研究,探討「市場知識」的產生與能力建構之議題,並得到以下結論:
1、市場知識的來源似乎是很多元的;而對於剛採自有品牌策略之廠商的初期階段來說,似乎是較不完整的。
2、從事代工為主要業務型態的廠商,轉向發展自有品牌初期時,影響其市場知識來源的因素,受到內部因素(組織既有核心能力)影響及牽制的成分較多。
3、從事代工為主要業務型態的廠商,轉向發展自有品牌初期時,對其在取得完整市場知識的思考與運作上有所阻礙。儘管如此,組織既有核心能力對其所需要的部份市場知識仍有所助益。
4、企業在發展自有品牌的過程中,在取得市場知識與建構市場知識能力上似乎展現出「學習」的歷程。而在市場知識能力與行銷能力的建構上似乎又與高階主管的態度以及組織相關的管理有關。
5、除了本研究將「市場知識」定義為「關於顧客與競爭者的有系統、有意義且有用之知識」。從個案中發現,市場知識除了顧客與競爭者之外,其他環境因素也相當重要,例如政府的管制、社會文化的趨勢、科技的改變的趨勢等。
6、台灣資訊硬體製造能力,若能結合數位內容的創意,透過軟體與硬體的結合,似乎能創造更有價值和差異化的產品並創造更大的競爭優勢。 / Most of the high-tech corporations of Taiwan have remarkable performances in the OEM/ODM fields. Due to the compressing gross profit, more and more corporations realize that building own brand is a very important way to promote the enterprise value. However, if they want to make strides from OEM/ODM to OBM, the most deficient thing is the understanding of “Market Knowledge”. Through the case study of “MITAC international corp.”, we discuss the issue of the creation and the construction of ability of “Market Knowledge” and obtain the following conclusions.
1、The sources of “Market Knowledge” are diversified and they can be obtained by many different ways. For the new entered corporations in the OBM field, their sources of “Market Knowledge” are less complete at the initial period stage.
2、At the initial period stage of the OEM/ODM corporations in transformation to OBM, the factors which affect the sources of “Market Knowledge” are more affected and limited by the internal factors: the “Organizational Core Capabilities”.
3、At the initial period stage of the OEM/ODM corporations in transformation to OBM, they have the hindrance of the thinking and operation of obtaining the complete “Market Knowledge”. But, the “Organizational Core Capabilities” still can give some help in getting partial “Market Knowledge”.
4、In the process of obtaining “Market Knowledge” and establishing “Market Knowledge Capabilities”, there seems to be having some processes of “Learning”. And at the part of establishing “Market Knowledge Capabilities” and “Marketing Capabilities”, there seems to be having relationships with the senior managers’ attitudes and organizational management.
5、In this research, we define the meaning of “Market Knowledge” as the systematical, meaningful and useful knowledge which is about the customers and competitors. But from the case study, we find that “Market Knowledge” is not only about the customers and competitors, other environment reasons also have important impacts on it: the restrain of the government, the tendency of the society culture and the changes of technology.
6、If the OEM/ODM corporations can combine their hardware manufacturing capability with some contents of software, it seems a good way to them to create more values, more diversified products and more competition advantages.
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電腦支援合作學習與知識翻新對師培生數學信念與數學教學實踐之影響 / Effects of computer-supported collaborative learning and knowledge building on preservice teachers’ mathematical beliefs and teaching practice張喻涵, Chang, Yh Han Unknown Date (has links)
數學能力向來被視為解決問題能力的重要基礎。隨著知識經濟時代的來臨,數學愈加受到重視,數學教師的教學效能亦面臨新的挑戰。為了協助師培生發展更具創意與多元的教學方式,本研究在中學數學科教材教法之課堂中,提供學生以知識翻新(knowledge-building)(Scardamalia, 2002) 教育理念為核心的課程設計,並使用知識論壇(Knowledge Forum™)數位學習平台作為本課程的線上輔助學習環境。研究主要目的在利用教室中與論壇上的知識翻新活動以提昇師培生對數學相關信念之反思與瞭解。研究對象為9位師培生。本研究透過混合研究設計以蒐集資料,資料來源包括:(1)整學期師培生在「知識論壇」平台上之討論與貼文;(2)期初與期末的數學信念開放式問卷;與(3)師培生的試教。資料分析方式如下:(1)平台上的貼文主要使用知識論壇分析工具(Analytic Toolkit for Forum)探討師培生在平台上的互動與知識翻新歷程;(2)數學信念開放式問卷主要以兩種觀點進行內容分析並交叉檢證;與(3)試教過程(錄影檔)以開放式問卷所產生之編碼進行影片內容的分析。
研究結果發現:(1)以知識翻新理論為原則之課程設計有助於師培生發展更建構取向之數學信念;(2)使用知識論壇平台有助於師培生分享知識與自我反思;(3)數學信念與教學實踐呈現相互影響的關係;以及(4)透過知識翻新的課程設計,師培生逐漸理解多元與彈性的教學對學生學習的重要性。本研究根據研究結果提出以下幾點建議以供未來師培教育之參考:(1)數學師資培育必須將專業學術知識的學習與成熟信念的養成作更密切的銜接;(2)師培機構進行課程設計時,應提供更多元開放的教學方式來幫助師培生學習;(3)師培教育應鼓勵師培生發展更能適應未來學生學習之教學方法。 / The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of knowledge building pedagogy and technology on preservice teachers’ views on the nature of, and teaching practices in, mathematics. Participants were nine preservice teachers who took a university course titled “High-School Mathematics Teaching.” A software program called Knowledge Forum was employed to enable an online knowledge building environment for preservice teachers to explore, reflect, and discuss about the nature of, and teaching practices in, mathematics.
Data mainly came from three sources: (1) preservice teachers’ online posting and discussion recorded in a KF database, (2) a survey about mathematical beliefs with eight open-ended questions, and (3) preservice teachers’ teaching practice videos. To analyze, (1) online discussion records automatically recorded in Knowledge Forum were analyzed using descriptive statistics; (2) open-ended survey questions were content-analyzed following an open-coding procedure; and (3) two cases of preservice teachers’ teaching practice were further explored by employing video analysis techniques. The main findings were as follows: (1) engaging in knowledge building was found to help preservice teachers develop more constructivist-oriented mathematics beliefs; (2) use of Knowledge Forum was helpful for preservice teachers in sharing their knowledge and reflecting on their teaching; (3) mathematics beliefs and teaching practice could mutually influence each other; (4) after engaging in knowledge building for a whole semester, preservice teachers were able to realize the importance of capitalizing on more diversified ways of teaching to enhance student learning.
Building on the results, this study made the following three suggestions: (1) teacher education program should pay more attention to integrating the learning of pedagogical content knowledge into the development of more mature mathematical beliefs among preservice teachers; (2) teacher education program should encourage more diversified and flexible ways of teaching practice when designing its courses; and (3) teacher education program should encourage preservice teachers to develop more adaptive teaching practices to help students learn in the future.
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德 (1919-45) 蘇 (1945-91) 海軍思想發展與比較研究王俊評 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文旨在透過歷史、戰略理論的哲學層次、以及海軍戰略等角度,藉由分析歷史文獻,研究德國與蘇聯在第一次世界大戰後的海軍思想發展過程,並比較兩者的異同。本文的目的在探討地理位置極為不利的陸權國家海軍思想特色所在,瞭解德蘇海軍發展的動機、矛盾、關鍵、結果,並發現兩者的異同。
本論文認為,德蘇海軍思想雖因國情與時代不同,使其內涵有所差異,但是受惡劣地理與艦隊數量劣勢兩因素的影響,使德蘇海軍思想的發展過程與其實際結果很類似,不過蘇聯海軍對傳統海軍戰略理論比德國海軍有較好的理解,也沒有受到基本性質不同的陸戰觀念的太大影響,再加上核武的幫助,因此其對傳統海權強國造成的威脅也就比德國更為嚴重;此外,兩者的結束方式不同,係因核武的嚇阻效果阻止了雙方真正爆發全面性衝突的緣故。
上述假設命題可以進一步解析為下列邏輯相關的子命題:
(一)戰略思想的發展,與該國的地理位置有密切關係,陸海軍皆然。
(二)與假想敵軍事力量的強弱對比,可決定一國採取戰略攻勢或戰略守勢。
(三)古典海軍戰略理論雖有部分過時,但精華部分仍有永恆的價值,若不予重視,新戰略思想的發展容易往錯誤的方向邁進:
海軍戰略理論的重點在「制海權」這一至今仍為世界各國海軍尊奉的觀念,古典制海權理論經歷了近現代科學技術對戰爭造成的巨大變動仍為海軍界奉為圭臬,證明具有重要性與不可替代性,在發展新理論時必須對其有正確的瞭解,才有助於理論的正確性。
(四)陸戰觀念應用於海軍戰略理論的方向與程度,對於海軍戰略理論發展的正確性有很大的影響:
陸海軍戰略理論確有共通之處,但並不表示二者完全相似。過份應用陸戰觀念於海戰理論只會導致錯誤的結論,有害海戰理論的發展。
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思考模式與自我構念、購後失調之關係-以挪威消費者為例湯俊章, Tang,Jiunjang Unknown Date (has links)
自從歐盟成立後,我國對其出口值每年皆有百分之十以上的成長率,歐洲市場的重要性不言可喻,但國內學術界對歐洲消費者的研究則屈指可數。造成此現象原因有二,首先是過去台灣對歐洲市場的重視程度不比中、美、日。其次則為歐洲資料取得不易,即使是二手資料都無相關獲取管道,這跟台灣大部分的留外歸國師資有很大的關係,相較於美、中、日,學者對歐洲的連結關係較弱。但隨著國內赴歐洲交換學生的趨勢漸起,提供國內學術界另一瞭解歐洲市場的機會。因此,該如何利用此機會,以化解實務界對歐洲消費者不瞭解的窘境,已成為當務之急。
本研究首先從過去跨文化研究中個人與集體主義分類開始,延伸至單一文化體下個人的獨立與互賴自我構念與消費者思考模式的差異。推論出個人主義下的消費者傾向使用系統式的思考模式,並且大部分的人皆具有獨立的自我構念;而集體主義下的消費者則傾向使用簡則式的思考模式,並且大部分的人皆具有互賴的自我構念。但由於獨立、互賴自我構念與系統、簡則式思考可並存於單一文化體之下,因此,本研究在單一文化體下探討這些關係是否依然存在。此外,消費者使用的思考模式將決定其獲取資訊的來源與方式。對於不同的思考方式所做的購買決策若產生失誤時,消費者本身所習慣採用的思考模式與當次的消費價值將如何影響消費者的購後失調,則為本研究欲探討的另一課題。
經過驗證後發現在探討個人自我構念與思考模式的關係部分,北歐文化體制下的挪威消費者的獨立自我構念與系統式思考相關,而互賴自我構念則與簡則式思考相關,這項結論支持了在單一文化體之下此關係仍然存在。此外,在探討思考模式對購後失調的影響方面,習慣於使用簡則式思考的消費者,在面對功能性消費時會產生較低的購後失調,而對於享樂性消費,則會產生較高的購後失調。但是系統式思考並不會對購後失調產生顯著的影響,此點則與一般認為愈理性決策的人失調程度愈低的常識相違背。
最後,本研究從研究結論中,提出數點可事先降低消費者購後失調的策略建議與方案,做為實務界能有效降低補償失調消費者的成本,並提昇消費者的再購率的執行方法。而對某些無法補償失調消費者的交易型產業而言,這樣的策略建議更是其唯一降低消費者購後失調的著力點。 / The importance of the European market goes without saying. After the establishment of the European Union, Taiwan’s export value to the European market increased over 10% every year, but the domestic academia are still few in studying about this topic. Two reasons cause this phenomenon. First of all, compared to entering Chinese, American and Japanese markets, European markets were the last choice in the past. Secondly, it is difficult to obtain European material, even second-hand material, because most of Taiwan’s scholars, who have mostly studied in America or Japan, have relatively weak relationships with European academic circles. However, with the number of exchange students going to Europe rising, this offers domestic academia a chance to access the European market. Hence how to utilize this trend of exchange students to Europe to dissolve the awkward situation of having an unknown European market has already become the academia’s top priority.
This research extends from the difference between Individualism and Collectivism, one of the cross-cultural dimensions, to the difference between independent and dependent self-construct of consumers in a culture. Consumers under individualism incline to use the systemic thinking style and most of them own independent self-construct; consumers under collectivism incline to use the hedonic thinking style and most of them own dependent self-construct. Independent and dependent self-construct and systemic and hedonic thinking style can coexist in a single cultural body, so this research wants to know if the relationships among these variables still exist under the same single culture. In addition, the thinking style that consumers use decides the sources of information that consumers adopt. Hence, another issue this research wants to discuss is about how the consumers’ thinking style relates to their post-purchasing dissonance at their unsatisfied consumption. To utilize the chance of exchanging student to Norway, the research regards consumers in Oslo, Norway as the research sample through the questionnaire investigation. The total amount of issues is 813 among which the amount of 688 was retrieved, and the count of effective samples is 355.
The research finds that independent construct correlates with systemic thinking style and dependent construct correlates with hedonic thinking style under the cultural system in the north of Europe. This conclusion has supported that this relation under the single cultural body still exists. In addition, consumers, who are accustomed to the hedonic thinking style, will bring lower post-purchasing dissonance under functional consumption, but higher post-purchasing dissonance under hedonic consumption. However, systemic thinking style has no significant influence on post-purchasing dissonance and this point violates the common sense that rational thinking will bring lower dissonance. Finally, this research develops some advice from the study’s conclusion to reduce consumer’s post-purchasing dissonance and to raise the rate of repurchasing in hopes to decrease the cost of business compensating unsatisfied consumers.
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吸菸者多重自我概念與品牌人格之一致性對香菸品牌態度之影響倪培軒 Unknown Date (has links)
一致性理論源於心理學中自我概念的延伸,其主要論點便是人會選擇與己之自我概念趨同的物、事、或人;並且極力避免與己之自我概念不同的物、事、或人互動。其道理來自於自我的穩定性及避免矛盾,自我往往讓自己處於一種習慣的狀態,並不希望改變。
自Grubb and Grathwohl(1967)透過Rogers(1951)的個體自我增強理論(theory of individual self enhancement)為基礎,假設自我概念對個體而言是一種價值,並且個體的行為會朝向增強或保護他們的自我概念為方向,因此購買、展示行為或商品使用,皆會透過購買符號商品的過程來加強自我概念後,將此理論運用到廣告行銷領域的研究便開始蓬勃發展。本研究即是透過一致性理論來觀察吸菸者與其所喜好的香菸品牌間之關係,並輔以Aaker,J的品牌人格理論做為觀察面向。最後在本研究架構上將吸菸動機及吸菸行為一併納入其中討論。
根據本研究對吸菸行為的觀察,認為吸菸行為是一種社會性行為,因此決定探討自我概念的三個面向,分別為真實自我、理想自我、及社會自我。自我概念及品牌人格的測量,則同時使用Aaker(1997)的品牌人格量表測之。
研究結果發現:自我概念與品牌人格越趨同者,確實較自我概念與品牌人格不趨同者,會對品牌產生較好的態度。並且三個面向的自我概念在皮爾森分析下皆與品牌態度呈正相關,最後再經由迴歸分析後得知具有預測能力的變數則是理想自我。
吸菸動機對品牌態度也同時具有影響力,但較理想自我概念一致性來得弱。而吸菸行為則是發現使用頻率與理想自我概念一致性有不相上下的正向影響力;而菸齡在檢測上則是發現對品牌態度呈現負向影響;最後每日吸菸量對品牌態度則是毫無影響力。
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中、東歐國家加入歐盟之研究梁震宇 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文旨在探討2004年5月1日加入歐盟10個國家中的波蘭、捷克、匈牙利、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亞、愛沙尼亞、拉脫維亞、立陶宛等8個中、東歐國家。自1989年東歐劇變,中、東歐國家就提出了回歸歐洲的口號,具體而言就是申請加入歐洲聯盟與北大西洋公約組織,並依1993年6月歐盟訂下的「哥本哈根標準」,實施政治經濟改革,從此中、東歐國家就開始踏上了漫長的入盟之旅。
歐洲的整合有其歷史的淵源,除了在政治、經濟及地理上的考量,最重要的還是基於安全上的因素。希望藉由整合謀求歐洲的永久和平,所以進行制度上、理念上的改革與嘗試,從經濟的合作到有關共同外交與安全政策、內政與司法的合作,使歐洲的關係愈來愈緊密的結合,藉由整合理論分析歐盟深化與廣化的進程中,所採取不同的整合概念與內部機制運作的變化;並以歐盟四次擴大經驗的成就與影響,作為研究第五次擴大脈絡之依據。
中、東歐前社會主義國家最廣受世人矚目者,莫過於極權統治的共黨政權,竟然出現和平演變,轉型成為新興民主國家。經過了十五年的改革,各國政局和社會相對穩定,多黨議會體制已基本成型,黨派間的鬥爭雖仍相當激烈,但基本上能按憲政架構所建立的議會民主制度執行,成為共同合法化的政治規則。經濟發展已漸趨好轉,少數國家甚至已超過或接近劇變前的水準。目前,中、東歐各國現在仍處於過渡時期,要完全成為西方所要求的「民主體制」式的國家和市場經濟社會,對大多數國家來說,仍要走相當一段路程。
歐盟抓住冷戰結束後的天賜良機,向中、東歐國家擴張,實現了大歐洲夢想的第一步。就歐盟方面而言,所有成員國都認為整個歐洲的穩定、安全和繁榮是符合自己的利益的,東擴乃是地緣政治和經濟利益雙重選擇的結果。東擴對歐盟而言,既是機遇,也是挑戰;同時,東擴是歐盟穩定周邊局勢的最佳選擇。此次擴大所接納的新成員國與歐盟原成員國間存在著巨大的經濟發展差距,歐盟新、舊成員國間將有面臨一個艱難的磨合時期。同時藉擴大的契機,能找出一個能平衡各方利益的解決方案;而在調整權力結構和提昇機構運行效率方面,如何使機制運作與政策之執行能順遂,都是歐盟當前最重要的課題。另歐盟最後的邊界在何處?可接納成員國的能量範圍?歐洲防務的自主與整合?都是後續值得關注的議題。
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自我構念、自我監控及思考模式對自我表達產品之購買意願 / Customers' self construal and self-control effect on the purchase of self-expressive products李宜安, Lee, Yi An Unknown Date (has links)
本研究由人格特質出發,觀察消費的思考途徑所產生的效果。研究的對象主要分成單人與朋友陪伴,經由網路進行問卷調查,影響消費者行為的幾個重要因素及心理機制。更明確的說,本研究由個人層次著手,直接探討獨立/互賴自我構念的人格特質在思考模式上的差異,並且藉由思考途徑,推出個人對產品價值需求上的關係。
接續研究朋友的影響,將其視為「捷思式線索」,探討消費者在友人的陪伴之下,是否形成對產品形象購買意願上的改變。「捷思式線索」顧名思義即為能供消費者透過簡單決策影響消費者判斷之變數。而這樣的線索,可能會導致獨立自我構念者的消費者轉向捷思式的思考途徑而反向改變原本對產品形象與自我形象一致性的消費習慣。
本研究由捷思式-系統式訊息處理模型推論:在朋友的陪同之下,獨立自我構念者同時會進行捷思式之訊息處理途徑。運用便捷快速的捷思式線索作為判斷與決策之基礎下,將對形象一致性的效果差距較不明顯,甚至可能出現追求與自身人格特質相反的產品需求。
下一步本研究以自我監控為調節變數,探討自我監控的人格特質為個人對社會情境做調適的行為模式。面對有朋友陪伴的情境,高度自我監控者會調適自己的行為,亦之,只有在社會情境提供過少的線索的情況之下,高度自我監控者的表現出最原始的自己。因此獨自購物時,表現應如上述所預期。但當高自我監控者與朋友相約一同消費,對於社會的適切性相對有較迫切的需求,而會根據朋友的性格或相處方式而注意或調適自己的行為;相反地,低自我監控者對是否符合社會適切性感到不關心,傾向表達自我內心的真正的感受,依據原本的思考途徑做選擇,而不會因為身旁的友人而刻意調整自己的行為。
本研究發現互賴自我的消費者對自我表達產品的需求會因為消費者本身是否為高自我監控者而受到影響。若能採用心理測試工具,相信可準確發現不同自我構念及自我監控的消費者對自我表達產品的歸因基礎,並以此結果對消費者的選擇做更符合需求的預測。
關鍵字: 自我構念、思考模式、自我監控 / Social influences play a persuasive role when it comes to spending. Previous research has shown that friends help shape our affects, behavior and cognitions (Argo, Dahl, and Machanda 2005; Ratner and Kahn 2002). Thus, the presence of an accompanying friend might to an extent influence the original consumption due the course that consumers have the opportunity and the motivation to conform to the expectation that their friends have in them (Funder and Colvin 1988; Stinson and Ickes 1992). To date, researchers have studied many social characteristics to which the presence of a friend determines the consumer’s purchase. Across studies show that friends can influence consumers’ purchase intentions in a positive way by providing information in reducing perceived risk (Urbany, Dickson and Wilkie 1989). Further on, studies demonstrates that the mere presence of a friend might cause agentic (oppose to communal) shoppers to spend more (Kurt, Inman and J.Argo 2010).
Based on preceding studies, we implement experiments to first determine which factors with the influence of social presence matters, followed by studying how they change the way we perceive information and eventually lead to purchase intentions of either self or non-self expressive products.
Study 1, measuring the orientations by the effect of the social environment ( ie, presence vs. absence of a friend). Study 2 used self-monitoring as moderator.
In the findings, this research shows that independent construct is correlated with systemic thinking while dependent construct is related to both thinking style. It was unpredicted the way dependent construal person thought, and the results was therefore insignificantly related to the types of product chosen.
With friends, however, findings show that systemic thinking has no effect on buying self-effective products when it comes to co-consumption. On the other hand, customers that are accustomed to heuristic thinking bring out higher willingness to buy self-expressive products.
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