隨著1997的亞洲金融風暴、1998下半年陸續發生的台灣上市公司財務危 機事件，以及2001年底美國大型公司企業弊案的層出不窮，除了一再地打擊投資人的信心，擾亂資本市場秩序外，也使投資者與證券主管機關體認到，完善的公司治理機制（corporate governance），是健全資本市場與吸引國際資金的關鍵因素之一。 公司組織的代理關係衍生出盈餘操縱與公司治理的相關問題，本研究在 第一個部分所欲探討的是公司治理的機制是否能抑制管理階層進行盈餘操 縱?另外，一般投資大眾所關心的是他們的投資標的是否為其帶來優異的報酬，而公司股價報酬率是否能提高，除了外在總體經濟的因素外，不外乎是公司本身的變數，因此本研究以董監事特性、經理人特性、關係人特性及股權結構四個構面之公司治理變數，以及盈餘操縱程度為控制變數，探討公司治理與投資人的股價報酬二者間之關係。 研究結果顯示：當董事長兼任總經理時，公司盈餘操縱程度較高。超額 關係人資金往來比例越高，盈餘操縱幅度越高。董事會規模越大，盈餘操縱程度越低。監察人總人數、董監事質押比例、控制權與盈餘分配權的偏離程度、董事會獨立程度、超額關係人進銷貨比例、機構投資人持股比例、大股東持股比例與盈餘操縱的幅度都沒有顯著相關性。 董事會規模與公司公司股價報酬率呈負相關。監察人總人數與公司股價 報酬率成正相關。董監事質押比率與公司股價報酬率呈負相關。董事會獨立程度與公司股價報酬率呈正相關。超額關係人進銷貨比例與股價報酬率呈正相關。控制權與盈餘分配權偏離程度、經理人是否由董事長兼任、超額關係人資金往來比例、機構投資人持股比例、外部大股東持股比例均與股價報酬率無顯著相關性。 / Along with Asia monetary crush in 1997, Taiwan business financial crisis happened one after another in 1998 and American large enterprise fraud cases appeared again and again in 2001, not only to beat investors’ confidence and to disturb capital market order, but also make investors and the authorities concerned recognize that a complete corporate governance mechanism is a key factor of healing capital market and attracting international capital. The agency relation of business organization derives problems about earnings manipulation and corporate governance. The first part of this research is want to discuss if corporate governance mechanism can restrain management level from manipulating earnings. The most concern of common investors is that whether their invest target can bring them well return. If we want to raise the stock-price return of a company, in addition to macro economic factors, the condition of business itself is really important. The second part of this research set broad characteristics, management characteristics, related party transaction and equity structure as research variables and earnings manipulation degree as control variables to discuss the relation between corporate governance and stock-price return. The result of the first portion of research shows that when CEO simultaneously serves as Chairman of the board and exceed-ratio of related party capital intercourse is higher, the firms have higher earnings manipulation. There is a negative relation between broad size and earnings manipulation. Total number of supervisors, the rate of directors’ and supervisors’shareholdings that are pledged, the deviation between cash-flow right and seating right, broad independence, exceed-ratio of related party purchase and sales, institutional investor holding rate, outside blockholders holding rate have no relation with earnings manipulation. The result of the second portion of research shows that total number of supervisors, broad independence and exceed-ratio of related party purchase and sales have positive relation with stock-price return. There is a negative relation between stock-price return and broad size and the rate of directors’ and supervisors’ shareholdings that are pledged. CEO simultaneously serves as Chairman of the board, the deviation between cash-flow rights and seating rights, exceed-ratio of related party capital intercourse, institutional investor holding rate, outside blockholders holding rate have no relation with stock-price return.

台灣證券集中市場自民國92年1月2日開始實施最佳五檔買賣價量資訊的揭露，提高了市場的透明度，而盤中五檔資訊的揭露，投資人得以從中觀察到委託單的分布狀態，降低了資訊不對稱的情形；倘能藉由分析流動性投資人在每盤撮合後，觀察行情揭示的最高五檔買進與最低五檔賣出價量資訊，並將決策行為反映於市場時，其投資行為是否具有預測未來價格的功能，並探討流動性投資人是否存在一窩蜂行為，以及某一支股票的行為是否會受到對其他股票感染，期能藉由五檔資訊的分析與驗證，以供投資大眾之參考。 本文利用台灣證券集中市場上市公司進行實證研究，結果發現，經由五檔資訊所獲得之市價買單、市價賣單及前一盤報酬資訊，對於未來報酬具有預測能力，且流動性投資人具有一窩蜂出現的情形；此外，市價買、賣單會受到前一盤市價買、賣單影響，因而具有持續性現象；股票間的流動性買壓是否互具感染性則未獲有力支持；最後發現，揭露最佳五檔政策實施後，使股票市場的波動性減小，顯示由於資訊透明化，有助市場的交易效率的提升與減少資訊不對稱現象，該政策的實施有正面的意義。 / Since January 2nd, 2003, the Taiwan Stock Exchange Corporation (TSEC) started to disclose the information of the best five bids/asks and volumes. The disclosure of the best five bids/asks and volumes enhances the pre-trade transparency. With the disclosure , investors will get more information to help the decision making. This paper employs the intraday five asks/bids and volumes of the Taiwan stock exchange to analysis the liquidity traders’ investments. According to the experiments, we first find the predictive power of the market orders and lag return. However, we don’t demonstrate that the liquidity buying pressure can predict the future return. Besides, we also find that liquidity traders are likely to arrive at the market together (commonality) .

本論文利用證券交易所提供的日內成交資料可以追蹤投資人的交易記錄，並研究1995-2003年208家初次發行上市公司(IPO)的新舊投資人基礎以及其變動對於資金成本的影響。研究結果發現，大部分IPO確實能增加投資人基礎，而且投資人偏好報酬率與報酬率波動較大的股票；另外，投資人基礎的變動可以解釋Merton(1987) investor recognition hypothesis，即投資人基礎增加可以降低資金成本。 由第二章的分析可知大部分IPO的確能吸引更多的投資人交易，平均而言，第二年新增14.2%的投資人交易，而且有43.8%的公司增加投資人交易；另外，61.5%的公司吸引更多的新投資人，只有39.4%的公司吸引更多的舊投資人。投資人增加的比率與持有期間超額報酬有關，這可以解釋為何上市公司以及交易所皆努力提升投資人基礎。另外，新投資人在市場較熱絡時增加較為顯著，而且較偏好報酬率波動較大的股票。 除了研究第二年投資人基礎增加的情形，本論文亦研究第一年的投資人在第二年的股票持有變化情形，如果投資人在第一年曾經持有該公司的股票，並於期末前賣掉，則第二年股票的持有期間超額報酬率愈高時，將吸引愈多的投資人繼續交易該股票；但是如果投資人在第一年期末持有該IPO股票，當股票的第二年持有期間超額報酬率愈高時，投資人會傾向賣掉手中持股。 第三章檢驗Merton (1987) ‘investor recognition hypothesis’，即公司增加愈多投資人基礎將降低因為資訊不完全所產生之資金成本，並增加公司的價值。相對於之前針對投資人基礎增加會降低資金成本的研究，本論文以交易該公司股票的投資人代表知道該股票的投資人基礎，此代理變數較先前研究更能代表“awareness of the firm”。利用市場模型，發現公司在第二年平均減少超額報酬率，若將樣本分成電子與非電子產業，仍然得到類似的結果。最後，本論文發現投資人變動的確能解釋異常報酬的變動，即符合Merton (1987) investor recognition hypothesis，此現象不論在產業分類或法人皆得到一致的結論。 / A unique dataset is analyzed in this study comprising of data obtained from the TSE transactions record database on trading activity for the 208 IPO firms. The investor’s identity can trace investor’s trading records. Thus, we can define new and old investors. Additionally, the identification of the type of investor (as either an individual or institutional investor) facilitates the examination of investor behavior for either type. From the analysis in the chapter 2, we can see that there is an increase over time in the number of investors which IPOs are able to attract. An increase of 14.2 percent is found in the mean number of investors per firm, while 43.8 percent of firms are found to experience increases in the overall number of investors from the first year to the second year after their initial listing. On average, the mean rate of increase for new investors is larger than that for old investors, with 61.5 percent of IPO firms experiencing increases in the total number of new investors, as compared to the 39.4 percent of firms which experience increases in old investors. The results reveal that the rate of increase in investors has a positive correlation with holding period excess returns (HPERs), which helps to explain why both firms and stock exchanges have such similar strong desires to see improvements in the overall number of investors. A significant increase in new investors is discernible in a ‘hot’ market, and in those firms with higher return volatility levels. Furthermore, all investors naturally prefer firms with higher returns. The analysis of the changes in the investor base suggests that if investors do not hold the stock in first year, then the higher the HPERs, the greater the overall increase in the total number of investors; however, where investors had previously held the relevant stocks, we find that they will tend to sell their winning stocks. Chapter 3 undertakes an examination of the Merton (1987) ‘investor recognition hypothesis’, in which he argues that an increase in the total number of investors with prior knowledge of a firm will ultimately lower the expected returns of investors by reducing the ‘shadow cost’ arising from the lack of knowledge on a particular security; the end result of this will invariably be an increase in the market value of the firm’s shares. In contrast to the prior studies, we employ the total number of traders to represent the awareness of any given firm among investors. We examine the reduction in the costs of equity capital associated with listing using the ‘market model’ to compute the abnormal returns, and find a decline in the average daily abnormal return in the second year. Similar patterns are discernible for firms in both the non-electronics and electronics industries. Finally, our test of the Merton (1987) investor recognition hypothesis is undertaken by regressing the firms’ average abnormal returns against the changes in the overall numbers of traders. The results confirm the association between investor recognition and the costs of capital.

台灣證券交易所每季會挑選並公告可為權證標的的股票，證券商再從中選取想要發行的股票標的，這些被選為標的的股票被發行權證的次數存在明顯的差異。證券商在發行時掌握了許多優勢，除了可以挑選標的之外，權證契約的內容大多也都由證券商決定，這些權證的契約內容勢必會依據標的股票特性的不同而有所差異。在本文中我們將找出會影響證券商選擇標的的因素。另外，我們也試圖找出權證契約與標的股票的特性的關聯性並且討論避險成本課稅問題解決後，對證券商發行權證的影響。 我們發現證券商偏好以近期受到較多市場關注、具有投資人市場偏好、有較高波動度以及有較好流動性的股票作為權證的標的。我們也發現不同標的特性的股票權證契約特性也會不同，受到市場較多關注、流動性較高的標的股票以及重設型、歐式的權證的溢價比例會較高，也發現標的股票的波動性越高，權證的存續期間會較低、標的股票的市值比例越高，權證的行使比例會越低、標的股票的波動性越高，證券商則傾向以重設型以及美式的形式發行權證。近幾年權證檔數的激增與避險成本課稅問題的解決也存在著緊密的關係。 最後，以避險成本課稅問題的時間點來觀察權證市場前後期的改變，則發現下列幾種現象的差異。第一、單一股票於一季之內被發行的次數增加，第二、權證的溢價比例上升，第三、權證的行使比例與存續期間下降，第四、單一權證的發行量降低。這些現象則顯示證券商發行權證模式的改變，在避險成本課稅問題解決後，證券商發行權證的模式類似於石油輸出國家組織控制石油供給量，透過降低每檔權證的發行量來增加議價的籌碼。 / Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE) selects and announces the stocks for issuing warrants quarterly. Brokers can pick up suitable underlying assets for issue warrants. We observed, however, that the frequency for underlying stocks for issuing warrants were different. We know that the broker has many advantages on issuing warrants likes selecting underlying stocks and setting covenants as well. The covenants will be set base on the stock’s characters. We tried to find key factors for brokers for issuing warrants. Besides, after the deregulation on hedge cost, we elaborate the relationship between warrants and underlying assets. We found brokers prefer to issue the warrant whose underlying asset with good liquidity, market frenzy and high volatility. Besides, we also noticed that the warrant’s characters will be different base on their underlying assets. The premium is higher for stocks with market frenzy, high liquidity and European warrant. Underlying assets with high volatility will attribute low duration. Stock with high market capitalization will make exercise ratio lower. Brokers intend to issue Reset and American warrants for underlying asset with high volatility. The surge of warrant issuing attributed to relax on hedging tax. Last, we showed the warrant market different after the relaxing restrictions of hedge cost as follows. First, the frequency of issuing warrant with same underlying asset increases. Secondly, the premium for issuing warrant rises. Thirdly, exercise ratio and duration declines. Fourthly, the volume for single issue is lower. These phenomenon shows that brokers try to increase their bargain power by controlling the warrant volume. This model likes Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to control the petrol price by depressing the supply.

本研究採2003年12月至2010年6月上市上櫃公司為研究樣本，檢驗當期投資人情緒、公司治理、及動能投資策略對下期股價獲利的影響，與先前研究不同之處在於，投資人情緒使用世新大學投資人情緒資料庫所提供之「投資人情緒指數」。實證結果為: 1、當期投資人情緒悲觀會使得當期股價低估，而使下期股價向上修正時有較高的報酬率。 2、公司治理佳的股票報酬率顯著大於公司治理劣的股票報酬率。 3、過去股價報酬率較高者未來也有較高的獲利，反之則較低。 4、投資人情緒相較於公司治理及動能策略而言，為主要的影響股價的因素。 5、金融海嘯時，投資人情緒悲觀仍使下期股價有較高的報酬率，但公司治理劣者報酬率顯著大於公司治理佳者。

本篇論文研究股票市場流動性以及權證到期後在不同的投資人情緒程度時之間的關係。我們使用臺灣期貨交易所的VIX指數作為投資人情緒的指標，研究在深度價內的權證到期後對股票市場造成的交易集中效果。整體而言，當投資人情緒相對較低時，權證到期後對股票市場流動性的增強效果較為明顯。另一方面，當投資人情緒相對較高時，交易集中對股票市場流動性的改善效果較不明顯。在價格方面，股票流動性的增加對價格帶來的正面影響，其效果在投資人情緒較低時較為明顯。當投資人情緒愈來愈高時，其效果愈不顯著。此現象可歸因於投資人在套利與避險等操作上的行為有所改變所致。 / This paper examines the relation between the stock liquidity and warrants expiration in different extent of investor sentiment which is represented by VIX in Taiwan. We study the effect of trading consolidation by examining the response of liquidity and stock prices to the exercise of deep in-the-money call warrants. In general, the results indicate that the stock liquidity is improved apparently by market consolidation since warrants expired when investor sentiment is relatively low. On the other hand, the effect is insignificant when VIX is relatively high. Further, the price increase is positively related to post-exercise improvement in the stock liquidity when VIX is relatively low. While VIX rises, the relation gets feeble gradually. This phenomenon might be due to investors’ buying behavior such as arbitrage or hedge trading varying with different kinds of market situation.

This paper discuss the issue of how corporate governance variables affect the cognitions of groups of investors to lead they separate their investment strategies in 1997-2011 sample period, the results indicate that firms with higher management stockholdings, lower blockholders’ shareholdings, smaller board size, more outside independent supervisors, CEO duality, and one of ultimate controllers served as chairman would be appealing to individual investors; the robust test from 2007 to 2011 only positively affects the investment strategies for foreign institutional investors. Moreover, we explore that lower blockholders’ stockings and smaller board size are favorable characteristics for investors to increase firms’ trading volumes but also the trading volatilities. Finally, we compute the corporate governance score for every sample company called CG-Index, and discover a perfect corporate governance mechanism would inspire investing motivations of domestic individuals and foreign institutions, after considering the information disclosure ranking in 5 years sample period, the stockholding of whole individual investors is indicated positive related to the corporate governance degree.

本研究以2002年至2005年之上市公司為研究對象，衡量2002與2004年兩年之年報資訊揭露水準，探討資訊揭露水準與機構投資人持股兩者間之關係，並分析兩期資訊透明度與機構投資人持股比率的改變對經營績效與公司價值變動的影響。 實證結果發現，機構投資人持股意願受到前期年報資訊揭露水準高低的影響，顯示資訊揭露水準為機構投資人之選股決策因素之一。前期年報資訊揭露水準愈佳，機構投資人持股比率愈高，但當期資訊揭露程度對同期機構投資人持股意願則無顯著影響。此外，機構投資人持股比率高低與公司同期或次期資訊揭露程度皆無顯著關聯性。企業資訊揭露水準之改善與機構投資人持股比率增加皆與公司經營績效及公司價值之提升呈顯著正相關。 / Based on a sample of firms listed on Taiwan Securities Exchange over the period of 2002 to 2005, this study first examines the relationship between the information transparency, measured the disclosure level of annual reports, and shareholdings of institutional investors. In addition, this study investigates the influence of increase in the level of disclosure transparency and shareholdings on performance and firm value. The empirical results suggest that firms with higher disclosure level are associated with greater institutional ownership next year, but the same relationship didn’t hold for concurrent period. This finding suggests that disclosure level of annual report is considered by the institutional investors when making their investment decisions. The findings also indicate that improvement in disclosure level and increase in institutional investors’ shareholdings not only enhances the operating performance but also the firm value.

本研究主要探討投資人的積極程度以及市場的樂觀程度是否會影響動能策略之獲利能力。本研究利用1973至2013年間美國個股進行實證研究，結果驗證了動能策略於樣本期間能有顯著的獲利。進一步的實證結果顯示，規模較小且交易量成長率較低的公司存在極短期(一個月內)反轉的現象。此外，在市場樂觀期間(較多的首次公開發行的公司家數、較高的消費者信心指數或較低的恐慌指數)動能策略之獲利能力較佳且顯著。因此，我們建議投資人能在市場樂觀期間對規模較小的公司進行動能策略，將可得到較高的預期超額報酬。 / The main purpose of this study is to investigate whether the activism of investors and the sentiment of the market can affect the profitability of the momentum strategy. Using individual firms during 1973 to 2013 as the sample, this study reexamines and confirms the profitability of the momentum strategy. The further empirical result shows that firms with smaller size and lower growth rate of trading volume exhibit a very short-term (within one month) reversal effect. In addition, during the optimistic period (years which have more firms conducting initial public offerings, higher consumer confidence index, or lower VIX), the profitability of the momentum strategy is significantly higher than that during the passive period. Therefore, a suggested trading strategy applying momentum strategy to small firms during the high sentiment period may yield a superior performance.

Who can survive longer and what factors could prolong the trading life of individual investors in the market? This is the questions we ask in the dissertation. Based on our knowledge, there is not any research about the issue of survival analysis on analyzing individual investors in stock market. The paper classifies three possibilities could affect the trading life of investors: personal characteristics, trading behavior, and market condition. In the dissertation, we use tick-by-tick transaction data from the Taiwan Stock Exchange to profile survivors versus non-survivors, to investigate how the traders’ characteristics (such as, gender), trading behaviors (such as the degree of diversification, trading amount and trading frequency) and market condition affect the trading life of investors. We borrow the proportional hazard models proposed by Cox (1972) who used in bio-statistics to analyze the survival rate. Using the Kaplan-Meier curves for male and female, we find that survival functions and hazard rates of female investors have better survival prognosis than the male investors. Different timing of entering results in distinct patterns of survival curves and hazard rates. Investors entering that market in the bull and bear market have a larger survival rate than those who enter the market in normal time during the trading life from 1 to 7 years. Moreover, as the trading life increases larger 7 year, the three curves of bull, bear and normal market conditions, respectively, appear to get closer, suggesting that if trading life is shorter than 7 years, the investors entering in the bull and bear markets seemly have lower hazard ratio than that in the normal market to leave the market. Finally, the results of Cox’s proportional hazard model show that female investors stay in the market 74 days longer than the male. Trading cycle increasing by one day will prolong the traders in the market by 4.8 days. Average volume per trade measured in ten thousands does not have economic effect on the trading duration, although its estimate is statistically significant. A one percentage increase of portfolio return will reduce about 151 days of the trading life. One more stock in the portfolio will prolong about 133 days in the trading life. The effect on the trading duration of trading performance of those who enter in the bull market is positive. / Who can survive longer and what factors could prolong the trading life of individual investors in the market? This is the questions we ask in the dissertation. Based on our knowledge, there is not any research about the issue of survival analysis on analyzing individual investors in stock market. The paper classifies three possibilities could affect the trading life of investors: personal characteristics, trading behavior, and market condition. In the dissertation, we use tick-by-tick transaction data from the Taiwan Stock Exchange to profile survivors versus non-survivors, to investigate how the traders’ characteristics (such as, gender), trading behaviors (such as the degree of diversification, trading amount and trading frequency) and market condition affect the trading life of investors. We borrow the proportional hazard models proposed by Cox (1972) who used in bio-statistics to analyze the survival rate. Using the Kaplan-Meier curves for male and female, we find that survival functions and hazard rates of female investors have better survival prognosis than the male investors. Different timing of entering results in distinct patterns of survival curves and hazard rates. Investors entering that market in the bull and bear market have a larger survival rate than those who enter the market in normal time during the trading life from 1 to 7 years. Moreover, as the trading life increases larger 7 year, the three curves of bull, bear and normal market conditions, respectively, appear to get closer, suggesting that if trading life is shorter than 7 years, the investors entering in the bull and bear markets seemly have lower hazard ratio than that in the normal market to leave the market. Finally, the results of Cox’s proportional hazard model show that female investors stay in the market 74 days longer than the male. Trading cycle increasing by one day will prolong the traders in the market by 4.8 days. Average volume per trade measured in ten thousands does not have economic effect on the trading duration, although its estimate is statistically significant. A one percentage increase of portfolio return will reduce about 151 days of the trading life. One more stock in the portfolio will prolong about 133 days in the trading life. The effect on the trading duration of trading performance of those who enter in the bull market is positive.