本研究旨在瞭解青少年的親子關係、自我概念對其壓力因應策略的影響。以臺北市與新北市的國中二年級學生為研究對象，採分層隨機抽樣與自填問卷方式進行資料蒐集，共回收427份有效問卷。透過卡方檢定、獨立樣本T檢定、皮爾森積差相關、單因子變異數分析進行統計檢定，並由迴歸分析與路徑分析建立親子關係、自我概念與壓力因應策略的路徑圖。本研究之主要發現如下： 一、 在背景變項的部分，男女性青少年在自我概念上有差異；父母的教育程度、職業、家庭社經地位對自我概念皆有影響；而青少年居住地區不同，其親子關係、自我概念與壓力因應策略亦有所差異。 二、 在青少年的親子關係中，相較於彼此的支持信任，與父母理性的溝通以及情感上的交流分享較缺乏。 三、 青少年的心理自我概念與生理自我概念普遍偏低。 四、 面臨壓力時，青少年多採正向的因應策略；在正向策略中，最常採取暫時擱置問題策略，最少採取尋求師長的建議策略。 五、 青少年的親子關係越好、自我概念越佳，壓力因應策略越正向，透過迴歸分析預測壓力因應策略發現，親子關係與自我概念可解釋達42.1%的變異量。 據此，本研究提出以下建議： 一、 學校應規劃壓力因應策略的方案課程，使青少年學習更多元的因應策略；並重視青少年期的心理風險與社會適應問題，提升青少年的自我概念。 二、 社會工作實務的部分，可安排親子溝通相關議題的親職教育課程，同時設計親子團體，增加親子互動與學習的機會。 三、 父母應尊重青少年為一獨立的個體，不過度干涉青少年的隱私，避免以權威的態度來管教子女，而是在相互信任的關係中，以開放平等的態度，適時地關懷青少年的生活狀況。 四、 傳播媒體可增加親職教育、親子關係等相關資訊的普及性，但也應對所傳播之訊息嚴格把關，將各類資訊分級以符合各年齡層的閱聽人。 / This study aimed at understanding the effect that parent-child relationship and self-concept has on the coping strategies of adolescents. The subjects of this study were selected from the second grade junior high school students in Taipei City and New Taipei City. In-class survey method with structured questionnaire was employed to collect data for the study. A total of 427 valid samples were collected. Based on statistical data analyses, the study findings are as follows: 1. There are differences between male and female’s self-concept. The education, occupation of parents and social economic status have influences on adolescents’ self-concept. Adolescents of different city present significant differences in parent-child relationship, self-concept and coping strategies. 2. Compared to support and trust, adolescents are lack of communication and emotional interaction with their parents. 3. The mental self-concept and social self-concept of adolescents are generally low. 4. When under pressure, adolescents adopt more positive coping strategies. In the positive strategies, the most frequently used coping strategy is temporary- put-off strategies. The least frequently used one is support- seeking strategies. 5. Parent-child relationship and self-concept are significantly associated with coping strategies. Finally, the research provides suggestions based on the result. First, school should pay attention to psychological risks and social adjustment problems of adolescents. Second, social work agencies can provide parenting education program and group work to increase parent-child interaction. Thirdly, parents should respect that the adolescent is an independent individual and should not excessively interfere his/her privacy. Finally, the media community should ensure the correctness of dissemination of information about parenting education and parent-child relationship.

資料串流探勘是一個重要的研究領域，因為在現實中有許多重要的資料以串流的形式產生或被收集，金融市場的資料常常是一種資料串流，而通常這類型資料的本質是變動性大的。在這篇論文中我們運應了資料串流探勘的技術去預測台灣加權指數期貨的漲跌。對機器而言，預測期貨這種資料串流並不容易，而困難度跟概念飄移的種類與程度或頻率有關。概念飄移表示資料的潛在分布改變，這造成預測的準確率會急遽下降，因此我們專注在如何處理概念飄移。首先我們根據實驗的結果推測台灣加權指數期貨可能存在高頻率的概念飄移。另外實驗結果指出，使用偵測概念飄移的演算法可以大幅改善預測的準確率，甚至對於原本表現不好的演算法都能有顯著的改善。在這篇論文中我們亦整理出專門處理各類概念飄移的演算法。此外，我們提出了一個多分類器演算法，有助於偵測「重複發生」類別的概念飄移。該演算法相比改進之前，其最大的特色在於不需要使用者設定每個子分類器的樣本數，而該樣本數是影響演算法的關鍵之一。 / Data stream mining is an important research field, because data is usually generated and collected in a form of a stream in many cases in the real world. Financial market data is such an example. It is intrinsically dynamic and usually generated in a sequential manner. In this thesis, we apply data stream mining techniques to the prediction of Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index Futures or TAIEX Futures. Our goal is to predict the rising or falling of the futures. The prediction is difficult and the difficulty is associated with concept drift, which indicates changes in the underlying data distribution. Therefore, we focus on concept drift handling. We first show that concept drift occurs frequently in the TAIEX Futures data by referring to the results from an empirical study. In addition, the results indicate that a concept drift detection method can improve the accuracy of the prediction even when it is used with a data stream mining algorithm that does not perform well. Next, we explore methods that can help us identify the types of concept drift. The experimental results indicate that sudden and reoccurring concept drift exist in the TAIEX Futures data. Moreover, we propose an ensemble based algorithm for reoccurring concept drift. The most characteristic feature of the proposed algorithm is that it can adaptively determine the chunk size, which is an important parameter for other concept drift handling algorithms.

本研究旨在探討國小學生家庭社經地位與自我概念對學業成就之影響。研究採用問卷調查法，以新北市國小學生為樣本母群體，採分層隨機叢集抽樣，抽出20所國小共計740位受試者，回收有效問卷659份，所得資料分別以描述性統計、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、及多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行資料的分析與處理，以了解國小學生家庭社經地位、自我概念與學業成就之現況、差異情形及國小學生家庭社經地位與自我概念對學業成就的預測力。 研究結論如下： 一、國小學生自我概念現況屬中上程度，以「心理自我概念」最高。 二、國小學生學業成就現況屬中上程度，以「國語科學業成就」最高。 三、就讀年級在整體自我概念上有顯著差異，五年級高於六年級。 四、性別在英語科學業成就上有顯著差異，女性學生高於男性學生；就讀年級在國 語科及社會科學業成就上有顯著差異，六年級學生高於五年級學生。 五、家庭社經地位在國小學生自我概念上有顯著差異，高社經地位或中社經地位高於低社經地位。 六、家庭社經地位在國小學生學業成就上有顯著差異，高社經地位及中社經地位高於低社經地位。 七、家庭社經地位與自我概念對學業成就具顯著正相關及預測效果。 最後依據研究結果與結論，提出具體建議，以作為教育行政機關、教育人員以及未來研究的參考。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of socio-economic status and self-concept on academic achievement of elementary school students. A survey research was conducted using a sample of the fifth and sixth grade students of elementary schools in New Taipei City. 740 students from 20 schools were selected by stratified random sampling and cluster sampling. 659 valid sample data were collected, analyzed and processed with the methods of descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple stepwise regression analyses.The major findings of this study are as follows: 1.Elementary school studen’s self-concept is above average, “psychological self-concept” ranks the highest position. 2.Elementary school student’s academic achievement is above average, “Chinese academic achievement” ranks the highest position. 3.Grade show significant differences in self-concept, students who are in the fifth grade show higher performance than those in the sixth grade. 4.Gender show significant differences in English academic achievement, female students show higher performance than male students. Grade show significant differences in Chinese academic achievement and Society academic achievement, students who are in the sixth grade show higher performance than those in the fifth grade. 5.Socio-economic status show significant differences in self-concept, students who have high socio-economic status or intermediate socio-economic status show higher performance than those of low socio-economic status. 6.Socio-economic status show significant differences in academic achievement, students who have high socio-economic status and intermediate socio-economic status show higher performance than those of low socio-economic status. 7.Socio-economic status and self-concept are positively related to academic achievement. In addition, socio-economic status and self-concept have positive direct effect on academic achievement. Based on the findings and the conclusions, further suggestions for educational administration authorities, pedagogical individuals and future related study are proposed.

本研究旨在探討外籍配偶子女的自我概念、生活適應與學業成就之相關研究。主要目的有七：（一）了解並分析目前外籍配偶子女就讀國中自我概念與生活適應情形。（二）探討背景變項不同的國中外籍配偶子女之自我概念差異情形。（三）探討背景變項不同的國中外籍配偶子女之生活適應差異情形。（四）探討背景變項不同的國中外籍配偶子女之學業成就差異情形。（五）瞭解國中外籍配偶子女的自我概念、生活適應與學業成就之相互關係。（六）分析國中外籍配偶子女背景變項、自我概念與生活適應對學業成就的預測情形。（七）分析並歸納研究結果，提出具體建議，作為政府機關規劃相關政策和學術研究的參考。 本研究採用問卷調查法，係以就讀桃園縣公立國中外籍配偶子女為研究對象，採立意抽樣共取樣 536人，有效問卷508份，回收率95.67%。測量工具包括「個人基本資料調查表」、「學業成就」、「自我概念量表」、「生活適應量表」等四部分。依據所得資料，主要運用描述統計、單因子變異數分析、多變項變異數分析、逐步多元迴歸分析等統計方法驗證假設。 本研究的主要結果分述如下： 一、整體而言國中外籍配偶子女自我概念程度是在中等以上，最高的是學校 自我，最低的是生理自我。背景變項（性別、年級、父親教育程度、經 濟狀況、父母管教方式、學校地區）在自我概念上有顯著差異。 二、整體而言生活適應程度是在中等以下，人際適應最佳，學校適應較差。 背景變項（性別、經濟狀況、父母管教方式、學校地區〉在生活適應上 有顯著差異。 三、國中外籍配偶子女學業成就最高的是國文，最低的是數學。背景變項 （性別、年級、父親教育程度、母親教育程度、居住狀況、經濟狀況、 父母管教方式）在學業成就上有顯著差異。 四、國中外籍配偶子女對自我概念瞭解程度，自我概念越高生活適應越好。 在生活適應層面中個人適應、學校適應、家庭適應及人際適應具有顯著 差異。 五、國中外籍配偶子女在自我概念層面中的家庭自我、學校自我及道德自 我，與國文、英文及數學學業成就具有顯著差異，顯示自我概念層面其 中家庭自我、學校自我、道德自我得分越高，表示學業成就越好。 六、國中外籍配偶子女整體生活適應及各層面的個人適應、家庭適應、學校 適應、人際適應越好，國文、英文及數學學業成就越高。在生活適應層 面中個人適應、家庭適應、學校適應及人際適應，與國文、英文及數學 學業成就具有顯著差異。 七、國中外籍配偶子女當人際適應越好時，數學領域的表現會越好。當人際 適應越好時，國文領域的表現會越好。對家庭自我瞭解程度越高、人際 適應越好時，數學領域的表現會越好。 八、在預測國中外籍配偶子女國文領域學業成就層面，以學校適應最具預測 力，可解釋或預測8.7%。在預測英文領域學業成就層面，管教方式最具 預測力，可解釋或預測9%。在預測數學領域學業成就層面，以管教方式 最具預測力，可解釋或預測4.8%。 最後，根據研究結果，提出具體建議，以供家長、教育工作者及未來研究參考之用。 / The purpose of this research aims to investigate the correlations among self-concept, life adjustment and academic achievement of foreign spouses’ children. There are seven main objectives: (1) to find out and analyze self-concept and life adjustment of foreign spouses’ children in junior high school nowadays; (2) to make careful inquiry about the variation of their self-concept with different background variables; (3) to make careful inquiry about the variation of their life adjustment with different background variables; (4) to make careful inquiry about the variation of their academic achievement with different background variables; (5) to realize the correlations among their self-concept, life adjustment and academic achievement; (6) to employ self-concept and life adjustment as variables to predict their academic achievement; (7) to draw a conclusion of the research and propose concrete suggestions as references for the related policies of governmental organizations and academic studies. This research used the questionnaire survey method and chose foreign spouses’ children who study in Taoyuan junior high school as objectives. The research selected 536 students as purposive samples in which 508 questionnaires were returned, yielding a 95.67% response rate. The measurement applied in this study includes “Personal Information Survey”, “Academic Achievement”, “Self-Concept Scale” and “Life Adjustment Scale”. According to the collected data, the hypothesis of the research is verified by the statistical methods including descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, multi-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. The findings of this research are illustrated as follow: 1.On the whole, the degree of self-concept that foreign spouses’ children have is above the average. They have the highest degree of school-self, the lowest degree of physical-self. The background variables (including sex, grade, their father’s education level, economic status, parenting style, and school region) act significant differences on their self-concept. 2.In general, the life adjustment of the foreign spouses’ children lies under the average level. Their interpersonal adjustment works the best within this variable whereas the school adjustment performs the worst. The background variables (including sex, economic status, parenting style and school region) act significant differences on their life adjustment. 3.The academic achievement of junior high school students born of foreign spouses shows the best performance in the subject, Chinese. On the contrary, they present the worst in mathematics. The background variables (including sex, grade, their father’s education level, their mother’s education level, economic status, and parenting style of parenting style) act significant differences on academic achievement. 4.As for the degree of the self-concept the foreign spouse’ children in junior high school have, the higher degree of their self-concept leads to the better performance of their life adjustment. At the level of life, personal, school, family and interpersonal adjustment show significant differences. 5.The self-concept within which consists of family, school and moral self shows significant differences from the academic achievement of Chinese, English and mathematics. The higher scores of family, school and moral self they have at the level of self-concept will cause better academic achievement. 6.The better their life adjustment and its components (the personal, family, school and interpersonal adjustment) act, the higher academic achievements they possess in Chinese, English and mathematics. There are significant differences between the level of life adjustment (personal, family, school, interpersonal adjustment) and academic achievements of Chinese, English, and mathematics. 7.The better interpersonal adjustment the foreign spouses’ children have, the better they show their academic achievement in mathematics and Chinese. It has also been revealed that they present better interpersonal adjustment and better achievement in mathematics if they understand their family self better. 8.While predicting Chinese academic achievement of foreign spouse’ children, the research shows the best predictable variable is school adjustment which can explain and forecast the degree of accuracy at the rate of 8.7%. Besides, at the level of predicting English academic achievement, the best predictable variable is parenting which can describe and foretell the degree of accuracy at the rate of 9%. As to the prediction for mathematics academic achievement, the best predictable variable is also parenting which can predict accurately at the rate of 4.8%. Finally, according to the results of the research, I propose specific suggestions for the parents, educators and future researchers are proposed subject as a reference resource.

本研究探討真實自我、理想自我與品牌人格的一致性以及消費幻想，對於消費者品牌偏好度之影響，並將真實自我、理想自我與品牌人格的一致性分為五大構面，探討各構面對於消費者品牌偏好度之相對影響。採用Aaker (1997) 所發展出來的品牌人格量表來衡量真實自我、理想自我以及品牌人格，消費幻想的衡量則是採用黃依婷 (2006) 所發展之幻想程度的量表。 本研究選擇進行問卷調查的品牌包含象徵型及功能型兩類型，且具高知名度、不同來源國、消費者使用目的及產品價格等特質，經由與專家討論，選出台灣的宏碁 (Acer)、法國的路易威登 (LV)以及美國的星巴客 (Starbucks)，並將問卷以品牌分為三類，採隨機發放，共收集428份有效問卷，其中Acer品牌問卷有134份、Starbucks品牌問卷有143份、LV品牌問卷有151份，透過一般線性模式分析，驗證品牌人格與自我一致性以及消費幻想，對於消費者品牌偏好度之影響。 研究結果顯示，真實自我及理想自我與品牌人格的一致性、消費幻想及品牌對於消費者品牌偏好度均無影響，但是真實自我及理想自我與品牌人格的一致性與消費者品牌偏好度間的關係，會受到消費幻想及品牌的影響。對於象徵性品牌而言，消費幻想高的人並不在意品牌與自己之真實自我或是理想自我有無一致，只要品牌的象徵性意涵豐富，能夠滿足其幻想，消費者就會對品牌有較高的偏好，消費幻想低的人比較務實，所以對於象徵性品牌的偏好度較低；就功能性品牌而言，消費幻想高的人除了產品基本的功能性訴求之外，還希望品牌能夠用來表達真實自我或是理想自我，但是消費幻想低的人比較實際，較注重產品的功能面，所以比較不在意品牌是否能展現自己。若將真實自我一致性分為五個構面來看，真實領先自我一致性對於消費者品牌偏好度有影響，且此關係亦會受到消費幻想的影響，真實誠懇自我一致性與消費者品牌偏好間的關係，會受到消費幻想及品牌的影響。 對於廠商而言，若其品牌屬於象徵性品牌，應該將品牌之象徵性意涵更為突顯吸引更多消費幻想高的人，不需在意品牌人格是否與消費者之自我一致，若其品牌屬於功能性品牌，廠商對於消費幻想低的人應該著重加強品牌功能的宣傳，對於消費幻想高的人要使得品牌具有人格特質以表達消費者的自我。對於消費者而言，若能先瞭解自己消費幻想的程度，將有助於選擇適合自己的品牌。消費幻想高的人，在選購象徵性品牌時，可選擇象徵性意涵豐富的品牌，在選購功能性品牌時，建議選擇符合自己所追求人格特質的品牌；若為消費幻想低的人，不建議購買象徵性品牌，在購買功能性品牌時，要特別注意其功能的表現。 本研究將品牌人格與自我一致性分五大構面，探討其對於消費者品牌偏好的影響，確實瞭解真正影響消費者對於品牌偏好度之品牌人格與自我一致性的特質，能夠給予廠商明確的建議。在本研究之前，對於消費幻想的研究僅止於理論的發展及量表的建構，本研究將消費幻想進行品牌偏好度的實務驗證。 / The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of real-self congruity, ideal-self congruity, and consumer fantasy on consumers’ brand preferences. Furthermore, the research divided real-self congruity and ideal-self congruity into five dimensions to discuss the effects of each dimensions on consumers’ brand preferences. The American brand personality scale proposed by Jennifer Aaker in 1997 was used to measure brand personality and self congruity, while consumer fantasy was measured using the fantasy scale by Huang, Yi-Ting (2006). Brands in the research included both symbolic brands and functional brands, that are well-known, come from different countries of origin, used for different usage purposes, and carry different prices. After discussions with a professional, Acer, Louis Vuitton (LV), and Starbucks were selected. Questionnaires for each brand were developed and were distributed randomly. 428 valid questionnaires were collected, among which 134 were Acer brand questionnaires, 143 were LV questionnaires, and 151 were for Starbucks. Data was analyzed by general linear model. The results of the research are in the following. 1. There were no effects of real-self congruity or ideal-self congruity, consumer fantasy, and brands on brand preferences. 2. The relationships between real-self congruity and brand preferences or ideal-self congruity and brand preferences are affected by consumer fantasy and brands. 3. For symbolic brands, consumers with high fantasy don’t care whether the personalities of the brands are consistent with their real-self or ideal-self concepts. As long as the symbols of the brands can satisfy their fantasy, they will have high brand preferences. 4. For functional brands, consumers with high fantasy still hope that the brands can express their real-self or ideal-self concepts. In contrast, people with low fantasy are realistic so they focus a lot on the function that the brands can provide them and don’t care whether the brands can express themselves. 5. The relationship between real-leading-self congruity and brand preferences is affected by consumer fantasy. 6. The relationship between real-sincere-self congruity and brand preferences is affected by consumer fantasy and brands. Businesses whose brands are symbolic ones should emphasize the symbols of their brands to attract more consumers with high fantasy levels but don’t need to be as concerned with whether the personalities of the brands are consistent with consumers’ real-self or ideal-self concepts. On the other hand, businesses whose brands are functional brands should emphasize the great functionality of their brands to attract consumers with low fantasy and make the brands have personalities to express consumers’ real-self or ideal-self. Moreover, consumers should understand the degree of their fantasy to help them purchase suitable brands. When purchasing symbolic brands, consumers with high fantasy can select brands with rich symbols, while when purchasing functional brands, they should buy brands with personalities that fit their real-self or ideal-self. Consumers with low fantasy should buy less symbolic brands and should pay attention to the functions of the brands when purchasing functional brands. This research contributes by dividing the real-self congruity and ideal-self congruity into five dimensions and discussing the effects of each of them on brand preferences. This can lead to a better understanding of how the real personalities of brands and consumers’ self concepts affect brand preferences which will be useful to help companies form branding strategies. In addition, prior to this research, the studies about consumer fantasy were limited to the development of theories and the construction of the scale to measure consumers’ fantasy. This research connects consumer fantasy and brand preference to study the relationship between them.

保護責任（R2P）是當前國際社會最受矚目，但同時也最受爭議的概念之一，有人認為這個概念有助於實踐國際人權，幫助國際社會向需要幫助的人民伸出援手；有學者認為這是為了解決主權與人權之間的爭端；更有人認為這只是「人道干涉」的借屍還魂，不過是西方強權為了干涉他國的手段而已。 隨著時間進展，當2005年保護責任在世界高峰會（World Summit）中得到聯合國會員國一致共識同時，有人認為R2P原本試圖修正「人道干涉困境」與國際法架構的雄心壯志，淪落對現有國際法架構的確認，無疑地呈現顯著的概念質變（conceptual change）。然而當民主春風吹過中東與北非地區，阿拉伯之春導致許多政府爆發侵犯人權情事，R2P再度受到矚目，甚至在2011年被聯合國安理會引用，作為干涉利比亞局勢的重要說辭，產生與2005年世界高峰會截然不同的內容。儘管被視為R2P概念成形以來的一大勝利，但也掀起新一波對R2P概念的爭辯。 本文主張，R2P面臨如此爭議，「定義」以及「與主權關係」不明是最主要的原因之一。對於支持者而言，這是有別於人道干涉，且根據現行「負責任主權」的全新人權執行機制，符合「即時性」、「有效性」的大原則。但對於反對者而言，這是人道干涉藉由「責任」一詞改頭換面，「換湯不換藥」，表面說詞再動人，都無法掩蓋他基於國家私利，干涉他國完整，破壞國家主權體系的意圖。 為了解決這項爭議，本研究試圖透過「語料庫語言學」的方法回答以下研究問題：第一，對於實際參與聯合國決策的各國代表而言，到底何謂「R2P」？在聯合國的場域中，「R2P」的出現是否真如部分學者所主張，漸漸改變「主權」的內涵？第二，如果主權概念與「R2P」的概念確實存在連動關係，那關係為何？ 根據本研究的研究成果可以發現，第一，在聯合國安理會的場域中，2005年世界高峰會的共識確實取代既有概念，讓「R2P」內容產生質變。但過去的「預防」概念依舊得到存續。第二，「R2P」概念的出現確實為「主權」增加更多的「責任」，儘管在安理會的場域中幅度並不大，但當有意識地使用「R2P」時，會特別強調「責任」的重要性。第三，儘管許多學者主張「R2P」的概念已經形成共識，重點在於「實踐」而非「爭辯」，但實際上真正重視「實踐」者，恐怕只有聯合國秘書長本人。 / Although generally recognized in World Summit Outcome Document, Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is one of the most controversial concepts of International Relations (IR). Especially, its relationship with sovereignty is one of the most debatable ones. For answering the questions, it is purposed to inquiry texts of meeting verbatim record of United Nations (UN), with the assistance of discourse analysis and digital toolkits. While scholars of IR and Political Thoughts have analyzed its theoretical, definition, legal and implementation dimensions, little attention is paid to its discursive change to examine their mutual influence. For proceeding full and large-scale research, present techniques of text mining enable researchers to work on “big texts”, and to extract the linguistic context beyond them. In general, this thesis is intended to complete the following advancements of IR studies: firstly, establish the contextual understanding of conceptual change of R2P and sovereignty, and find if hidden information exists behind those texts; secondly, if text mining and related toolkits does assist fulfillment of this proposal, it might be possibly new research skill to be applied in IR. This thesis investigates the present understandings of Sovereignty and R2P in IR. It hypothesizes that, firstly, most of present researches on R2P neglected the role of language; secondly, the generation of R2P might be related to the conceptual change of sovereignty in twenty-first century.

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讓孩子在正式學制外學習在台灣家長始終蔚為風潮。在台灣，雖然小學三年級才開始正式學習英文，許多孩子早在這個年紀之前就開始學習，或在這年紀之後，也會利用課後時間在非正式機構學習。本研究旨在了解台灣的兩位非正式教育機構英文教師的教師信念的形成。 本研究採用質性研究的個案研究方法，研究對象為二位擁有豐富非正式教育機構教學經驗的英文老師，其學生年齡介於2至16歲。資料透過與每一位研究對象的五次半結構式的深度訪談。收集到的研究資料包含研究對象的：(1)外語學習經驗，(2)外語學習者信念，(3)英文教學經驗，(4)教師訓練及教育，(5)英文教師信念。 研究結果顯示兩位教師的外語學習者信念、教師訓練、和教學經驗都會促成他們的教師信念的形成。然而，他們會做出與自己的身為外語學習者的信念不一致的教學決策。這樣的不一致性是因為他們在教學環境中所感受到的難題還有存在於他們學習者信念和英文教師信念當中的矛盾所產生的。在非正式教育機構裡，英文老師們所感受到會影響教學決策的難題是關於：(1)學生的學習環境，(2)課程規劃，(3)機構政策，(4)學生狀況，和(5)家長的期待。 最後，依據本研究結果，進一步提供相關的建議，作為教育立法者、非正式教育機構、以及學生家長們的參考。 / Having children learning outside the formal educational system for academic purposes has been a trend among Taiwanese parents. In Taiwan, although formal English instruction is provided from the third grade in formal schools, many children start to learn English before the age and learn English outside the school time at and after the age at informal education institutes. The purpose of the study is to investigate the role of the formation of beliefs as teachers of two English teachers outside the formal educational system in Taiwan. This study adopted a qualitative case study method. The participants were two English teachers with rich experience of teaching students aged from 2 to 16 at various informal educational institutes. Data were collected through five semi-structure in-depth interviews with each of the participants. The collected information included each of the participant’s: (1) FL learning experiences, (2) beliefs as a FL learner, (3) English teaching experience, (4) teacher training, and (5) beliefs as an English teacher. The findings suggest that the two teachers’ beliefs as FL learners, teacher training, and teaching experience all contributed to the formation of their beliefs as English teachers. However, the teachers would make teaching decisions inconsistent with their beliefs as FL learners. The underlying reasons behind the inconsistencies were their perceived problems in teaching contexts and the contradiction between their beliefs as FL learners and as English teachers. In the informal educational institutes, the English teachers’ perceived problems which constrained the realization of their beliefs as FL learners were about: (1) students’ learning context, (2) curriculum, (3) school policy, (4) students’ conditions, and (5) parents’ expectation. Finally, these pedagogical implications and suggestions are served as a reference for educational policy makers, informal educational institutes, and parents.

閱讀帶動了文化的傳承、資訊的傳遞，也是學習過程中不可或缺的環扣。透過閱讀，形塑了讀者對訊息的認知思考模式及邏輯組織能力。而數位時代的來臨，網際網路的使用，讓習慣於傳統印刷紙本閱讀形式的社會，面臨了閱讀習慣與學習方式的轉變。是故，本研究旨在探討不同年齡層及不同的線上閱讀經驗的網路讀者，其線上閱歷程之技巧與概念的認知模式。透過概念構圖法，探討28 位線上閱讀者(包含14 位中學生，以及14 位50 歲以上之銀髮族)，其線上閱讀歷程的認知架構，並以實際線上閱讀任務之研究方法，瞭解網路讀者在線上閱讀時所面臨之困難與問題，進而提出解決方案與教學策略。 研究結果發現，1.不同年齡層對於線上閱讀歷程之概念有差異存在。根據概念構圖法之結果，中學生對於線上閱讀歷程的認知顯得較為片面與不完整。換言之，銀髮族比起中學生更能掌握線上閱讀之整體概念；2.不同線上閱讀經驗之讀者(生手與專家)，其線上閱讀歷程之概念有明顯之差異存在。專家比起生手更加重視線上閱讀歷程中的各種行為與技巧的運用，並能夠用以更高層次的技巧掌握與控制搜尋過程。生手認為線上閱讀時，學會搜尋的方法是重要的關鍵，專家則認為搜尋方法為基本之能力，而在線上閱讀時，能否擴增及延伸搜尋資訊才最重要的概念。 最後，3.不同年齡層之線上閱讀者，當線上閱讀經驗不足時，其所遇到之困難亦有所異同。中學生與銀髮族所面臨的相同困境包括「草率閱讀訊息，以致迷失搜尋方向」、「關鍵字運用的能力不足，侷限搜尋範圍」、「採取負面心態」、「少針對搜尋主題進行客觀思考，多以個人習性引導閱讀」、「缺乏懷疑資訊的能力，以致訊息來源無所根據」、「缺乏主動思考能力，僅被動地接收訊息」，及「未真正釐清搜尋目標」。此外，對中學生而言，也存在著「搜尋方向因個人興趣而偏離主題」之問題；對銀髮族來說，則是「接收訊息超負荷，而無法抉擇資訊」及缺乏網路搜尋頁面之基本操作能力」兩種困境。 綜上所述，本研究針對發現之問題，提出適當之線上閱讀教學策略及解決困難之方案，作為線上閱讀指導者未來教學參考與應用之依據。

近年來台灣民眾對於智慧型手機的依賴程度越來越高，隨著通訊費率調降、無線網路發展進步及平價化等因素,智慧型手機已融入民眾生活，不僅是通訊工具，也同時反映著使用者的生活風格與型態,並具有形象傳達的功能．從2008年在Apple宣布以iPhone 3G進軍電信業之後,許多國際品牌大廠開始重視原本只著重在滿足利基型市場的智慧型手機產品；因此，智慧型手機市場 也從2008年開始迅速由以往的利基型市場轉變為高度競爭的「紅海」戰區。當國際手機大廠皆注意到智慧型手機市場且當功能性手機市場幾乎已達到飽和狀態下,智慧型手機的廠商就必須絞盡腦汁來因應即將到來的激烈市場競爭。因此,除了智慧型手機廠商在硬體規格上的不斷推陳出新及價格上的低價競爭，如何去開發品牌以增加顧客忠誠度已是今日各廠商需重視的課題之一。 本研究以問卷調查的實證研究方式，共得到有效問卷 226份，探討品牌形象、品牌個性、自我概念、顧客體驗性價值會如何影響品牌忠誠度,期望本研究能夠找出提供品牌廠商在品牌事業上的經營或行銷策略建議以期提升消費者的長期品牌忠誠度。 研究結果發現：自我概念對於品牌個性與品牌形象皆有不同顯著的影響，而顧客體驗性價值受到產品使用行為的影響，顧客體驗價值對於品牌忠誠度也有顯著的影響，品牌個性及品牌形象對於品牌忠誠度皆有正向影響，其中象徵性品牌形象影響最為顯著; 最後,本研究針對不同自我概念下的智慧型手機消費者，根據本研究所論述之品牌個性和品牌形象因素,提出相關行銷建議與策略。